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yurdagul meral

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University Of Agribusiness And Rural Development, Plovdivv, Bulgaria

Research Team in Faculty of Economics

University of Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria

Kathryn LaFevers Evans, Three Eagles

Pacifica Graduate Institute

Marcelle Chauvet

University of California, Riverside

Queen Mary, University of London

Dimitrios E VENTZAS

UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY, GREECE

Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

Umberto Cerruti

Università degli Studi di Torino

Sharif University of Technology

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Papers by yurdagul meral

Electronic Trading, Electronic Advertising, and Social Media Literacy

IGI Global eBooks, May 13, 2022

The internet has a huge impact on everything including by converting traditional trade methods in... more The internet has a huge impact on everything including by converting traditional trade methods into electronic trade and traditional marketing/advertising methods into electronic advertising and digital marketing methods not only in local trade but international trade as well. The purpose of this study is to increase literacy about electronic advertising, social media, digital marketing, by giving examples of how Turkish local influencers are used in social media to increase sales of international products. As a result, it is seen that the advertising posts made by influencers could reach a large audience in the local market.

Strategic Management of Finance and Role of Documentary Credit

Advances in finance, accounting, and economics book series, 2019

Financing is one of the most important aspects of trade. International trade, although seemingly ... more Financing is one of the most important aspects of trade. International trade, although seemingly not different from local trade, differs from local trade because shipment/delivery takes longer, and different documentation and legislation is due to different countries involved in international trade. Financing also differs compared to local trade, and there are some specific methods used in international trade like documentary credit, although there is no limitation for documentary credits to be used in local trade. Documentary credit is a well-known method generally used in international trade. This chapter aims to define the role of documentary credits in international trade finance. In this chapter along with other finance methods, documentary credits, types, process will be explained. It is aimed to help importers and exporters how to mitigate the potential risks by using documentary credit. Furthermore, which type of documentary credit is to be used depending on the situation is clarified.

Financial Analysis of International Energy Trade: A Strategic Outlook for EU-15

Energies, Jan 29, 2019

This study aims to analyse the international energy trade in EU-15. Within this context, 6 items ... more This study aims to analyse the international energy trade in EU-15. Within this context, 6 items of international transport and energy trade have been selected to evaluate the performance of European Union (EU) 15 countries. For this purpose, a comparative analysis has been applied by including and excluding the data of energy trade in international transport for the years between 2013 and 2016. In this framework, interval type-2 fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) approaches are considered. The findings show that road and sea have the highest importance for international transport and energy trade. However, pipeline and electricity, which represent the energy trade, take place on the last ranks. Another important conclusion is that there is almost no difference in the ranking of international transport performance including and excluding energy trade. While considering these issues, it is recommended that that European countries should take some actions to increase the energy production. The main reason is that it has a positive influence on both international trade volume and industrial production. Thus, they can focus on renewable energy production which leads to lower cost in this process.

International Transport Rules: Key Points in Issuing Transport Documents to Mitigate Risks and Losses in International Trade

İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Jun 1, 2020

70 pct of international trade documents submitted for payment are rejected under letter of credit... more 70 pct of international trade documents submitted for payment are rejected under letter of credit being not in compliance with international standard rules and letter of credit terms. This study aims to clarify key points in issuing transport documents to mitigate such losses. To find out the refusal rate of Turkey, 2018 swift data were gathered from the sampling banking group. It is found that the average discrepancy rate is 53,45 percent for export and 30,02 percent for import documentation, that is more than 50 percent of the presented documents are not accepted for payments. The exporters, importers and transporters must be aware of the key points of standard international rules and issue documents as per these rules to mitigate such risks and losses.

Stratejik finansal yönetiminde teminat mektupları ve teminat (standby) akreditiflerinin rolü

Documentary Risk in International Trade

Contributions to management science, 2018

International trade is more risky than domestic trade. First of all international trade is effect... more International trade is more risky than domestic trade. First of all international trade is effected cross borders between two different countries. Different countries have their own law, and culture, and language. Customs clearance is required in both importer’s and exporter’s countries. Main difference between domestic and international trade is customs process, specific documentation is required in clearing goods from customs between international boundaries.

Açık Bankacılığa Geçiş veAvrupa Birliği Ödeme Hizmetleri Kurallarının(PSD2) Rolü

KOBİ’lerin Örgütsel Öğrenme, Dijitalleşme ve Uluslararasılaşma Süreçleri Üzerine Nitel Bir Çalışma/ A Qualitative Study on Organizational Learning, Digitalization and Internationalization Processes of SMEs

Nitel Sosyal Bilimler

Dijitalleşmenin gelişimi, uluslararası işletmecilik alanında Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli İşletmeler (KO... more Dijitalleşmenin gelişimi, uluslararası işletmecilik alanında Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli İşletmeler (KOBİ) için yeni fırsatlar ortaya çıkarmıştır. KOBİ'lerin dijitalleşmesi, örgütsel öğrenmenin ana aktör olduğu sosyo-teknik bir süreçtir. Çalışmamızın temel amacı, KOBİ’lerde örgütsel öğrenme, dijitalleşme ve uluslararasılaşma arasındaki ilişkileri derinlemesine incelemektir. Araştırma’da KOBİ statüsünde tekstil ve konfeksiyon sanayinde faaliyet gösteren 14 yönetici ile yarı yapılandırılmış 29 sorudan oluşan görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiş, veriler Maxqda nitel araştırma programında analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın geçerliliğini ve güvenirliğini sağlamak amacıyla hazırlanan sorular bir akademisyen ve sektörde deneyimli bir yönetici tarafından değerlendirilmiş ve gerekli düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Görüşme sorularının anlaşılırlığını test etmek için pilot görüşme yapılmış ve bu görüşmenin sonuçları alanında uzman bir akademisyen ve yönetici ile tekrar paylaşılarak soruların geçerliliği teyit e...

High technology export and high technology export impact on growth

International Journal of Business Ecosystem & Strategy (2687-2293)

The term high-tech, covering the high-tech industry and the information-intensive service sector,... more The term high-tech, covering the high-tech industry and the information-intensive service sector, is based on advanced scientific and technological expertise that requires science, technology, and innovation (STI), and is based on Research & Development expenditure. Sectoral, product and patent approaches are used for classification by OECD and European Union. Literature review on high-tech show that countries focusing on Research and Development Expenditures and new patents have succeeded in increasing their high-tech exports as well. Turkey is one of the countries where the levels of high-tech export is not at the desired levels yet therefore the government must give incentives for Research and Development expenditures and new patents for innovation, as high-tech export affects GDP growth positively.

Stratejik finansal yönetiminde teminat mektupları ve teminat (standby) akreditiflerinin rolü

COVID19 Affect on Import and Export of Facial Mask and Respiratory Device : Turkey Case

Covid-19 has become one of the biggest viruses the world has ever seen. It has caused economic pr... more Covid-19 has become one of the biggest viruses the world has ever seen. It has caused economic problems around the world. The main aim of this study is to investigate the effects of covid-19 on exports and imports of face masks and breathing apparatus in Turkey. In the research, general data for 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 were used as a priority, and after general evaluations, a comparison was made between the data of January, February and March of the products in 2018, 2019 and 2020. In conclusion, Covid-19 increased the export of face masks and respirators in Turkey and reduced imports of the said products.

Career Barriers (Glass Ceiling) of Women Managers' and a Research About The Reasons

This research aims to find out (glass ceiling) barriers of women managers" not represented i... more This research aims to find out (glass ceiling) barriers of women managers" not represented in top management although working women percentage is high in work force. The participants consisting of 40 women managers (n=40) mainly from a private bank and an engineering company in Istanbul were given the survey. Data collected was analysed by SPSS21.0 program. Analysis results show that "child care responsibility" is perceived as the highest barrier among women managers in their career. Furthermore career barriers perception is found higher in junior women managers" with low income comparing to more experienced women managers with high income.

Dollarization’s Effects in Turkey Economy

InTraders International Trade Academic Journal, 2022

In order to preserve the value of assets in high-inflation countries, investors turn to currencie... more In order to preserve the value of assets in high-inflation countries, investors turn to currencies of economically stable and secure countries. Once liberalization measures were taken in the 1980s in Turkey, the volume of foreign exchange entering its economy also increased. However, high inflation, low domestic investment, increased volume of imports and weak financial base left the Turkish economy with the reality of dollarization. In this study, the definition of dollarization and currency substitution is explained in details. The aim of this study is to describe the difficulties Turkey faced with dollarization from the very beginning up to a certain period in chronological order. This study involves that by means of considering of time-series comparative analysis data method and investigating the facts that constitute the reasons for dollarization were associated to the by causality method. The expected result in this study is that high inflation and uncertainties in both the political and economic environment can lead to a high dollarization of the economy.

Strategic Design and Innovative Thinking in Business Operations

Contributions to Management Science, 2018

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

International Transport Rules: Key Points in Issuing Transport Documents to Mitigate Risks and Losses in International Trade

Odeme talebiyle akreditif tahtinda ibraz edilen yukleme belgelerinin yuzde 70’i uluslararasi stan... more Odeme talebiyle akreditif tahtinda ibraz edilen yukleme belgelerinin yuzde 70’i uluslararasi standart kurallara ve akreditif sartlarina uygun olmadiklari icin odeme red edilmektedir. Bu calismanin amaci, soz konusu risk ve kayiplari azaltmak icin tasima belgelerinin, uluslararasi standart kurallarina uygun duzenlenmesinde dikkat edilmesi gereken kilit hususlari belirlemektir. 2018’de ulasilabilen SWIFT red mesajlari verileri uzerinden akreditif tahtinda ibraz edilen ihracat yukleme belgeleri red orani %41,41 ve ithalat red orani %30,02 bulunmustur. Sonuc olarak soz konusu risk ve kayiplarin azaltilmasi icin ihracatci, ithalatci ve tasimacilar, standart uluslararasi kurallara uygun tasima belgesi duzenlenmesinde uluslararasi tasima kurallarinin kilit unsurlarina dikkat etmelidir.

Tools and Techniques for Implementing International E-Trading Tactics for Competitive Advantage

Advances in E-Business Research, 2020

Meral, Y. (2020). Tools and Techniques for Implementing International E-Trading Tactics for Compe... more

Strategic Management of Finance and Role of Documentary Credit

Handbook of Research on Global Issues in Financial Communication and Investment Decision Making, 2019

Financing is one of the most important aspects of trade. International trade, although seemingly ... more Financing is one of the most important aspects of trade. International trade, although seemingly not different from local trade, differs from local trade because shipment/delivery takes longer, and different documentation and legislation is due to different countries involved in international trade. Financing also differs compared to local trade, and there are some specific methods used in international trade like documentary credit, although there is no limitation for documentary credits to be used in local trade. Documentary credit is a well-known method generally used in international trade. This chapter aims to define the role of documentary credits in international trade finance. In this chapter along with other finance methods, documentary credits, types, process will be explained. It is aimed to help importers and exporters how to mitigate the potential risks by using documentary credit. Furthermore, which type of documentary credit is to be used depending on the situation is...

Strategic Management to Prevent Money Laundering

Handbook of Research on Global Issues in Financial Communication and Investment Decision Making, 2019

In this chapter, the SWIFT, which is the financial communication system used by all financial ins... more In this chapter, the SWIFT, which is the financial communication system used by all financial institutions, will be explained. Today, most of the countries and financial institutions take precautions to avoid money-laundering and financial crimes. The SWIFT system will be examined in relation with financial communication, compliance, money laundering, know your customer, and sanctions. Public became aware of the sanctions when HSBC has agreed to pay $1.92 billion dollars to state authorities in 2012 for transfering dollars illegally into US. Banks apply “Know Your Customer” procedures to avoid such risks. In relation with sanctions, precautions of SWIFT system will be defined. SWIFT has started a new application namely KYC Registry which enables to have necessary information about the customers in international trade, through cross borders. The reasons why this applicatiıon must be used, how risk will be mitigated, by sharing information with maximum transparency and SWIFT's new...

Avrupa Birliği’nde Ülkeler Arası Emeklilik İhracatı (Transferi)

States, including developed countries, have difficulty in implementing pension systems. System re... more States, including developed countries, have difficulty in implementing pension systems. System reforms for a sustainable pension system, like extending retirement age, reducing public pension rates, increasing private pension and private health insurance shares, to reduce the burden on the pension system, countries with elderly population, try to increase young population by young immigrants, to provide a balance between the young population and old population for a sustainable pension system. In this study, the export and effects of pension (transfer) arising from the free movement of labor among the member countries due to free movement within the European Union and the effects of the educated young population immigration to the developed countries due to the exacerbation of the situation for the sending country is investigated with literature review. As a result, it is concluded that immigrant countries should take the necessary precautions to avoid migration of their educated yo...

Uluslararası Ticaret, Ülke Riski ve Finansman Metodu Olarak Teyitli Akreditifler: Uygulamada Dikkat Edilmesi Gereken Hususlar

The purpose of this study is to examine the confirmed letters of credit, which are used in intern... more The purpose of this study is to examine the confirmed letters of credit, which are used in international trade finance and are subject to international rules. In short, letters of credit can be defined as a conditional payment order issued by a bank and guarantees payment if the terms of the letter of credit are complied with and the required documents in compliance with are submitted. In this method, if the letter of credit is confirmed there are two separate banks, issuing bank and the confirming bank which provide payment security to the exporter/seller. In order to avoid country risk and the issuing bank risk, a bank usually in exporter’s country becomes the confirming bank by adding its confirmation to the letter of credit, in this case, there are two banks providing payment security to the exporter/seller. This method is accepted as the safest payment method for the exporter. As a result, in order to prevent problems such as non-payment or delayed payment for the exporter / se...

Electronic Trading, Electronic Advertising, and Social Media Literacy

IGI Global eBooks, May 13, 2022

The internet has a huge impact on everything including by converting traditional trade methods in... more The internet has a huge impact on everything including by converting traditional trade methods into electronic trade and traditional marketing/advertising methods into electronic advertising and digital marketing methods not only in local trade but international trade as well. The purpose of this study is to increase literacy about electronic advertising, social media, digital marketing, by giving examples of how Turkish local influencers are used in social media to increase sales of international products. As a result, it is seen that the advertising posts made by influencers could reach a large audience in the local market.

Strategic Management of Finance and Role of Documentary Credit

Advances in finance, accounting, and economics book series, 2019

Financing is one of the most important aspects of trade. International trade, although seemingly ... more Financing is one of the most important aspects of trade. International trade, although seemingly not different from local trade, differs from local trade because shipment/delivery takes longer, and different documentation and legislation is due to different countries involved in international trade. Financing also differs compared to local trade, and there are some specific methods used in international trade like documentary credit, although there is no limitation for documentary credits to be used in local trade. Documentary credit is a well-known method generally used in international trade. This chapter aims to define the role of documentary credits in international trade finance. In this chapter along with other finance methods, documentary credits, types, process will be explained. It is aimed to help importers and exporters how to mitigate the potential risks by using documentary credit. Furthermore, which type of documentary credit is to be used depending on the situation is clarified.

Financial Analysis of International Energy Trade: A Strategic Outlook for EU-15

Energies, Jan 29, 2019

This study aims to analyse the international energy trade in EU-15. Within this context, 6 items ... more This study aims to analyse the international energy trade in EU-15. Within this context, 6 items of international transport and energy trade have been selected to evaluate the performance of European Union (EU) 15 countries. For this purpose, a comparative analysis has been applied by including and excluding the data of energy trade in international transport for the years between 2013 and 2016. In this framework, interval type-2 fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) approaches are considered. The findings show that road and sea have the highest importance for international transport and energy trade. However, pipeline and electricity, which represent the energy trade, take place on the last ranks. Another important conclusion is that there is almost no difference in the ranking of international transport performance including and excluding energy trade. While considering these issues, it is recommended that that European countries should take some actions to increase the energy production. The main reason is that it has a positive influence on both international trade volume and industrial production. Thus, they can focus on renewable energy production which leads to lower cost in this process.

International Transport Rules: Key Points in Issuing Transport Documents to Mitigate Risks and Losses in International Trade

İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Jun 1, 2020

70 pct of international trade documents submitted for payment are rejected under letter of credit... more 70 pct of international trade documents submitted for payment are rejected under letter of credit being not in compliance with international standard rules and letter of credit terms. This study aims to clarify key points in issuing transport documents to mitigate such losses. To find out the refusal rate of Turkey, 2018 swift data were gathered from the sampling banking group. It is found that the average discrepancy rate is 53,45 percent for export and 30,02 percent for import documentation, that is more than 50 percent of the presented documents are not accepted for payments. The exporters, importers and transporters must be aware of the key points of standard international rules and issue documents as per these rules to mitigate such risks and losses.

Stratejik finansal yönetiminde teminat mektupları ve teminat (standby) akreditiflerinin rolü

Documentary Risk in International Trade

Contributions to management science, 2018

International trade is more risky than domestic trade. First of all international trade is effect... more International trade is more risky than domestic trade. First of all international trade is effected cross borders between two different countries. Different countries have their own law, and culture, and language. Customs clearance is required in both importer’s and exporter’s countries. Main difference between domestic and international trade is customs process, specific documentation is required in clearing goods from customs between international boundaries.

Açık Bankacılığa Geçiş veAvrupa Birliği Ödeme Hizmetleri Kurallarının(PSD2) Rolü

KOBİ’lerin Örgütsel Öğrenme, Dijitalleşme ve Uluslararasılaşma Süreçleri Üzerine Nitel Bir Çalışma/ A Qualitative Study on Organizational Learning, Digitalization and Internationalization Processes of SMEs

Nitel Sosyal Bilimler

Dijitalleşmenin gelişimi, uluslararası işletmecilik alanında Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli İşletmeler (KO... more Dijitalleşmenin gelişimi, uluslararası işletmecilik alanında Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli İşletmeler (KOBİ) için yeni fırsatlar ortaya çıkarmıştır. KOBİ'lerin dijitalleşmesi, örgütsel öğrenmenin ana aktör olduğu sosyo-teknik bir süreçtir. Çalışmamızın temel amacı, KOBİ’lerde örgütsel öğrenme, dijitalleşme ve uluslararasılaşma arasındaki ilişkileri derinlemesine incelemektir. Araştırma’da KOBİ statüsünde tekstil ve konfeksiyon sanayinde faaliyet gösteren 14 yönetici ile yarı yapılandırılmış 29 sorudan oluşan görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiş, veriler Maxqda nitel araştırma programında analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın geçerliliğini ve güvenirliğini sağlamak amacıyla hazırlanan sorular bir akademisyen ve sektörde deneyimli bir yönetici tarafından değerlendirilmiş ve gerekli düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Görüşme sorularının anlaşılırlığını test etmek için pilot görüşme yapılmış ve bu görüşmenin sonuçları alanında uzman bir akademisyen ve yönetici ile tekrar paylaşılarak soruların geçerliliği teyit e...

High technology export and high technology export impact on growth

International Journal of Business Ecosystem & Strategy (2687-2293)

The term high-tech, covering the high-tech industry and the information-intensive service sector,... more The term high-tech, covering the high-tech industry and the information-intensive service sector, is based on advanced scientific and technological expertise that requires science, technology, and innovation (STI), and is based on Research & Development expenditure. Sectoral, product and patent approaches are used for classification by OECD and European Union. Literature review on high-tech show that countries focusing on Research and Development Expenditures and new patents have succeeded in increasing their high-tech exports as well. Turkey is one of the countries where the levels of high-tech export is not at the desired levels yet therefore the government must give incentives for Research and Development expenditures and new patents for innovation, as high-tech export affects GDP growth positively.

Stratejik finansal yönetiminde teminat mektupları ve teminat (standby) akreditiflerinin rolü

COVID19 Affect on Import and Export of Facial Mask and Respiratory Device : Turkey Case

Covid-19 has become one of the biggest viruses the world has ever seen. It has caused economic pr... more Covid-19 has become one of the biggest viruses the world has ever seen. It has caused economic problems around the world. The main aim of this study is to investigate the effects of covid-19 on exports and imports of face masks and breathing apparatus in Turkey. In the research, general data for 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 were used as a priority, and after general evaluations, a comparison was made between the data of January, February and March of the products in 2018, 2019 and 2020. In conclusion, Covid-19 increased the export of face masks and respirators in Turkey and reduced imports of the said products.

Career Barriers (Glass Ceiling) of Women Managers' and a Research About The Reasons

This research aims to find out (glass ceiling) barriers of women managers" not represented i... more This research aims to find out (glass ceiling) barriers of women managers" not represented in top management although working women percentage is high in work force. The participants consisting of 40 women managers (n=40) mainly from a private bank and an engineering company in Istanbul were given the survey. Data collected was analysed by SPSS21.0 program. Analysis results show that "child care responsibility" is perceived as the highest barrier among women managers in their career. Furthermore career barriers perception is found higher in junior women managers" with low income comparing to more experienced women managers with high income.

Dollarization’s Effects in Turkey Economy

InTraders International Trade Academic Journal, 2022

In order to preserve the value of assets in high-inflation countries, investors turn to currencie... more In order to preserve the value of assets in high-inflation countries, investors turn to currencies of economically stable and secure countries. Once liberalization measures were taken in the 1980s in Turkey, the volume of foreign exchange entering its economy also increased. However, high inflation, low domestic investment, increased volume of imports and weak financial base left the Turkish economy with the reality of dollarization. In this study, the definition of dollarization and currency substitution is explained in details. The aim of this study is to describe the difficulties Turkey faced with dollarization from the very beginning up to a certain period in chronological order. This study involves that by means of considering of time-series comparative analysis data method and investigating the facts that constitute the reasons for dollarization were associated to the by causality method. The expected result in this study is that high inflation and uncertainties in both the political and economic environment can lead to a high dollarization of the economy.

Strategic Design and Innovative Thinking in Business Operations

Contributions to Management Science, 2018

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

International Transport Rules: Key Points in Issuing Transport Documents to Mitigate Risks and Losses in International Trade

Odeme talebiyle akreditif tahtinda ibraz edilen yukleme belgelerinin yuzde 70’i uluslararasi stan... more Odeme talebiyle akreditif tahtinda ibraz edilen yukleme belgelerinin yuzde 70’i uluslararasi standart kurallara ve akreditif sartlarina uygun olmadiklari icin odeme red edilmektedir. Bu calismanin amaci, soz konusu risk ve kayiplari azaltmak icin tasima belgelerinin, uluslararasi standart kurallarina uygun duzenlenmesinde dikkat edilmesi gereken kilit hususlari belirlemektir. 2018’de ulasilabilen SWIFT red mesajlari verileri uzerinden akreditif tahtinda ibraz edilen ihracat yukleme belgeleri red orani %41,41 ve ithalat red orani %30,02 bulunmustur. Sonuc olarak soz konusu risk ve kayiplarin azaltilmasi icin ihracatci, ithalatci ve tasimacilar, standart uluslararasi kurallara uygun tasima belgesi duzenlenmesinde uluslararasi tasima kurallarinin kilit unsurlarina dikkat etmelidir.

Tools and Techniques for Implementing International E-Trading Tactics for Competitive Advantage

Advances in E-Business Research, 2020

Meral, Y. (2020). Tools and Techniques for Implementing International E-Trading Tactics for Compe... more

Strategic Management of Finance and Role of Documentary Credit

Handbook of Research on Global Issues in Financial Communication and Investment Decision Making, 2019

Financing is one of the most important aspects of trade. International trade, although seemingly ... more Financing is one of the most important aspects of trade. International trade, although seemingly not different from local trade, differs from local trade because shipment/delivery takes longer, and different documentation and legislation is due to different countries involved in international trade. Financing also differs compared to local trade, and there are some specific methods used in international trade like documentary credit, although there is no limitation for documentary credits to be used in local trade. Documentary credit is a well-known method generally used in international trade. This chapter aims to define the role of documentary credits in international trade finance. In this chapter along with other finance methods, documentary credits, types, process will be explained. It is aimed to help importers and exporters how to mitigate the potential risks by using documentary credit. Furthermore, which type of documentary credit is to be used depending on the situation is...

Strategic Management to Prevent Money Laundering

Handbook of Research on Global Issues in Financial Communication and Investment Decision Making, 2019

In this chapter, the SWIFT, which is the financial communication system used by all financial ins... more In this chapter, the SWIFT, which is the financial communication system used by all financial institutions, will be explained. Today, most of the countries and financial institutions take precautions to avoid money-laundering and financial crimes. The SWIFT system will be examined in relation with financial communication, compliance, money laundering, know your customer, and sanctions. Public became aware of the sanctions when HSBC has agreed to pay $1.92 billion dollars to state authorities in 2012 for transfering dollars illegally into US. Banks apply “Know Your Customer” procedures to avoid such risks. In relation with sanctions, precautions of SWIFT system will be defined. SWIFT has started a new application namely KYC Registry which enables to have necessary information about the customers in international trade, through cross borders. The reasons why this applicatiıon must be used, how risk will be mitigated, by sharing information with maximum transparency and SWIFT's new...

Avrupa Birliği’nde Ülkeler Arası Emeklilik İhracatı (Transferi)

States, including developed countries, have difficulty in implementing pension systems. System re... more States, including developed countries, have difficulty in implementing pension systems. System reforms for a sustainable pension system, like extending retirement age, reducing public pension rates, increasing private pension and private health insurance shares, to reduce the burden on the pension system, countries with elderly population, try to increase young population by young immigrants, to provide a balance between the young population and old population for a sustainable pension system. In this study, the export and effects of pension (transfer) arising from the free movement of labor among the member countries due to free movement within the European Union and the effects of the educated young population immigration to the developed countries due to the exacerbation of the situation for the sending country is investigated with literature review. As a result, it is concluded that immigrant countries should take the necessary precautions to avoid migration of their educated yo...

Uluslararası Ticaret, Ülke Riski ve Finansman Metodu Olarak Teyitli Akreditifler: Uygulamada Dikkat Edilmesi Gereken Hususlar

The purpose of this study is to examine the confirmed letters of credit, which are used in intern... more The purpose of this study is to examine the confirmed letters of credit, which are used in international trade finance and are subject to international rules. In short, letters of credit can be defined as a conditional payment order issued by a bank and guarantees payment if the terms of the letter of credit are complied with and the required documents in compliance with are submitted. In this method, if the letter of credit is confirmed there are two separate banks, issuing bank and the confirming bank which provide payment security to the exporter/seller. In order to avoid country risk and the issuing bank risk, a bank usually in exporter’s country becomes the confirming bank by adding its confirmation to the letter of credit, in this case, there are two banks providing payment security to the exporter/seller. This method is accepted as the safest payment method for the exporter. As a result, in order to prevent problems such as non-payment or delayed payment for the exporter / se...