Page 1. UNIVERSITATEA NAŢIONALĂ DE APĂRARE CAROL I SPAŢIUL SUD-EST EUROPEAN ÎN CONTEXTUL GLOBAL... more Page 1. UNIVERSITATEA NAŢIONALĂ DE APĂRARE CAROL I SPAŢIUL SUD-EST EUROPEAN ÎN CONTEXTUL GLOBALIZĂRII SESIUNEA DE COMUNICĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE CU PARTICIPARE INTERNAŢIONALĂ STRATEGII XXI/2007 - 12-13 APRILIE 2007, BUCUREŞTI - ...
Since its establishment, the two organisations, NATO and the European Union (EU) have acted to fi... more Since its establishment, the two organisations, NATO and the European Union (EU) have acted to find the most effective ways, adapted to the constantly changing international environment, to carry out their basic missions and to maintain a strong transatlantic relationship. The EU, especially after the end of the Cold War, has made significant progress in the direction of building and strengthening a common defence policy as well as the necessary means for its implementation in accordance with its security interests. During the resolution of certain security crises in Europe, but also outside it, there were certain differences between the USA and certain allies, some of them members of both NATO and the EU, regarding the necessary actions to perform the security responsibilities. The differences between the two organisations were mainly represented by the assessment of the threats, the institutions involved in the decision-making to trigger military actions, the requirements for military capabilities, the optimal ratio between political and military means in resolving crises and the share of military expenses in the gross domestic product. Moreover, the steps taken at the EU level have not always been the most appropriate for the development of credible military capabilities and for independent military actions, in crises where NATO as a whole is not involved.
Armele nucleare rămân principala descurajare împotriva unei eventuale agresiuni GÂNDIREA MILITARĂ... more Armele nucleare rămân principala descurajare împotriva unei eventuale agresiuni GÂNDIREA MILITARĂ ROMÂNEASCĂ TEORIE ȘI ARTĂ MILITARĂ Armele nucleare rămân principala descurajare împotriva unei eventuale agresiuni GÂNDIREA MILITARĂ ROMÂNEASCĂ TEORIE ȘI ARTĂ MILITARĂ Armele nucleare rămân principala descurajare împotriva unei eventuale agresiuni
Rachetele hipersonice reprezintă o nouă categorie de arme care au declanşat o dezbatere intensă î... more Rachetele hipersonice reprezintă o nouă categorie de arme care au declanşat o dezbatere intensă în rândul experţilor în domeniul securităţii. Armele hipersonice, această combinaţie de viteză, precizie, surprindere şi manevrabilitate, fac ca apărarea împotriva acestora să fie mult mai dificilă decât împotriva rachetelor balistice standard sau a celor de croazieră şi, prin urmare, sunt mult mai destabilizatoare. Capabile să se deplaseze cu o viteză de peste cinci ori mai rapidă decât cea a sunetului (Mach 5) şi să efectueze manevre evazive pe timpul zborului, ele sunt considerate, practic, imposibil de interceptat prin utilizarea sistemelor convenţionale de apărare antirachetă. Sistemele inovatoare de livrare a armelor nucleare şi convenţionale sunt impresionante şi în curs de dezvoltare. Acestea sunt grupate în trei categorii: rachete balistice intercontinentale, sisteme de livrare hipersonice şi capabilităţi noi, avansate de livrare a armelor strategice. Acestea şi alte progrese tehnologice, fiind făcute simultan, pot avea un impact covârşitor asupra controlului armamentelor şi stabilităţii strategice. Cu toate acestea, o serie de caracteristici ale sistemelor hipersonice sunt potenţial avantajoase în comparaţie cu rachetele balistice. De interes deosebit sunt: abilitatea de a zbura la altitudine joasă, făcând dificilă detectarea de către senzorii dispuşi la sol; capacitatea de manevră în timpul zborului pentru a evita detectarea şi interceptarea, precum şi imprevizibilitatea ţintelor, deoarece mijloacele hipersonice nu respectă o traiectorie balistică. Cuvinte-cheie: arme hipersonice, rachete de croazieră hipersonice, vehicule planoare hipersonice, capacitate de manevră, apărare antirachetă. 231 Potențialul armelor hipersonice și strategia marilor puteri militare cu privire la producerea acestora-Studiu de caz-TEORIE ȘI ARTĂ MILITARĂ
The renewal of superpower status competition has led, among other things, to enhancing the emphas... more The renewal of superpower status competition has led, among other things, to enhancing the emphasis on nuclear weapons and nuclear deterrence, all of which relate to China and/or Russia. The challenge of deterrence-discouraging states from taking unwanted actions, especially military aggression-has again become a main issue in defence policy. The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START), which was signed by the United States and Russia, could be seen as "just one step in a longer journey". Russia's reassertion of its status as a major world power has mostly included recurring references by Russian officials to Russia's nuclear weapons capabilities and its status as a major nuclear power. China's nuclear-weapon capabilities are much more modest than Russia's, but China is modernising its nuclear forces as part of its overall military modernisation effort. Across the globe and in many different domains, the United States is now dealing with a more immediate requirement for effective deterrence than in any other time since the end of the Cold War. Because many potential adversaries are significantly more capable than they were a decade or more ago and the risks of actually fighting a major war are more significant than ever, deterring such a conflict becomes even more imperative.
Hypersonic missiles are a new category of weapons that have sparked intense debate among security... more Hypersonic missiles are a new category of weapons that have sparked intense debate among security experts. The hypersonic weapons, this combination of speed, accuracy, surprise, and maneuverability makes the defense against them more difficult than against standard ballistic or cruise missiles and therefore makes them more destabilizing. Capable of traveling over five times the speed of sound (Mach 5), and of performing evasive maneuvers mid-flight, they are considered practically impossible to intercept using conventional missile defense systems. Innovative nuclear and conventional weapon delivery systems are impressive and developing. These are grouped into three categories: intercontinental ballistic missiles, hypersonic delivery systems and new advanced strategic weapon delivery capabilities. These and other technological advances being made simultaneously may also impact arms control and strategic stability. Other characteristics of hypersonic systems, however, are potentially advantageous compared with ballistic missiles. Of particular interest are the ability to fly at low altitude, making detection by earth-based sensors difficult; the ability to maneuver during flight to avoid detection and interception; and the unpredictability of targets, since hypersonic vehicles do not follow a ballistic trajectory.
Events in recent years, particularly since 2014, have tested, if not undermined, the strategic as... more Events in recent years, particularly since 2014, have tested, if not undermined, the strategic assumptions underpinning NATO's posture. To Europe's east, Russia occupied Crimea and launched a separatist war in eastern Ukraine, is modernising its conventional and nonconventional forces, and launched an invasion of Ukraine on 24 February, a "special military operation" to protect the civilian population and to "demilitarize" and "de-Nazify" Ukraine. The United States and its allies and partners have taken steps to accelerate the delivery and maintain an effective assistance package in order to support Ukraine to deny Russia's offensive that is more limited in terms of territory, but not in terms of brutality and, finally, the achievement of conditions for Ukraine's offensive actions. Ukraine has repeatedly requested more advanced weapons, including LAWS, aircrafts and air defense systems to increase the range, distance, and lethality of its military actions. The LAWS proved to be among the most effective weapons in the fight, for both sides. Russia also increased its military activities in Europe's north, particularly by adding nuclear-capable missiles to Kaliningrad (a Russian territory on the Baltic Sea that is not contiguous with Russia itself) and Belarus, enhancing its air patrolling activities close to other states' airspace, and increasing its naval presence in the Baltic Sea, the Arctic Ocean, and the North Sea. Taken together, these moves have heightened NATO concerns about Russian aggression and its implications for NATO territories, particularly Central and Eastern European NATO allies. To Europe's south, instability resulting in part from the "Arab Spring" led to collapse of states, civil war in some instances, and significant refugee flows into Europe. This has led to political tensions across the broader European Union, as well as to concerns about terrorists inserting within refugee flows. The renewal of super power status competition with Russia, which was underscored by seizure and annexation of Crimea in March 2014 and subsequent actions in Ukraine, has led to a renewed focus in U.S. and NATO defense planning on strengthening military capabilities for countering potential Russian aggression in Europe.
The article addresses the emerging and disruptive technologies domain, highlighting that they wil... more The article addresses the emerging and disruptive technologies domain, highlighting that they will provide opportunities for the development of society and security challenges, as well. In this context, national and international security systems need to adapt and go through an extensive process of transformation, allowing them to mitigate the effects generated by the implementation of new technologies both in the civilian field, but especially in the military. Subsequently, the development of new technologies will lead to a new revolution in the military, which will change the physiognomy of the armed conflict. Starting from these premises, the article identifies elements related to the impact that new technologies will have on planning and conducting an armed conflict, but also some opportunities and challenges to the military as a whole. The article concludes that emerging and disruptive technologies will have a decisive contribution in the human society’s transition to a higher ...
The renewal of superpower status competition has led, among other things, to enhancing the emphas... more The renewal of superpower status competition has led, among other things, to enhancing the emphasis on nuclear weapons and nuclear deterrence, all of which relate to China and/or Russia. The challenge of deterrence – discouraging states from taking unwanted actions, especially military aggression – has again become a main issue in defence policy. The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START), which was signed by the United States and Russia, could be seen as “just one step in a longer journey”. Russia’s reassertion of its status as a major world power has mostly included recurring references by Russian officials to Russia’s nuclear weapons capabilities and its status as a major nuclear power. China’s nuclear-weapon capabilities are much more modest than Russia’s, but China is modernising its nuclear forces as part of its overall military modernisation effort. Across the globe and in many different domains, the United States is now dealing with a more immediate requirement for effe...
Events in recent years, particularly since 2014, have tested, if not undermined, the strategic as... more Events in recent years, particularly since 2014, have tested, if not undermined, the strategic assumptions underpinning NATO's posture. To Europe's east, Russia occupied Crimea and launched a separatist war in eastern Ukraine, is modernising its conventional and nonconventional forces, and launched an invasion of Ukraine on 24 February, a "special military operation" to protect the civilian population and to "demilitarize" and "de-Nazify" Ukraine. The United States and its allies and partners have taken steps to accelerate the delivery and maintain an effective assistance package in order to support Ukraine to deny Russia's offensive that is more limited in terms of territory, but not in terms of brutality and, finally, the achievement of conditions for Ukraine's offensive actions. Ukraine has repeatedly requested more advanced weapons, including LAWS, aircrafts and air defense systems to increase the range, distance, and lethality of its military actions. The LAWS proved to be among the most effective weapons in the fight, for both sides. Russia also increased its military activities in Europe's north, particularly by adding nuclear-capable missiles to Kaliningrad (a Russian territory on the Baltic Sea that is not contiguous with Russia itself) and Belarus, enhancing its air patrolling activities close to other states' airspace, and increasing its naval presence in the Baltic Sea, the Arctic Ocean, and the North Sea. Taken together, these moves have heightened NATO concerns about Russian aggression and its implications for NATO territories, particularly Central and Eastern European NATO allies. To Europe's south, instability resulting in part from the "Arab Spring" led to collapse of states, civil war in some instances, and significant refugee flows into Europe. This has led to political tensions across the broader European Union, as well as to concerns about terrorists inserting within refugee flows. The renewal of super power status competition with Russia, which was underscored by seizure and annexation of Crimea in March 2014 and subsequent actions in Ukraine, has led to a renewed focus in U.S. and NATO defense planning on strengthening military capabilities for countering potential Russian aggression in Europe.
Since its establishment, the two organisations, NATO and the European Union (EU) have acted to fi... more Since its establishment, the two organisations, NATO and the European Union (EU) have acted to find the most effective ways, adapted to the constantly changing international environment, to carry out their basic missions and to maintain a strong transatlantic relationship. The EU, especially after the end of the Cold War, has made significant progress in the direction of building and strengthening a common defence policy as well as the necessary means for its implementation in accordance with its security interests. During the resolution of certain security crises in Europe, but also outside it, there were certain differences between the USA and certain allies, some of them members of both NATO and the EU, regarding the necessary actions to perform the security responsibilities. The differences between the two organisations were mainly represented by the assessment of the threats, the institutions involved in the decision-making to trigger military actions, the requirements for military capabilities, the optimal ratio between political and military means in resolving crises and the share of military expenses in the gross domestic product. Moreover, the steps taken at the EU level have not always been the most appropriate for the development of credible military capabilities and for independent military actions, in crises where NATO as a whole is not involved.
Page 1. UNIVERSITATEA NAŢIONALĂ DE APĂRARE CAROL I SPAŢIUL SUD-EST EUROPEAN ÎN CONTEXTUL GLOBAL... more Page 1. UNIVERSITATEA NAŢIONALĂ DE APĂRARE CAROL I SPAŢIUL SUD-EST EUROPEAN ÎN CONTEXTUL GLOBALIZĂRII SESIUNEA DE COMUNICĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE CU PARTICIPARE INTERNAŢIONALĂ STRATEGII XXI/2007 - 12-13 APRILIE 2007, BUCUREŞTI - ...
Since its establishment, the two organisations, NATO and the European Union (EU) have acted to fi... more Since its establishment, the two organisations, NATO and the European Union (EU) have acted to find the most effective ways, adapted to the constantly changing international environment, to carry out their basic missions and to maintain a strong transatlantic relationship. The EU, especially after the end of the Cold War, has made significant progress in the direction of building and strengthening a common defence policy as well as the necessary means for its implementation in accordance with its security interests. During the resolution of certain security crises in Europe, but also outside it, there were certain differences between the USA and certain allies, some of them members of both NATO and the EU, regarding the necessary actions to perform the security responsibilities. The differences between the two organisations were mainly represented by the assessment of the threats, the institutions involved in the decision-making to trigger military actions, the requirements for military capabilities, the optimal ratio between political and military means in resolving crises and the share of military expenses in the gross domestic product. Moreover, the steps taken at the EU level have not always been the most appropriate for the development of credible military capabilities and for independent military actions, in crises where NATO as a whole is not involved.
Armele nucleare rămân principala descurajare împotriva unei eventuale agresiuni GÂNDIREA MILITARĂ... more Armele nucleare rămân principala descurajare împotriva unei eventuale agresiuni GÂNDIREA MILITARĂ ROMÂNEASCĂ TEORIE ȘI ARTĂ MILITARĂ Armele nucleare rămân principala descurajare împotriva unei eventuale agresiuni GÂNDIREA MILITARĂ ROMÂNEASCĂ TEORIE ȘI ARTĂ MILITARĂ Armele nucleare rămân principala descurajare împotriva unei eventuale agresiuni
Rachetele hipersonice reprezintă o nouă categorie de arme care au declanşat o dezbatere intensă î... more Rachetele hipersonice reprezintă o nouă categorie de arme care au declanşat o dezbatere intensă în rândul experţilor în domeniul securităţii. Armele hipersonice, această combinaţie de viteză, precizie, surprindere şi manevrabilitate, fac ca apărarea împotriva acestora să fie mult mai dificilă decât împotriva rachetelor balistice standard sau a celor de croazieră şi, prin urmare, sunt mult mai destabilizatoare. Capabile să se deplaseze cu o viteză de peste cinci ori mai rapidă decât cea a sunetului (Mach 5) şi să efectueze manevre evazive pe timpul zborului, ele sunt considerate, practic, imposibil de interceptat prin utilizarea sistemelor convenţionale de apărare antirachetă. Sistemele inovatoare de livrare a armelor nucleare şi convenţionale sunt impresionante şi în curs de dezvoltare. Acestea sunt grupate în trei categorii: rachete balistice intercontinentale, sisteme de livrare hipersonice şi capabilităţi noi, avansate de livrare a armelor strategice. Acestea şi alte progrese tehnologice, fiind făcute simultan, pot avea un impact covârşitor asupra controlului armamentelor şi stabilităţii strategice. Cu toate acestea, o serie de caracteristici ale sistemelor hipersonice sunt potenţial avantajoase în comparaţie cu rachetele balistice. De interes deosebit sunt: abilitatea de a zbura la altitudine joasă, făcând dificilă detectarea de către senzorii dispuşi la sol; capacitatea de manevră în timpul zborului pentru a evita detectarea şi interceptarea, precum şi imprevizibilitatea ţintelor, deoarece mijloacele hipersonice nu respectă o traiectorie balistică. Cuvinte-cheie: arme hipersonice, rachete de croazieră hipersonice, vehicule planoare hipersonice, capacitate de manevră, apărare antirachetă. 231 Potențialul armelor hipersonice și strategia marilor puteri militare cu privire la producerea acestora-Studiu de caz-TEORIE ȘI ARTĂ MILITARĂ
The renewal of superpower status competition has led, among other things, to enhancing the emphas... more The renewal of superpower status competition has led, among other things, to enhancing the emphasis on nuclear weapons and nuclear deterrence, all of which relate to China and/or Russia. The challenge of deterrence-discouraging states from taking unwanted actions, especially military aggression-has again become a main issue in defence policy. The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START), which was signed by the United States and Russia, could be seen as "just one step in a longer journey". Russia's reassertion of its status as a major world power has mostly included recurring references by Russian officials to Russia's nuclear weapons capabilities and its status as a major nuclear power. China's nuclear-weapon capabilities are much more modest than Russia's, but China is modernising its nuclear forces as part of its overall military modernisation effort. Across the globe and in many different domains, the United States is now dealing with a more immediate requirement for effective deterrence than in any other time since the end of the Cold War. Because many potential adversaries are significantly more capable than they were a decade or more ago and the risks of actually fighting a major war are more significant than ever, deterring such a conflict becomes even more imperative.
Hypersonic missiles are a new category of weapons that have sparked intense debate among security... more Hypersonic missiles are a new category of weapons that have sparked intense debate among security experts. The hypersonic weapons, this combination of speed, accuracy, surprise, and maneuverability makes the defense against them more difficult than against standard ballistic or cruise missiles and therefore makes them more destabilizing. Capable of traveling over five times the speed of sound (Mach 5), and of performing evasive maneuvers mid-flight, they are considered practically impossible to intercept using conventional missile defense systems. Innovative nuclear and conventional weapon delivery systems are impressive and developing. These are grouped into three categories: intercontinental ballistic missiles, hypersonic delivery systems and new advanced strategic weapon delivery capabilities. These and other technological advances being made simultaneously may also impact arms control and strategic stability. Other characteristics of hypersonic systems, however, are potentially advantageous compared with ballistic missiles. Of particular interest are the ability to fly at low altitude, making detection by earth-based sensors difficult; the ability to maneuver during flight to avoid detection and interception; and the unpredictability of targets, since hypersonic vehicles do not follow a ballistic trajectory.
Events in recent years, particularly since 2014, have tested, if not undermined, the strategic as... more Events in recent years, particularly since 2014, have tested, if not undermined, the strategic assumptions underpinning NATO's posture. To Europe's east, Russia occupied Crimea and launched a separatist war in eastern Ukraine, is modernising its conventional and nonconventional forces, and launched an invasion of Ukraine on 24 February, a "special military operation" to protect the civilian population and to "demilitarize" and "de-Nazify" Ukraine. The United States and its allies and partners have taken steps to accelerate the delivery and maintain an effective assistance package in order to support Ukraine to deny Russia's offensive that is more limited in terms of territory, but not in terms of brutality and, finally, the achievement of conditions for Ukraine's offensive actions. Ukraine has repeatedly requested more advanced weapons, including LAWS, aircrafts and air defense systems to increase the range, distance, and lethality of its military actions. The LAWS proved to be among the most effective weapons in the fight, for both sides. Russia also increased its military activities in Europe's north, particularly by adding nuclear-capable missiles to Kaliningrad (a Russian territory on the Baltic Sea that is not contiguous with Russia itself) and Belarus, enhancing its air patrolling activities close to other states' airspace, and increasing its naval presence in the Baltic Sea, the Arctic Ocean, and the North Sea. Taken together, these moves have heightened NATO concerns about Russian aggression and its implications for NATO territories, particularly Central and Eastern European NATO allies. To Europe's south, instability resulting in part from the "Arab Spring" led to collapse of states, civil war in some instances, and significant refugee flows into Europe. This has led to political tensions across the broader European Union, as well as to concerns about terrorists inserting within refugee flows. The renewal of super power status competition with Russia, which was underscored by seizure and annexation of Crimea in March 2014 and subsequent actions in Ukraine, has led to a renewed focus in U.S. and NATO defense planning on strengthening military capabilities for countering potential Russian aggression in Europe.
The article addresses the emerging and disruptive technologies domain, highlighting that they wil... more The article addresses the emerging and disruptive technologies domain, highlighting that they will provide opportunities for the development of society and security challenges, as well. In this context, national and international security systems need to adapt and go through an extensive process of transformation, allowing them to mitigate the effects generated by the implementation of new technologies both in the civilian field, but especially in the military. Subsequently, the development of new technologies will lead to a new revolution in the military, which will change the physiognomy of the armed conflict. Starting from these premises, the article identifies elements related to the impact that new technologies will have on planning and conducting an armed conflict, but also some opportunities and challenges to the military as a whole. The article concludes that emerging and disruptive technologies will have a decisive contribution in the human society’s transition to a higher ...
The renewal of superpower status competition has led, among other things, to enhancing the emphas... more The renewal of superpower status competition has led, among other things, to enhancing the emphasis on nuclear weapons and nuclear deterrence, all of which relate to China and/or Russia. The challenge of deterrence – discouraging states from taking unwanted actions, especially military aggression – has again become a main issue in defence policy. The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START), which was signed by the United States and Russia, could be seen as “just one step in a longer journey”. Russia’s reassertion of its status as a major world power has mostly included recurring references by Russian officials to Russia’s nuclear weapons capabilities and its status as a major nuclear power. China’s nuclear-weapon capabilities are much more modest than Russia’s, but China is modernising its nuclear forces as part of its overall military modernisation effort. Across the globe and in many different domains, the United States is now dealing with a more immediate requirement for effe...
Events in recent years, particularly since 2014, have tested, if not undermined, the strategic as... more Events in recent years, particularly since 2014, have tested, if not undermined, the strategic assumptions underpinning NATO's posture. To Europe's east, Russia occupied Crimea and launched a separatist war in eastern Ukraine, is modernising its conventional and nonconventional forces, and launched an invasion of Ukraine on 24 February, a "special military operation" to protect the civilian population and to "demilitarize" and "de-Nazify" Ukraine. The United States and its allies and partners have taken steps to accelerate the delivery and maintain an effective assistance package in order to support Ukraine to deny Russia's offensive that is more limited in terms of territory, but not in terms of brutality and, finally, the achievement of conditions for Ukraine's offensive actions. Ukraine has repeatedly requested more advanced weapons, including LAWS, aircrafts and air defense systems to increase the range, distance, and lethality of its military actions. The LAWS proved to be among the most effective weapons in the fight, for both sides. Russia also increased its military activities in Europe's north, particularly by adding nuclear-capable missiles to Kaliningrad (a Russian territory on the Baltic Sea that is not contiguous with Russia itself) and Belarus, enhancing its air patrolling activities close to other states' airspace, and increasing its naval presence in the Baltic Sea, the Arctic Ocean, and the North Sea. Taken together, these moves have heightened NATO concerns about Russian aggression and its implications for NATO territories, particularly Central and Eastern European NATO allies. To Europe's south, instability resulting in part from the "Arab Spring" led to collapse of states, civil war in some instances, and significant refugee flows into Europe. This has led to political tensions across the broader European Union, as well as to concerns about terrorists inserting within refugee flows. The renewal of super power status competition with Russia, which was underscored by seizure and annexation of Crimea in March 2014 and subsequent actions in Ukraine, has led to a renewed focus in U.S. and NATO defense planning on strengthening military capabilities for countering potential Russian aggression in Europe.
Since its establishment, the two organisations, NATO and the European Union (EU) have acted to fi... more Since its establishment, the two organisations, NATO and the European Union (EU) have acted to find the most effective ways, adapted to the constantly changing international environment, to carry out their basic missions and to maintain a strong transatlantic relationship. The EU, especially after the end of the Cold War, has made significant progress in the direction of building and strengthening a common defence policy as well as the necessary means for its implementation in accordance with its security interests. During the resolution of certain security crises in Europe, but also outside it, there were certain differences between the USA and certain allies, some of them members of both NATO and the EU, regarding the necessary actions to perform the security responsibilities. The differences between the two organisations were mainly represented by the assessment of the threats, the institutions involved in the decision-making to trigger military actions, the requirements for military capabilities, the optimal ratio between political and military means in resolving crises and the share of military expenses in the gross domestic product. Moreover, the steps taken at the EU level have not always been the most appropriate for the development of credible military capabilities and for independent military actions, in crises where NATO as a whole is not involved.
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