The damage effects produced in the near-surface region of x-cut LiNbO3 by low dose, high energy i... more The damage effects produced in the near-surface region of x-cut LiNbO3 by low dose, high energy implantation of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine ions are investigated as a function of the dose and substrate temperature during the implant process. The damage profiles were obtained by the Rutherford backscattering RBS-channeling technique, whereas the compositional profiles were performed by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The experimental results showed that the mechanisms governing the damage formation at the surface are strongly connected to the interaction of defects produced when the electronic energy loss exceeds a given threshold close to 220 eV/Å. In particular, we observed a damage pileup compatible with a growth of three-dimensional defect clusters.
X-cut LiNbO3 crystals were implanted at room temperature by 5.0 MeV O3+ ions with doses ranging f... more X-cut LiNbO3 crystals were implanted at room temperature by 5.0 MeV O3+ ions with doses ranging from 1.0×1014 to 6.0×1014 O/cm2. Secondary ion mass spectrometry profiles of atomic species migration as well as damage profiles by the Rutherford backscattering channeling technique and refractive index variation were investigated as a function of dose and subsequent annealing conditions. Two different kinds of damage produced by oxygen implantation were seen: near-surface damage correlated to electronic stopping, which causes an increase of the extraordinary refractive index, and end-of-ion range damage generated by collision cascades, which decreases the extraordinary refractive index values. The different nature of the two kinds of damage is also seen by the different temperature conditions needed for recovery. Low loss planar optical waveguides were obtained and characterized by the prism coupling technique.
< p> Sino al 1600 la luce era oggetto di studio degli scienziati ed il colore dei filosofi.... more < p> Sino al 1600 la luce era oggetto di studio degli scienziati ed il colore dei filosofi. Questa dicotomia fu superata dall Esperimentum Crucis di Newton che spiego come la luce contenesse il colore.< p> Il libro analizza le teorie che furono sviluppate dai greci, per ...
Aerosol retrieval from GOME data indicates that new aerosol classes can be found, provided that t... more Aerosol retrieval from GOME data indicates that new aerosol classes can be found, provided that their optical properties are well defined. Validated results may also be used in climatology studies of the aerosol. The current procedure used for GOME can be also used for SCIAMACHY data, implementing the algorithms and the aerosol classes.
A suitable methodological approach to retrieve the adiatively equivalent aerosol optical thicknes... more A suitable methodological approach to retrieve the adiatively equivalent aerosol optical thickness from GOME data has been developed. The approach consists in having built up an algorithm based on a spectral radiative transfer model able to simulate the multilayer aerosol atmosphere seen by GOME, over the sea. The aerosol optical properties needed for radiative transfer computations are taken from a complete data base of components and classes based on the most widely known and used models. The pectral reflectivities obtained by the model using different aerosol classes are compared with those one obtained by GOME data. The paper presents the algorithm approach together with a brief overview about the radiative transfer model, the aerosol optical properties data base and the first results obtained by applying the outlined algorithm to GOME data.
The aim of this work is to understand the effectiveness of the aerosol extinction coefficients pr... more The aim of this work is to understand the effectiveness of the aerosol extinction coefficients profile retrieval, considering multi angle imaging satellite. The sensitivity analysis is made by means of Optimal Estimation Method. The simulation measurements and analytical weighting functions are determined from a LInearized Discrete Ordinate Radiative Tranfer code (LIDORT). The Degree of Freedom for Signal (DFS) and the variation of entropy (H) are computed for the different aerosol classes considering different optical thickness. For a complete error assessment the measurement noise, forward model and smoothing error are computed. The aerosol extinction coefficient profile retrieval is made using an robust iterative inversion method.Application to instruments mounting on board current satellite are also discussed.
Manned space flight has been the greatest human and technological adventure of the past half-cent... more Manned space flight has been the greatest human and technological adventure of the past half-century. Putting people into places and situations unprecedented in history is stirred the imagination while the human experience was expanding and redefining. Yet, space exploration compels humans to confront a hostile environment of cosmic radiations, radical changes in the gravity and magnetic fields, as well as social isolation. Therefore, any space traveller is submitted to relevant health-related threats. In the twenty-first century, human space flight is poised to continue, but it will enjoy the ongoing developments in science and technology. It will become more networked, more global, and more oriented toward primary goals. A novel international human space flight policy could help achieve these objectives by clarifying the rationale, the ethics of acceptable risk, the role of remote presence, and the need for balance between funding and ambition to justify the risk of human lives. I...
Preface 1 Introduction through historical perspective 1.1 From Gauss to Kolmogorov 1.2 Approachin... more Preface 1 Introduction through historical perspective 1.1 From Gauss to Kolmogorov 1.2 Approaching the meteorological system 1.3 Numerical Weather Prediction models 1.4 What, Where, When 2 Representation of the physical system 2.1 The observational system and errors 2.2 Variational approach: 3-D VAR and 4-D VAR 2.3 Assimilation as an inverse problem 3 Sequential interpolation 3.1 An effective introduction of a Kalman Filter 3.2 More Kalman Filters 4 Advanced data assimilation methods 4.1 Recursive Bayesian Estimation 4.2 Ensemble Kalman Filter 4.3 Issues due to small ensembles 4.4 Methods to reduce problems of undersampling 5 Applications 5.1 Lorenz model 5.2 Biology and Medicine 5.3 Mars data assimilation: the General Circulation Model 5.4 Earthquake forecast A Appendix A.1 Hadamard product A.2 Differential calculus A.3 The method of characteristics A.4 Calculus of variations A.5 The solution for the simplified equation of oceanographic circulation
On the other hand, many of the integrated optical sensors have been realised by simple slab waveg... more On the other hand, many of the integrated optical sensors have been realised by simple slab waveguides or by channelled guiding structures (as the integrated MachZehnder and Michelson interferometers); in particular, the fabrication of channelled guiding structures requires a ...
The first approach to the data assimilation methods started with the applications of the Newtonia... more The first approach to the data assimilation methods started with the applications of the Newtonian equations to the motion of the planets made by Laplace and Gauss. However, only with the introduction of a probabilistic view, the dynamical equations were able to make a real forecast. The first numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, based on determinism, soon became probabilistic, mainly with the contribute of the group leaded by Von Neumann at Princeton’s Institute for Advanced Study. This chapter contains the history of the evolution of the data assimilation methods, from the early determinism algorithms to the most recent probabilistic methods as the ensemble forecasting. The fundamental work by Edward Lorenz and by the group of Los Alamos, which developed the Monte Carlo method, are also reported.
The damage effects produced in the near-surface region of x-cut LiNbO3 by low dose, high energy i... more The damage effects produced in the near-surface region of x-cut LiNbO3 by low dose, high energy implantation of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine ions are investigated as a function of the dose and substrate temperature during the implant process. The damage profiles were obtained by the Rutherford backscattering RBS-channeling technique, whereas the compositional profiles were performed by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The experimental results showed that the mechanisms governing the damage formation at the surface are strongly connected to the interaction of defects produced when the electronic energy loss exceeds a given threshold close to 220 eV/Å. In particular, we observed a damage pileup compatible with a growth of three-dimensional defect clusters.
X-cut LiNbO3 crystals were implanted at room temperature by 5.0 MeV O3+ ions with doses ranging f... more X-cut LiNbO3 crystals were implanted at room temperature by 5.0 MeV O3+ ions with doses ranging from 1.0×1014 to 6.0×1014 O/cm2. Secondary ion mass spectrometry profiles of atomic species migration as well as damage profiles by the Rutherford backscattering channeling technique and refractive index variation were investigated as a function of dose and subsequent annealing conditions. Two different kinds of damage produced by oxygen implantation were seen: near-surface damage correlated to electronic stopping, which causes an increase of the extraordinary refractive index, and end-of-ion range damage generated by collision cascades, which decreases the extraordinary refractive index values. The different nature of the two kinds of damage is also seen by the different temperature conditions needed for recovery. Low loss planar optical waveguides were obtained and characterized by the prism coupling technique.
< p> Sino al 1600 la luce era oggetto di studio degli scienziati ed il colore dei filosofi.... more < p> Sino al 1600 la luce era oggetto di studio degli scienziati ed il colore dei filosofi. Questa dicotomia fu superata dall Esperimentum Crucis di Newton che spiego come la luce contenesse il colore.< p> Il libro analizza le teorie che furono sviluppate dai greci, per ...
Aerosol retrieval from GOME data indicates that new aerosol classes can be found, provided that t... more Aerosol retrieval from GOME data indicates that new aerosol classes can be found, provided that their optical properties are well defined. Validated results may also be used in climatology studies of the aerosol. The current procedure used for GOME can be also used for SCIAMACHY data, implementing the algorithms and the aerosol classes.
A suitable methodological approach to retrieve the adiatively equivalent aerosol optical thicknes... more A suitable methodological approach to retrieve the adiatively equivalent aerosol optical thickness from GOME data has been developed. The approach consists in having built up an algorithm based on a spectral radiative transfer model able to simulate the multilayer aerosol atmosphere seen by GOME, over the sea. The aerosol optical properties needed for radiative transfer computations are taken from a complete data base of components and classes based on the most widely known and used models. The pectral reflectivities obtained by the model using different aerosol classes are compared with those one obtained by GOME data. The paper presents the algorithm approach together with a brief overview about the radiative transfer model, the aerosol optical properties data base and the first results obtained by applying the outlined algorithm to GOME data.
The aim of this work is to understand the effectiveness of the aerosol extinction coefficients pr... more The aim of this work is to understand the effectiveness of the aerosol extinction coefficients profile retrieval, considering multi angle imaging satellite. The sensitivity analysis is made by means of Optimal Estimation Method. The simulation measurements and analytical weighting functions are determined from a LInearized Discrete Ordinate Radiative Tranfer code (LIDORT). The Degree of Freedom for Signal (DFS) and the variation of entropy (H) are computed for the different aerosol classes considering different optical thickness. For a complete error assessment the measurement noise, forward model and smoothing error are computed. The aerosol extinction coefficient profile retrieval is made using an robust iterative inversion method.Application to instruments mounting on board current satellite are also discussed.
Manned space flight has been the greatest human and technological adventure of the past half-cent... more Manned space flight has been the greatest human and technological adventure of the past half-century. Putting people into places and situations unprecedented in history is stirred the imagination while the human experience was expanding and redefining. Yet, space exploration compels humans to confront a hostile environment of cosmic radiations, radical changes in the gravity and magnetic fields, as well as social isolation. Therefore, any space traveller is submitted to relevant health-related threats. In the twenty-first century, human space flight is poised to continue, but it will enjoy the ongoing developments in science and technology. It will become more networked, more global, and more oriented toward primary goals. A novel international human space flight policy could help achieve these objectives by clarifying the rationale, the ethics of acceptable risk, the role of remote presence, and the need for balance between funding and ambition to justify the risk of human lives. I...
Preface 1 Introduction through historical perspective 1.1 From Gauss to Kolmogorov 1.2 Approachin... more Preface 1 Introduction through historical perspective 1.1 From Gauss to Kolmogorov 1.2 Approaching the meteorological system 1.3 Numerical Weather Prediction models 1.4 What, Where, When 2 Representation of the physical system 2.1 The observational system and errors 2.2 Variational approach: 3-D VAR and 4-D VAR 2.3 Assimilation as an inverse problem 3 Sequential interpolation 3.1 An effective introduction of a Kalman Filter 3.2 More Kalman Filters 4 Advanced data assimilation methods 4.1 Recursive Bayesian Estimation 4.2 Ensemble Kalman Filter 4.3 Issues due to small ensembles 4.4 Methods to reduce problems of undersampling 5 Applications 5.1 Lorenz model 5.2 Biology and Medicine 5.3 Mars data assimilation: the General Circulation Model 5.4 Earthquake forecast A Appendix A.1 Hadamard product A.2 Differential calculus A.3 The method of characteristics A.4 Calculus of variations A.5 The solution for the simplified equation of oceanographic circulation
On the other hand, many of the integrated optical sensors have been realised by simple slab waveg... more On the other hand, many of the integrated optical sensors have been realised by simple slab waveguides or by channelled guiding structures (as the integrated MachZehnder and Michelson interferometers); in particular, the fabrication of channelled guiding structures requires a ...
The first approach to the data assimilation methods started with the applications of the Newtonia... more The first approach to the data assimilation methods started with the applications of the Newtonian equations to the motion of the planets made by Laplace and Gauss. However, only with the introduction of a probabilistic view, the dynamical equations were able to make a real forecast. The first numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, based on determinism, soon became probabilistic, mainly with the contribute of the group leaded by Von Neumann at Princeton’s Institute for Advanced Study. This chapter contains the history of the evolution of the data assimilation methods, from the early determinism algorithms to the most recent probabilistic methods as the ensemble forecasting. The fundamental work by Edward Lorenz and by the group of Los Alamos, which developed the Monte Carlo method, are also reported.
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