denture hygiene, such as brushing, has been shown to have an effect on the removal of microorgani... more denture hygiene, such as brushing, has been shown to have an effect on the removal of microorganisms on the surface of dentures only. The majority of people who need removable prostheses (RP) are elderly, and most of them have inadequate physical dexterity to do this. In general, chemical disinfectants were effective for disinfection, but total eradication of C. adhesion requires the use of additional disinfection methods such as ozone, microwave, and photodynamic therapy. Presently, dentures can be disinfected in diverse ways, including soaking in chemical solutions, physically brushing with toothpaste, and microwave radiation. 8 India's population of senior citizens is roughly 7.7%, which is expected to grow further by 2025. 1 Given the preceding information, tooth loss in the elderly is a major concern. Rehabilitation of tooth loss with dentures is the most frequent treatment. It has been noticed that the majority of denture wearers do not pay appropriate attention to denture hygiene. This may lead to the formation of denture plaque (DP) or biofilm. Given the foregoing information, it was hypothesized that the removable acrylic prostheses could serve as a reservoir for pathogenic microorganisms in DP. Denture stomatitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal infection, and aspiration pneumonia have all been correlated with this biofilm on dentures. The incidence of denture stomatitis among denture wearers is about 65-70%. Candida albicans is the most prevalent (50%) species, followed by Candida tropicalis (33%) and Candida glabrata (18%). Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) denture base material, which is porous and can degrade or change in roughness with age. Plaque and biofilm-forming microbes, such as endogenous bacteria and Candida species, are able to colonize not only the surface but also the deep layers of the acrylic resin. This emphasizes the necessity of reducing microbial adhesion and biofilm formation on the prosthesis. Chemical disinfection with sodium hypochlorite, sodium perborate, chlorhexidine, or glutaraldehyde is suggested to be used on PMMA-based dentures. The chemical method of disinfection is easy to use, but the concern is surface roughness (Ra) or surface degradation and the cost of the agents. 5 Mechanical cleaning for
IP International journal of medical microbiology and tropical diseases/IP international journal of medical microbiology and tropical diseases, Apr 15, 2024
To determine the fluconazole and Amphotericin B susceptibility pattern among candida isolates by ... more To determine the fluconazole and Amphotericin B susceptibility pattern among candida isolates by disk diffusion, Vitek-2 method, and micro-broth dilution methods (MBD). Introduction: Fungal infections are now becoming more prevalent than bacterial in causing opportunistic and nosocomial infections. Candida species are among the most common invasive fungi that are seen in most patients with predisposing co-morbidities such as diabetes and hypertension. Therefore; identification of the species and antifungal susceptibility testing is essential for proper patient management as various species respond differently to antifungals and for the prevention of emergence of drug resistance. Materials and Methods: Candida species isolated from different specimens were included in the study, speciation of the isolates was achieved by Vitek 2 automated machine and also with corn meal agar inoculation (CMA). The comparison of antifungal susceptibility testing was done by three different methods which included Vitek 2 systems, disk diffusion, and Micro-broth dilution methods. The antifungal susceptibility was tested for fluconazole and Amphotericin B. Results: A total of 50 Candida isolates were randomly selected and speciated. Species-wise distribution showed C. tropicalis to be the most common one accounting for 34 (69%) followed by C. albicans 12(24%) and 4 (12%) of them were C. parapsilosis. The overall resistance among these isolates was as follows: by micro-broth dilution fluconazole resistance to Candida species was 6% and to Amphotericin B was 8%. By disc diffusion, fluconazole resistance was 10%, Amphotericin B was 14%. With the Vitek 2 system, fluconazole and Amphotericin B showed resistance of 10% and 6% respectively. Conclusion: Speciation and Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida isolates are of great significance regardless of the specimen isolated from, which helps in the management and knowing the epidemiology of the susceptibility pattern of the Candida species. For this to become a reality a reliable, easy, and sensitive method of antifungal susceptibility needs to be used in every Microbiology laboratory as a routine practice. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttribFution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
Wireless sensor networks are mainly constrained by energy resources as sensors are battery powere... more Wireless sensor networks are mainly constrained by energy resources as sensors are battery powered which is limited and limited memory and functionality to support communications. Hence increasing the network lifetime and achieving energy efficiency is the important challenging issue to consider while designing routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Here we propose a WSN routing protocol based on ant colony optimization. The ACO approach not only find the optimal shortest path between the nodes but also counts the node energy which effectively balances the WSN's node power consumption as well as enhance the network lifetime as long as possible. In this paper, study of a recently presented novel routing protocol NARP based on ACO is done which delivers the better performance as compared to AODV in terms of energy consumption, packet loss, end to end delay etc. Here aim is to improve this algorithm for better throughput against same energy consumption, named as throughput aware protocol TANARP.
Nature is the best tutor and its designs and strengths are extremely massive and strange that it ... more Nature is the best tutor and its designs and strengths are extremely massive and strange that it gives inspiration to researches to imitate nature to solve hard and complex problems in computer sciences. Bio Inspired computing has come up as a new era in computation covering wide range of applications. This paper gives overview of most predominant and successful classes of bio inspired optimization methods involving evolutionary and swarm based algorithms inspired by natural evolution and collective behavior in animals respectively.
2014 IEEE Global Conference on Wireless Computing & Networking (GCWCN), 2014
Wireless sensor networks are mainly constrained by energy resources as sensors are battery powere... more Wireless sensor networks are mainly constrained by energy resources as sensors are battery powered which is limited and limited memory and functionality to support communications. Hence increasing the network lifetime and achieving energy efficiency is the important challenging issue to consider while designing routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Here we propose a WSN routing protocol based on ant colony optimization. The ACO approach not only find the optimal shortest path between the nodes but also counts the node energy which effectively balances the WSN's node power consumption as well as enhance the network lifetime as long as possible. In this paper, study of a recently presented novel routing protocol NARP based on ACO is done which delivers the better performance as compared to AODV in terms of energy consumption, packet loss, end to end delay etc. Here aim is to improve this algorithm for better throughput against same energy consumption, named as throughput aware protocol TANARP.
Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS, 2011
Nocardiosis is an acute, subacute or chronic bacterial infection caused by several species of geo... more Nocardiosis is an acute, subacute or chronic bacterial infection caused by several species of geophilic aerobic bacteria of the genus Nocardia. Cutaneous nocardiosis is an uncommon infectious disease that presents as primary cutaneous infection or as a sequale of disseminated pulmonary nocardiosis. Its rarity and as nocardiosis is not an AIDS defined disease it is often underreported. The global incidence of cutaneous nocardiosis is not exactly known. The frequency of nocardiosis in HIV patients has increased from 0.3 to1.85%. In Immunocompetent persons Primary Cutaneous Nocardiosis is more commonly seen among gardeners and agriculturists. We report a case of extensive primary facial cutaneous nocardiosis due to Nocardia asteroides, in an adult immunocompromised lady who had no pulmonary focus. The lesions were seen as sinus tracts on the zygomatic arch, preauricular and Infraauricular regions. Bacteriological examination of the pus confirmed the presence of N. asteroides. The rarity of the presentation and Cutaneous nocardiosis in India is reviewed.
COVID-19 detection via lateral flow antigen assays (LFA) are rapid and economically acquiescent t... more COVID-19 detection via lateral flow antigen assays (LFA) are rapid and economically acquiescent to infrastructure facile healthcare settings. Early, prompt identification of cases to facilitate patient isolation and supportive management is the essence of rapid diagnostic tests. Given the backdrop of post COVID-19 pandemic-molecular testing still remains a costly affair. Additionally, molecular assays are incapable of distinguishing remnant RNA from replication competent viruses. In this scenario, we explore the diagnostic consonance of SARS-CoV-2 LFAs with RT-PCR cycle threshold, in a likelihood that it could be used as a surrogate marker for infection transmissibility. Rapid COVID-19 LFA results were compared with Real-time PCR for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swabs. Two hundred rapid antigen positive nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from COVID-19 suspects/contacts/preoperative/screening patients were subjected to RT-PCR to study the correlation with cycle threshold (CT)...
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi have been imputed in the causation of enteric fev... more Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi have been imputed in the causation of enteric fever. Cardiovascular and extraintestinal Salmonella infections have been documented among immunocompromised individuals. Rarely these pathogens are ascribed in the causation of extraintestinal infections among immunocompetent hosts due to hematogenous seeding. We report a case of anterior chest wall abscess with osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent adult by Salmonella paratyphi A without any prior predisposing conditions or gastrointestinal symptoms. The patient underwent incision and drainage of the loculated pus and the involved costochondral junction was curetted. Medical management was guided by automated antibiotic susceptibility testing. Patient responded well to treatment and was discharged with no residual morbidities. Prompt diagnosis complements appurtenant treatment and thereby averts defunct consequential sequelae.
Background and Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a major organism accounting for... more Background and Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a major organism accounting for hospital acquired infections particularly in intensive care units. Due to production of different kinds of beta lactamases these bacteria have developed drug resistance rendering the treatment of such infections very difficult and expensive. Rapid identification of A. baumannii producing such beta-lactamases is the need of the hour in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with A. baumannii infections. Materials and Methods: A. baumannii was isolated from clinical samples like endotracheal aspirates, sputum, urine, exu- dates using standard culture techniques. Identification and drug sensitivity was done using Vitek 2 system. All the isolates were subjected to detection of ESBLs using phenotypic confirmatory test, plasmid mediated AmpC beta- lactamase by AmpC disc test, Carbapenemase production by CarbAcineto NP Test and Modified hodge method. Results: 149 A. baumannii isolates wer...
Introduction: To detect Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus colonisation in health care p... more Introduction: To detect Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus colonisation in health care professionals with different levels of exposure to the hospital environment and those with no exposure to the same. Materials and Methods: Swabs were collected from the anterior nares, finger web-spaces and posterior pharyngeal wall of 100 health care professionals and 100 first year medical students. The swabs were cultured on Oxacillin resistance screen agar for 48 hours in ambient air at 35 degree Celsius. The plates were examined at 24 and 48 hours for the presence of blue coloured colonies. Results: The MRSA colonisation rate was 16% among the health care professionals and 4% among the first year medical students (p=0.005). Conclusion: More number of the heath care professionals exposed to the hospital environment were colonised with MRSA compared to those who were not exposed. It was also noted that increased exposure to the hospital environment, increased the rate of MRSA colonisat...
Dermatophytes are prevalent causes of cutaneous mycoses and, unlike many other fungal pathogens, ... more Dermatophytes are prevalent causes of cutaneous mycoses and, unlike many other fungal pathogens, are able to cause disease in immunocompetent individuals. They infect keratinized tissue such as skin, hair, and nails, resulting in tinea infections, including ringworm. The dermatophytes include three genera of molds in the class Euascomycetes: Trichophyton, Microsporum, andEpidermophyton. Dermatophytes are grouped according to their habitat as being either anthropophilic (human associated), zoophilic (animal associated), or geophilic (soil dwelling). Anthropophilic species are responsible for the majority of human infections; however, species from all three groups of dermatophytes have been associated with clinical disease. Human infections caused by anthropophiles tend to be chronic, with little inflammation, whereas infections caused by geophiles and zoophiles are often associated with acute inflammation and are self-healing. . The clinical presentation, though very typical of ringw...
Background and Objectives: Despite improvements in modern diagnosis and therapies, hospital acqui... more Background and Objectives: Despite improvements in modern diagnosis and therapies, hospital acquired infections remain a leading problem of global health systems. Healthcare workers mobile phones is a reservoir for potential pathogens. Despite the high possibility of being contaminated, mobile phones are rarely clean and are often touched during or after examination of patients and handling of specimens without proper hand washing. The main objective of the present study was to isolate, identify different types of bacteria and their antibiotic sensitivity from mobile phones of healthcare workers and non-health-care workers. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected aseptically by rolling over the exposed surfaces of the mobile phones inoculated on the agar plates and incubated aerobically. After incubation, plates were examined for growth. Bacteria were identified and antibiotic sensitivity was tested as per standard microbiological procedures. Results: In this study a total of ...
Introduction: Dermatomycosis is a common fungal infection seen in tropical and subtropical countr... more Introduction: Dermatomycosis is a common fungal infection seen in tropical and subtropical countries. Laboratory diagnosis of Dermatomycosis like dermatophytosis and Pityriasis versicolor depends on the demonstration of the etiological agents by microscopy and isolation of the fungi by culture. Culture on SDA is considered as gold standard however it is time consuming, so microscopic methods are used as rapid diagnostic tool. Aims: Study was aimed at comparing two microscopic methods, KOH and Calcofluor white in the diagnosis of superficial fungal infections. Methodology: Hair, nail and skin scrapings from patients who were clinically suspected with superficial fungal infections were divided into three parts and subjected to two direct microscopic methods (KOH and Calcofluor white) and culture. Results: A total of 100 patients with superficial fungal infections were studied. 72 of them were clinically suspected cases of dermatophytosis and 28 of them were suspected cases of Pityrias...
ABSTRACT: Background: Brucellosis is one of serious bacterial infection and has a considerable mo... more ABSTRACT: Background: Brucellosis is one of serious bacterial infection and has a considerable mortality in endemic countries. As signs and symptoms of the infection overlap with many other infectious conditions, it poses a challenge for clinical diagnosis. Methods: We report a first case of culture proven case of brucellosis. A 15 year old male child referred to our hospital for fever of two and half months. Patient was evaluated by serological tests for enteric fever, malaria, rickettsial infections and blood was sent for culture. Brucella melitensis was isolated from blood culture. Serum showed significant titres of brucella antibodies. Patient responded to specific therapy of rifampicin and doxycycline treatment. Conclusion: Brucellosis is endemic in our country, it must be considered when evaluating all cases of prolonged fever.
International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2021
Introduction: Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen that affec... more Introduction: Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen that affects the central nervous system and meningitis is caused by Cryptococcusis a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV.1 About 5% of meningeal infections are caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, which is tops among non-tuberculous causes. Being the most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients, it has been reported to account for about 2-7% of all opportunistic infection.2India ink examination for the demonstration of the capsule is the most widely used technique for rapid diagnosis, although it has less sensitivity. Microscopic methods and fungal culture though considered as specific tests they show the sensitivity of 50-80%, and fungal culture takes 2-3 days for the report. Aims and Objective: The present study was carried out to assess the utility of Cryptococcal antigen detection by lateral flow assay (LFA) for the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. Methodology: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample sent for India ink examination for Cryptococcuscollected from 116 patients suspected of cryptococcal meningitis over 1 year were included in the study. These samples were subjected to Gram stain, fungal culture, antigen detection by LFA and PCR. Results: Of the 116 CSF samples tested, 20 (17.2%) samples were positive by LFA, among which 5 (4.31%) samples were also positive in India ink preparation, Gram's staining, fungal culture and PCR. Conclusion: Antigen detection for Cryptococci must be prioritized over microscopy and culture for the diagnosis. Identification of Cryptococci by antigen detection and molecular methods are very much useful in the laboratory diagnosis of Cryptococcal infection.
denture hygiene, such as brushing, has been shown to have an effect on the removal of microorgani... more denture hygiene, such as brushing, has been shown to have an effect on the removal of microorganisms on the surface of dentures only. The majority of people who need removable prostheses (RP) are elderly, and most of them have inadequate physical dexterity to do this. In general, chemical disinfectants were effective for disinfection, but total eradication of C. adhesion requires the use of additional disinfection methods such as ozone, microwave, and photodynamic therapy. Presently, dentures can be disinfected in diverse ways, including soaking in chemical solutions, physically brushing with toothpaste, and microwave radiation. 8 India's population of senior citizens is roughly 7.7%, which is expected to grow further by 2025. 1 Given the preceding information, tooth loss in the elderly is a major concern. Rehabilitation of tooth loss with dentures is the most frequent treatment. It has been noticed that the majority of denture wearers do not pay appropriate attention to denture hygiene. This may lead to the formation of denture plaque (DP) or biofilm. Given the foregoing information, it was hypothesized that the removable acrylic prostheses could serve as a reservoir for pathogenic microorganisms in DP. Denture stomatitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal infection, and aspiration pneumonia have all been correlated with this biofilm on dentures. The incidence of denture stomatitis among denture wearers is about 65-70%. Candida albicans is the most prevalent (50%) species, followed by Candida tropicalis (33%) and Candida glabrata (18%). Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) denture base material, which is porous and can degrade or change in roughness with age. Plaque and biofilm-forming microbes, such as endogenous bacteria and Candida species, are able to colonize not only the surface but also the deep layers of the acrylic resin. This emphasizes the necessity of reducing microbial adhesion and biofilm formation on the prosthesis. Chemical disinfection with sodium hypochlorite, sodium perborate, chlorhexidine, or glutaraldehyde is suggested to be used on PMMA-based dentures. The chemical method of disinfection is easy to use, but the concern is surface roughness (Ra) or surface degradation and the cost of the agents. 5 Mechanical cleaning for
IP International journal of medical microbiology and tropical diseases/IP international journal of medical microbiology and tropical diseases, Apr 15, 2024
To determine the fluconazole and Amphotericin B susceptibility pattern among candida isolates by ... more To determine the fluconazole and Amphotericin B susceptibility pattern among candida isolates by disk diffusion, Vitek-2 method, and micro-broth dilution methods (MBD). Introduction: Fungal infections are now becoming more prevalent than bacterial in causing opportunistic and nosocomial infections. Candida species are among the most common invasive fungi that are seen in most patients with predisposing co-morbidities such as diabetes and hypertension. Therefore; identification of the species and antifungal susceptibility testing is essential for proper patient management as various species respond differently to antifungals and for the prevention of emergence of drug resistance. Materials and Methods: Candida species isolated from different specimens were included in the study, speciation of the isolates was achieved by Vitek 2 automated machine and also with corn meal agar inoculation (CMA). The comparison of antifungal susceptibility testing was done by three different methods which included Vitek 2 systems, disk diffusion, and Micro-broth dilution methods. The antifungal susceptibility was tested for fluconazole and Amphotericin B. Results: A total of 50 Candida isolates were randomly selected and speciated. Species-wise distribution showed C. tropicalis to be the most common one accounting for 34 (69%) followed by C. albicans 12(24%) and 4 (12%) of them were C. parapsilosis. The overall resistance among these isolates was as follows: by micro-broth dilution fluconazole resistance to Candida species was 6% and to Amphotericin B was 8%. By disc diffusion, fluconazole resistance was 10%, Amphotericin B was 14%. With the Vitek 2 system, fluconazole and Amphotericin B showed resistance of 10% and 6% respectively. Conclusion: Speciation and Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida isolates are of great significance regardless of the specimen isolated from, which helps in the management and knowing the epidemiology of the susceptibility pattern of the Candida species. For this to become a reality a reliable, easy, and sensitive method of antifungal susceptibility needs to be used in every Microbiology laboratory as a routine practice. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttribFution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
Wireless sensor networks are mainly constrained by energy resources as sensors are battery powere... more Wireless sensor networks are mainly constrained by energy resources as sensors are battery powered which is limited and limited memory and functionality to support communications. Hence increasing the network lifetime and achieving energy efficiency is the important challenging issue to consider while designing routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Here we propose a WSN routing protocol based on ant colony optimization. The ACO approach not only find the optimal shortest path between the nodes but also counts the node energy which effectively balances the WSN's node power consumption as well as enhance the network lifetime as long as possible. In this paper, study of a recently presented novel routing protocol NARP based on ACO is done which delivers the better performance as compared to AODV in terms of energy consumption, packet loss, end to end delay etc. Here aim is to improve this algorithm for better throughput against same energy consumption, named as throughput aware protocol TANARP.
Nature is the best tutor and its designs and strengths are extremely massive and strange that it ... more Nature is the best tutor and its designs and strengths are extremely massive and strange that it gives inspiration to researches to imitate nature to solve hard and complex problems in computer sciences. Bio Inspired computing has come up as a new era in computation covering wide range of applications. This paper gives overview of most predominant and successful classes of bio inspired optimization methods involving evolutionary and swarm based algorithms inspired by natural evolution and collective behavior in animals respectively.
2014 IEEE Global Conference on Wireless Computing & Networking (GCWCN), 2014
Wireless sensor networks are mainly constrained by energy resources as sensors are battery powere... more Wireless sensor networks are mainly constrained by energy resources as sensors are battery powered which is limited and limited memory and functionality to support communications. Hence increasing the network lifetime and achieving energy efficiency is the important challenging issue to consider while designing routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Here we propose a WSN routing protocol based on ant colony optimization. The ACO approach not only find the optimal shortest path between the nodes but also counts the node energy which effectively balances the WSN's node power consumption as well as enhance the network lifetime as long as possible. In this paper, study of a recently presented novel routing protocol NARP based on ACO is done which delivers the better performance as compared to AODV in terms of energy consumption, packet loss, end to end delay etc. Here aim is to improve this algorithm for better throughput against same energy consumption, named as throughput aware protocol TANARP.
Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS, 2011
Nocardiosis is an acute, subacute or chronic bacterial infection caused by several species of geo... more Nocardiosis is an acute, subacute or chronic bacterial infection caused by several species of geophilic aerobic bacteria of the genus Nocardia. Cutaneous nocardiosis is an uncommon infectious disease that presents as primary cutaneous infection or as a sequale of disseminated pulmonary nocardiosis. Its rarity and as nocardiosis is not an AIDS defined disease it is often underreported. The global incidence of cutaneous nocardiosis is not exactly known. The frequency of nocardiosis in HIV patients has increased from 0.3 to1.85%. In Immunocompetent persons Primary Cutaneous Nocardiosis is more commonly seen among gardeners and agriculturists. We report a case of extensive primary facial cutaneous nocardiosis due to Nocardia asteroides, in an adult immunocompromised lady who had no pulmonary focus. The lesions were seen as sinus tracts on the zygomatic arch, preauricular and Infraauricular regions. Bacteriological examination of the pus confirmed the presence of N. asteroides. The rarity of the presentation and Cutaneous nocardiosis in India is reviewed.
COVID-19 detection via lateral flow antigen assays (LFA) are rapid and economically acquiescent t... more COVID-19 detection via lateral flow antigen assays (LFA) are rapid and economically acquiescent to infrastructure facile healthcare settings. Early, prompt identification of cases to facilitate patient isolation and supportive management is the essence of rapid diagnostic tests. Given the backdrop of post COVID-19 pandemic-molecular testing still remains a costly affair. Additionally, molecular assays are incapable of distinguishing remnant RNA from replication competent viruses. In this scenario, we explore the diagnostic consonance of SARS-CoV-2 LFAs with RT-PCR cycle threshold, in a likelihood that it could be used as a surrogate marker for infection transmissibility. Rapid COVID-19 LFA results were compared with Real-time PCR for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swabs. Two hundred rapid antigen positive nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from COVID-19 suspects/contacts/preoperative/screening patients were subjected to RT-PCR to study the correlation with cycle threshold (CT)...
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi have been imputed in the causation of enteric fev... more Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi have been imputed in the causation of enteric fever. Cardiovascular and extraintestinal Salmonella infections have been documented among immunocompromised individuals. Rarely these pathogens are ascribed in the causation of extraintestinal infections among immunocompetent hosts due to hematogenous seeding. We report a case of anterior chest wall abscess with osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent adult by Salmonella paratyphi A without any prior predisposing conditions or gastrointestinal symptoms. The patient underwent incision and drainage of the loculated pus and the involved costochondral junction was curetted. Medical management was guided by automated antibiotic susceptibility testing. Patient responded well to treatment and was discharged with no residual morbidities. Prompt diagnosis complements appurtenant treatment and thereby averts defunct consequential sequelae.
Background and Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a major organism accounting for... more Background and Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a major organism accounting for hospital acquired infections particularly in intensive care units. Due to production of different kinds of beta lactamases these bacteria have developed drug resistance rendering the treatment of such infections very difficult and expensive. Rapid identification of A. baumannii producing such beta-lactamases is the need of the hour in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with A. baumannii infections. Materials and Methods: A. baumannii was isolated from clinical samples like endotracheal aspirates, sputum, urine, exu- dates using standard culture techniques. Identification and drug sensitivity was done using Vitek 2 system. All the isolates were subjected to detection of ESBLs using phenotypic confirmatory test, plasmid mediated AmpC beta- lactamase by AmpC disc test, Carbapenemase production by CarbAcineto NP Test and Modified hodge method. Results: 149 A. baumannii isolates wer...
Introduction: To detect Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus colonisation in health care p... more Introduction: To detect Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus colonisation in health care professionals with different levels of exposure to the hospital environment and those with no exposure to the same. Materials and Methods: Swabs were collected from the anterior nares, finger web-spaces and posterior pharyngeal wall of 100 health care professionals and 100 first year medical students. The swabs were cultured on Oxacillin resistance screen agar for 48 hours in ambient air at 35 degree Celsius. The plates were examined at 24 and 48 hours for the presence of blue coloured colonies. Results: The MRSA colonisation rate was 16% among the health care professionals and 4% among the first year medical students (p=0.005). Conclusion: More number of the heath care professionals exposed to the hospital environment were colonised with MRSA compared to those who were not exposed. It was also noted that increased exposure to the hospital environment, increased the rate of MRSA colonisat...
Dermatophytes are prevalent causes of cutaneous mycoses and, unlike many other fungal pathogens, ... more Dermatophytes are prevalent causes of cutaneous mycoses and, unlike many other fungal pathogens, are able to cause disease in immunocompetent individuals. They infect keratinized tissue such as skin, hair, and nails, resulting in tinea infections, including ringworm. The dermatophytes include three genera of molds in the class Euascomycetes: Trichophyton, Microsporum, andEpidermophyton. Dermatophytes are grouped according to their habitat as being either anthropophilic (human associated), zoophilic (animal associated), or geophilic (soil dwelling). Anthropophilic species are responsible for the majority of human infections; however, species from all three groups of dermatophytes have been associated with clinical disease. Human infections caused by anthropophiles tend to be chronic, with little inflammation, whereas infections caused by geophiles and zoophiles are often associated with acute inflammation and are self-healing. . The clinical presentation, though very typical of ringw...
Background and Objectives: Despite improvements in modern diagnosis and therapies, hospital acqui... more Background and Objectives: Despite improvements in modern diagnosis and therapies, hospital acquired infections remain a leading problem of global health systems. Healthcare workers mobile phones is a reservoir for potential pathogens. Despite the high possibility of being contaminated, mobile phones are rarely clean and are often touched during or after examination of patients and handling of specimens without proper hand washing. The main objective of the present study was to isolate, identify different types of bacteria and their antibiotic sensitivity from mobile phones of healthcare workers and non-health-care workers. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected aseptically by rolling over the exposed surfaces of the mobile phones inoculated on the agar plates and incubated aerobically. After incubation, plates were examined for growth. Bacteria were identified and antibiotic sensitivity was tested as per standard microbiological procedures. Results: In this study a total of ...
Introduction: Dermatomycosis is a common fungal infection seen in tropical and subtropical countr... more Introduction: Dermatomycosis is a common fungal infection seen in tropical and subtropical countries. Laboratory diagnosis of Dermatomycosis like dermatophytosis and Pityriasis versicolor depends on the demonstration of the etiological agents by microscopy and isolation of the fungi by culture. Culture on SDA is considered as gold standard however it is time consuming, so microscopic methods are used as rapid diagnostic tool. Aims: Study was aimed at comparing two microscopic methods, KOH and Calcofluor white in the diagnosis of superficial fungal infections. Methodology: Hair, nail and skin scrapings from patients who were clinically suspected with superficial fungal infections were divided into three parts and subjected to two direct microscopic methods (KOH and Calcofluor white) and culture. Results: A total of 100 patients with superficial fungal infections were studied. 72 of them were clinically suspected cases of dermatophytosis and 28 of them were suspected cases of Pityrias...
ABSTRACT: Background: Brucellosis is one of serious bacterial infection and has a considerable mo... more ABSTRACT: Background: Brucellosis is one of serious bacterial infection and has a considerable mortality in endemic countries. As signs and symptoms of the infection overlap with many other infectious conditions, it poses a challenge for clinical diagnosis. Methods: We report a first case of culture proven case of brucellosis. A 15 year old male child referred to our hospital for fever of two and half months. Patient was evaluated by serological tests for enteric fever, malaria, rickettsial infections and blood was sent for culture. Brucella melitensis was isolated from blood culture. Serum showed significant titres of brucella antibodies. Patient responded to specific therapy of rifampicin and doxycycline treatment. Conclusion: Brucellosis is endemic in our country, it must be considered when evaluating all cases of prolonged fever.
International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2021
Introduction: Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen that affec... more Introduction: Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen that affects the central nervous system and meningitis is caused by Cryptococcusis a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV.1 About 5% of meningeal infections are caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, which is tops among non-tuberculous causes. Being the most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients, it has been reported to account for about 2-7% of all opportunistic infection.2India ink examination for the demonstration of the capsule is the most widely used technique for rapid diagnosis, although it has less sensitivity. Microscopic methods and fungal culture though considered as specific tests they show the sensitivity of 50-80%, and fungal culture takes 2-3 days for the report. Aims and Objective: The present study was carried out to assess the utility of Cryptococcal antigen detection by lateral flow assay (LFA) for the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. Methodology: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample sent for India ink examination for Cryptococcuscollected from 116 patients suspected of cryptococcal meningitis over 1 year were included in the study. These samples were subjected to Gram stain, fungal culture, antigen detection by LFA and PCR. Results: Of the 116 CSF samples tested, 20 (17.2%) samples were positive by LFA, among which 5 (4.31%) samples were also positive in India ink preparation, Gram's staining, fungal culture and PCR. Conclusion: Antigen detection for Cryptococci must be prioritized over microscopy and culture for the diagnosis. Identification of Cryptococci by antigen detection and molecular methods are very much useful in the laboratory diagnosis of Cryptococcal infection.
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