Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for simultaneous analysis of the effects of enzym... more Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for simultaneous analysis of the effects of enzymatic treatment conditions of incubation time, incubation temperature and enzyme concentration on physical characteristics such as turbidity, clarity, viscosity, and color. In this study, a two-factor central composite design was used to establish the optimum conditions for the enzymatic treatment for clarification of carambola fruit juice. Carambola fruit juice was treated with pectinase enzyme at different incubation time (20-100 min), incubation temperature (30-50°C) and enzyme concentration (0.01-0.10 v/v%). These three variables were used as independent variables, whose effects on turbidity, clarity, viscosity and color were evaluated. Significant regression models describing the changes on turbidity, clarity, viscosity and color with respect to the independent variables were established with coefficient of determination, R 2 , greater than 0.70. The results indicated that the enzyme concentration was the most important factor affecting the characteristics of the carambola fruit juice as it exerted a significant influence on most of the dependent variables. The recommended enzymatic treatment condition from the study was at 0.10% enzyme concentration at 30°C for 20 min.
There are many ways of describing the quantitative risk assessment (QRA) methodology, but in gene... more There are many ways of describing the quantitative risk assessment (QRA) methodology, but in general, the basic steps include: System Definition, Hazard Identification, Frequency Analysis, Consequence Modeling, and Risk Calculations and Assessment. The present study is aimed at the Consequence Analysis, which was an integral part in the QRA for the transportation of ammonia by rail from Gurun to Port Klang. The software package SAFETI has been used to model the resulting behavior of the released ammonia and the extent of the damage expressed in terms of distance to certain effect levels. Besides, sensitivity analysis was also carried out to identify the impacts of atmospheric conditions on ammonia gas dispersions. The results indicated an increase in the ammonia gas dispersion distances for releases at higher atmospheric temperatures of lower atmospheric humidity (e.g. for rupture case with wind speed 3m/s, at 15oC, the dispersion distance was 835.4 m, while at 35oC, it increases to 866.2 m). However, further analysis of the effects atmospheric humidity on the ammonia gas dispersions was required to determine the differences in the trend for the 25 mm and 100 mm leak cases compared to the rupture case.
Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for simultaneous analysis of the effects of enzym... more Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for simultaneous analysis of the effects of enzymatic treatment conditions of incubation time, incubation temperature and enzyme concentration on physical characteristics such as turbidity, clarity, viscosity, and color. In this study, a two-factor central composite design was used to establish the optimum conditions for the enzymatic treatment for clarification of carambola fruit juice. Carambola fruit juice was treated with pectinase enzyme at different incubation time (20-100 min), incubation temperature (30-50°C) and enzyme concentration (0.01-0.10 v/v%). These three variables were used as independent variables, whose effects on turbidity, clarity, viscosity and color were evaluated. Significant regression models describing the changes on turbidity, clarity, viscosity and color with respect to the independent variables were established with coefficient of determination, R 2 , greater than 0.70. The results indicated that the enzyme concentration was the most important factor affecting the characteristics of the carambola fruit juice as it exerted a significant influence on most of the dependent variables. The recommended enzymatic treatment condition from the study was at 0.10% enzyme concentration at 30°C for 20 min.
There are many ways of describing the quantitative risk assessment (QRA) methodology, but in gene... more There are many ways of describing the quantitative risk assessment (QRA) methodology, but in general, the basic steps include: System Definition, Hazard Identification, Frequency Analysis, Consequence Modeling, and Risk Calculations and Assessment. The present study is aimed at the Consequence Analysis, which was an integral part in the QRA for the transportation of ammonia by rail from Gurun to Port Klang. The software package SAFETI has been used to model the resulting behavior of the released ammonia and the extent of the damage expressed in terms of distance to certain effect levels. Besides, sensitivity analysis was also carried out to identify the impacts of atmospheric conditions on ammonia gas dispersions. The results indicated an increase in the ammonia gas dispersion distances for releases at higher atmospheric temperatures of lower atmospheric humidity (e.g. for rupture case with wind speed 3m/s, at 15oC, the dispersion distance was 835.4 m, while at 35oC, it increases to 866.2 m). However, further analysis of the effects atmospheric humidity on the ammonia gas dispersions was required to determine the differences in the trend for the 25 mm and 100 mm leak cases compared to the rupture case.
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