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rita mahajan

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Lambros Dermentzoglou

National & Kapodistrian University of Athens

Robert Theivadas J

Anand Institute Of Higher Technology

Dr. Rajeshree Raut

SRKNEC

Dr. Mulugeta Atlabachew

Jimma University

APJ Abdul kalam technological university

Manav Rachna International University

José Machado da Silva

Universidade do Porto

University Of Plymouth

Mahmoud Maqableh

The University Of Jordan

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Oxford Brookes University

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Papers by rita mahajan

Design of Wireless Anti-spoofing Device for Measuring Blood Oxygen Concentration and Heart Rate

International Journal of Computer Applications, 2012

This project describes to design anti-spoofing device which measures continuously heart rate, blo... more This project describes to design anti-spoofing device which measures continuously heart rate, blood oxygen concentration and record the data of the patient on PC screen serially. When the data of the patient goes below the critical value, the monitoring system automatically transmits the information to the doctor's hand phone on the mobile network as a SMS via a GSM device. Thus it's alert to doctor to quickly attend the patient and give diagnosis to the patient's. This project made the device economical and also creates the easy pathway between the patient and doctor which provide better health care facility to patient.

An Improved Charge Controller Model for Solar Powered Standalone Lighting Systems

Imaging and Applied Optics Congress

The paper proposes an improved charge controller scheme for solar power based standalone lighting... more The paper proposes an improved charge controller scheme for solar power based standalone lighting systems, by efficient charging and discharging of battery through a common controller circuit with a well known technique, Pulse Width Modulation. The concept is being given keeping in mind the necessity, cost and importance of lighting in remote areas, although the technique can be used in other places too. Assuming the White LED (WLED) lamps to be used as light source, the whole circuit just operates on d.c. Since the battery is efficiently utilized in both charging and discharging process through a common controller circuit, the battery works for a longer life and the overall cost of the system may come out to be very low with a very bright clear WLED lighting, an ideal combination for a energy efficient solar power based standalone systems for lighting in remote areas.

Efficient Channel Management Scheme for Cognitive Radio based Internet of Things

2022 3rd International Conference on Computing, Analytics and Networks (ICAN)

Long range‐based low‐power wireless sensor node

ETRI Journal

Sensor nodes are the most significant part of a wireless sensor network that offers a powerful co... more Sensor nodes are the most significant part of a wireless sensor network that offers a powerful combination of sensing, processing, and communication. One major challenge while designing a sensor node is power consumption, as sensor nodes are generally battery‐operated. In this study, we proposed the design of a low‐power, long range‐based wireless sensor node with flexibility, a compact size, and energy efficiency. Furthermore, we improved power performance by adopting an efficient hardware design and proper component selection. The Nano Power Timer Integrated Circuit is used for power management, as it consumes nanoamps of current, resulting in improved battery life. The proposed design achieves an off‐time current of 38.17309 nA, which is tiny compared with the design discussed in the existing literature. Battery life is estimated for spreading factors (SFs), ranging from SF7 to SF12. The achieved battery life is 2.54 years for SF12 and 3.94 years for SF7. We present the analysis ...

Analysis of Electromagnetic Radiations in Environment

International journal of scientific research in science, engineering and technology, Aug 31, 2017

The continuous development in the Telecom industry has changed our way of life. It has never been... more The continuous development in the Telecom industry has changed our way of life. It has never been so convenient and easy before to do the things as it has been today with the mobile telecom industry that has reached it heights. But as the technology advances the need for more speed, more coverage area etc are the requirements that the telecom operators try to meet. With that more and more high power mobile base stations are installed that in turn has raised the electromagnetic radiation levels in our environment. The issues concerning the interaction of radiations with the human health has also raised concerns that if the uninterruptedly exposure to these are safe or not. The goal of this study was to analyse the intensity levels of the electromagnetic radiations in the environment of different sites in Chandigarh and checking if the radiation intensity levels satisfy the norms that have been adopted by Government of India or not and also to compare these intensities to the various biological limits.

A Survey on Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radio Networks

2018 6th Edition of International Conference on Wireless Networks & Embedded Systems (WECON), 2018

Drastic development in the wireless communication systems is leading to the issue of spectrum sca... more Drastic development in the wireless communication systems is leading to the issue of spectrum scarcity and to resolve this issue, cognitive radio (CR) is emerging as one of the most capable solution. Energy harvesting phenomenon in cognitive radio networks (EH-CRNs) makes these communication systems an energy efficient one. This paper reviews the different energy harvesting techniques in CRNs, existing work on EH-CRNs and future research directions in EH-CRNs. Different energy harvesting sources for CRNs are discussed and depending upon the power storage potential of the EH-CRNs, two types of harvesting models that is harvest-use model and harvest-store-use model are explained. The existing work on EH-CRNs which includes resource allocation, throughput maximization and secure information transfer with both linear as well as non-linear energy harvesting models is discussed. Finally, future research directions in energy harvesting cognitive radios are discussed briefly.

Low complexity design of bit parallel polynomial basis systolic multiplier using irreducible polynomials

Egyptian Informatics Journal, 2022

Abstract Encryption schemes like AES require finite field modular multiplication. The encryption ... more Abstract Encryption schemes like AES require finite field modular multiplication. The encryption speed is highly dependent on the performance of the finite field multiplier. Several high-speed systolic bit parallel multipliers with low area complexity have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, a modular multiplication algorithm is used to propose a bit parallel polynomial basis systolic multiplier which has achieved 89% less and 17% less area-delay product than the best existing multipliers. It has been observed that the area complexity of the proposed systolic multiplier for irreducible polynomials matches with the best-reported multiplier with 17% less time complexity. The results are further verified with the help of the FPGA implementation of the proposed multiplier for m = 8,163. Being generic, the proposed multiplier can be optimized further for trinomials and pentanomials.

96 Delay Calculations for Various Code Converters

Code specific high speed ALU is the one in which output can be taken out in any code of our choic... more Code specific high speed ALU is the one in which output can be taken out in any code of our choice. Moreover input can be given in any code. In high speed operations in such ALUs, speed of the code converters also matters. So calculation of speed of various code converters is important. In this paper, speed of various code converters has been measured in terms of delay and compared. The results have been taken out.

Papr Reduction Techniques in Ofdm Based Cognitive Radio: A Review

With the increase in wireless communication, radio spectrum becomes a very scarce resource. Unfor... more With the increase in wireless communication, radio spectrum becomes a very scarce resource. Unfortunately, the utilization of radio spectrum by licensed users is less and this leads to concept of spectrum holes which is the band of frequency that is not used by primary users. To overcome this problem and enhance the utilization of spectrum, cognitive radio concept has been evolved. Cognitive radio has the capability to learn and adapt their wireless transmission according to the surrounding radio environment. But in cognitive radio, there is some problem like intersymbol interference and slow data transmission because data is transmitted with single high data rate carrier. To overcome this problem, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation technique is used in cognitive radio. It transmits the data with multiple subcarriers of low data rate which are orthogonal to each other. But it also has problems of high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and degradation in ef...

Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Using Hard Decision Fusion Scheme

Abstract—Cooperative spectrum sensing using energy detection is the efficient method of detecting... more Abstract—Cooperative spectrum sensing using energy detection is the efficient method of detecting the spectrum holes in a particular band of interest or channel by combining the information gathered by multiple CR users. In this paper, we study the hard decision fusion scheme using Logical ̳AND‘ and the Logical ̳OR‘ rule and a brief introduction of Soft and Quantized fusion scheme. Simulation compares ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curves for the above mentioned scheme. And it shows that the Logical ̳OR‘ has better performance than the Logical ̳AND‘ rule.

Memristor based Material Implication Logic for Implementation of Basic logic Gates and Circuits

A physical memristor was realized a few years back by Hewlett Packard labs. Instantly it became t... more A physical memristor was realized a few years back by Hewlett Packard labs. Instantly it became the topic of interest for many scientists and researchers. Memristor has joined resistor, capacitor and inductor in the list of basic two-terminal passive circuit elements. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have become a major choice of technology for the implementation of various digital circuits because they offer various features such as quick time to market, reprogrammability, small development overhead, large densities up to millions of gates on a single chip and several others. All these features make FPGAs a suitable choice for implementing the logic. In this paper, memristor based material implication logic has been discussed. Material implication logic can be used to design logic gates. These logic gates are then used in special hard-wired adder and blocks of FPGAs. Keywords: Configurable Logic Block (CLB), FPGA, memristor, material implication logic Cite this Article Rita M...

Energy Detection for Spectrum Sensing InCognitive Radio Using Simulink

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Energy, 2014

Cognitive radio (CR) is an emerging intelligent wireless communication technology .With the advan... more Cognitive radio (CR) is an emerging intelligent wireless communication technology .With the advance of wireless communications, the problem of bandwidth has become more prominent. Cognitive radio technology has come out as a way to solve this problem by allowing the unlicensed users to use the licensed bands . A limited available spectrum has been put to a lot of limitations by the exceeding demand of wireless applications. Recent study show that some frequency bands in the spectrum are mainly unused most of the time and some are less occupied.This leads to spectrum underutilization. Cognitive radio is one such technique to solve such spectrum problem. It is a technique in which secondary user searches for a free band to operate in while primary user is not using its licensed band. Spectrum sensing that enables the cognitive radio to search for the free bands. It helps to detect the spectrum hole so that they can be used by secondary user. In this paper a prototype system for design...

A Heuristic Approach to Cell to Switch Assignment

In this paper, we consider a problem of network design of personal communication services (PCS). ... more In this paper, we consider a problem of network design of personal communication services (PCS). The problem is to assign cells to the switches of a PCS network in an efficient manner. We consider two types of costs. First is the cost of handoffs between cells. Second is the cost of cabling between a cell site and its associated switch. There is constraint on the problem by the call volume handling capacity of switch. This paper describes Firefly Algorithm with Heuristic Method and proposes a possible way it to solve the problem of assignment of cells of a geographical area to the available number of switches based on the minimization of total cost for the assignment.

FPGA Implementation of Xor Gate Using Neural Network

In this paper, the XOR gate neural network is implemented on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA... more In this paper, the XOR gate neural network is implemented on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) . Firstly, one MAC (Multiply and accumulate) unit and a binary step activation function is developed in VHDL. These are then used in finite state machine used to implement the three layered XOR neural network and then the XOR gate is obtained. FPGA supports reconfigurable computing architectures and hence, are much more convenient for neural network hardware implementation. The neural networks being concurrent show very good speed for the computation of certain tasks. This is the reason why ANNs are preferred to be implemented in VLSI technology. A 3-layers 5-neurons model is used to design the XOR gate. However, the ANNs with large number of neurons is still difficult to be realized.

Performance Evaluation of New Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing Methods in Cognitive Radio

For Cognitive Radio, energy detection is the most popular spectrum sensing method since other spe... more For Cognitive Radio, energy detection is the most popular spectrum sensing method since other spectrum sensing methods like matched filter detection, cyclostationary feature detection etc. need to know the prior information i.e. frequency, phase, modulation scheme etc. about the primary signal whereas energy detection does not and it is also simpler to implement. In this paper, we compare the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curves and probability of detection ( d P ) versus SNR (Signal-to- Noise Ratio) curves for AWGN channel using squaring, cubing and double-squaring operations. The cubic operation shows an improvement of up to 1.3 times and double-squaring operation shows an improvement of up to 2 times as compared to the squaring operation for AWGN channel.

Cognitive Radio Technology : Introduction and its Applications 19

The essential component for wireless communication networks is the frequency spectrum which is li... more The essential component for wireless communication networks is the frequency spectrum which is limited and a natural resource. Major part of this resource is sold by the regulatory bodies/governments to the service providers for mobile communications and broadcast for commercial usage. Some part of spectrum is used for military and security purposes. Remaining, like ISM bands are available free of charge for public use. As these bands are getting overcrowded day by day and at the same time sold spectrum is underutilized. These results in the need of intelligent and adaptive systems for a radio to access the spectrum called cognitive radio. In this paper we have discussed the cognitive radio and its various phases. Then various definitions to cognitive radio given by different institutions are presented. Standards which have been developed for cognitive radio and applications of cognitive radio technology have been discussed.

EVALUATION OF ANTICOAGULANT ACTIVITY AQUEOUS AND ETHENOLIC EXTRACTS AND THEIR ISOLATED PHYTOCHEMICALS OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS Research Article

The aqueous and ethanol extracts of leaves and whole plant of four medicinal plants and their iso... more The aqueous and ethanol extracts of leaves and whole plant of four medicinal plants and their isolated phytochemicals are used for evaluation of anticoagulant activity at the different concentrations. The four medicinal plants such as Enicostemma littorale, Acheranthus aspera, Abutilon indicum and Tridax procumbens were selected for study. Ethenolic extract of Acheranthus aspera (leaves), Tridax procumbens (whole plant) and aqueous extract of Abutilon indicum (leaves) and Acheranthus aspera (whole plant) exhibited excellent activity. Moreover isolated phytochemicals were subjected for anticoagulant activity.

An automated wireless sensor network based irrigation system

Agricultural Research Journal, 2020

Area efficient parallel lfsr for cyclic redundancy check

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2020

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), code for error detection finds many applications in the field of d... more Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), code for error detection finds many applications in the field of digital communication, data storage, control system and data compression. CRC encoding operation is carried out by using a Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR). Serial implementation of CRC requires more clock cycles which is equal to data message length plus generator polynomial degree but in parallel implementation of CRC one clock cycle is required if a whole data message is applied at a time. In previous work related to parallel LFSR, hardware complexity of the architecture reduced using a technique named state space transformation. This paper presents detailed explaination of search algorithm implementation and technique to find number of XOR gates required for different CRC algorithms. This paper presents a searching algorithm and new technique to find the number of XOR gates required for different CRC algorithms. The comparison between proposed and previous architectures shows tha...

Network performance improvement by using TI-LEACH heterogeneous clustered protocol for wireless sensor networks

International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control, 2019

Background and Objective: Current advancements in technology have encouraged heterogeneous networ... more Background and Objective: Current advancements in technology have encouraged heterogeneous networks with multi-sensors in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). These multi-sensors deployed in a particular region formed WSN and are continuously grabbing attention of researchers in the field of IoT application. In this research work, the clustering protocols, which have significant effect on saving energy of the network, increasing its lifetime and throughput are discussed. Based on such clustering techniques, a new clustering algorithm named as TI-LEACH is proposed which poses to an improvement over I-LEACH and LEACH in terms of network lifetime, instability period and throughput. Results and Conclusion: The simulation results divulge that TI-LEACH routing protocol is an energy efficient protocol as compare to I-LEACH and LEACH routing protocol. The results are compared in terms of dead nodes, alive nodes, network throughput and number of cluster heads (CHs) elected in each round.

Design of Wireless Anti-spoofing Device for Measuring Blood Oxygen Concentration and Heart Rate

International Journal of Computer Applications, 2012

This project describes to design anti-spoofing device which measures continuously heart rate, blo... more This project describes to design anti-spoofing device which measures continuously heart rate, blood oxygen concentration and record the data of the patient on PC screen serially. When the data of the patient goes below the critical value, the monitoring system automatically transmits the information to the doctor's hand phone on the mobile network as a SMS via a GSM device. Thus it's alert to doctor to quickly attend the patient and give diagnosis to the patient's. This project made the device economical and also creates the easy pathway between the patient and doctor which provide better health care facility to patient.

An Improved Charge Controller Model for Solar Powered Standalone Lighting Systems

Imaging and Applied Optics Congress

The paper proposes an improved charge controller scheme for solar power based standalone lighting... more The paper proposes an improved charge controller scheme for solar power based standalone lighting systems, by efficient charging and discharging of battery through a common controller circuit with a well known technique, Pulse Width Modulation. The concept is being given keeping in mind the necessity, cost and importance of lighting in remote areas, although the technique can be used in other places too. Assuming the White LED (WLED) lamps to be used as light source, the whole circuit just operates on d.c. Since the battery is efficiently utilized in both charging and discharging process through a common controller circuit, the battery works for a longer life and the overall cost of the system may come out to be very low with a very bright clear WLED lighting, an ideal combination for a energy efficient solar power based standalone systems for lighting in remote areas.

Efficient Channel Management Scheme for Cognitive Radio based Internet of Things

2022 3rd International Conference on Computing, Analytics and Networks (ICAN)

Long range‐based low‐power wireless sensor node

ETRI Journal

Sensor nodes are the most significant part of a wireless sensor network that offers a powerful co... more Sensor nodes are the most significant part of a wireless sensor network that offers a powerful combination of sensing, processing, and communication. One major challenge while designing a sensor node is power consumption, as sensor nodes are generally battery‐operated. In this study, we proposed the design of a low‐power, long range‐based wireless sensor node with flexibility, a compact size, and energy efficiency. Furthermore, we improved power performance by adopting an efficient hardware design and proper component selection. The Nano Power Timer Integrated Circuit is used for power management, as it consumes nanoamps of current, resulting in improved battery life. The proposed design achieves an off‐time current of 38.17309 nA, which is tiny compared with the design discussed in the existing literature. Battery life is estimated for spreading factors (SFs), ranging from SF7 to SF12. The achieved battery life is 2.54 years for SF12 and 3.94 years for SF7. We present the analysis ...

Analysis of Electromagnetic Radiations in Environment

International journal of scientific research in science, engineering and technology, Aug 31, 2017

The continuous development in the Telecom industry has changed our way of life. It has never been... more The continuous development in the Telecom industry has changed our way of life. It has never been so convenient and easy before to do the things as it has been today with the mobile telecom industry that has reached it heights. But as the technology advances the need for more speed, more coverage area etc are the requirements that the telecom operators try to meet. With that more and more high power mobile base stations are installed that in turn has raised the electromagnetic radiation levels in our environment. The issues concerning the interaction of radiations with the human health has also raised concerns that if the uninterruptedly exposure to these are safe or not. The goal of this study was to analyse the intensity levels of the electromagnetic radiations in the environment of different sites in Chandigarh and checking if the radiation intensity levels satisfy the norms that have been adopted by Government of India or not and also to compare these intensities to the various biological limits.

A Survey on Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radio Networks

2018 6th Edition of International Conference on Wireless Networks & Embedded Systems (WECON), 2018

Drastic development in the wireless communication systems is leading to the issue of spectrum sca... more Drastic development in the wireless communication systems is leading to the issue of spectrum scarcity and to resolve this issue, cognitive radio (CR) is emerging as one of the most capable solution. Energy harvesting phenomenon in cognitive radio networks (EH-CRNs) makes these communication systems an energy efficient one. This paper reviews the different energy harvesting techniques in CRNs, existing work on EH-CRNs and future research directions in EH-CRNs. Different energy harvesting sources for CRNs are discussed and depending upon the power storage potential of the EH-CRNs, two types of harvesting models that is harvest-use model and harvest-store-use model are explained. The existing work on EH-CRNs which includes resource allocation, throughput maximization and secure information transfer with both linear as well as non-linear energy harvesting models is discussed. Finally, future research directions in energy harvesting cognitive radios are discussed briefly.

Low complexity design of bit parallel polynomial basis systolic multiplier using irreducible polynomials

Egyptian Informatics Journal, 2022

Abstract Encryption schemes like AES require finite field modular multiplication. The encryption ... more Abstract Encryption schemes like AES require finite field modular multiplication. The encryption speed is highly dependent on the performance of the finite field multiplier. Several high-speed systolic bit parallel multipliers with low area complexity have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, a modular multiplication algorithm is used to propose a bit parallel polynomial basis systolic multiplier which has achieved 89% less and 17% less area-delay product than the best existing multipliers. It has been observed that the area complexity of the proposed systolic multiplier for irreducible polynomials matches with the best-reported multiplier with 17% less time complexity. The results are further verified with the help of the FPGA implementation of the proposed multiplier for m = 8,163. Being generic, the proposed multiplier can be optimized further for trinomials and pentanomials.

96 Delay Calculations for Various Code Converters

Code specific high speed ALU is the one in which output can be taken out in any code of our choic... more Code specific high speed ALU is the one in which output can be taken out in any code of our choice. Moreover input can be given in any code. In high speed operations in such ALUs, speed of the code converters also matters. So calculation of speed of various code converters is important. In this paper, speed of various code converters has been measured in terms of delay and compared. The results have been taken out.

Papr Reduction Techniques in Ofdm Based Cognitive Radio: A Review

With the increase in wireless communication, radio spectrum becomes a very scarce resource. Unfor... more With the increase in wireless communication, radio spectrum becomes a very scarce resource. Unfortunately, the utilization of radio spectrum by licensed users is less and this leads to concept of spectrum holes which is the band of frequency that is not used by primary users. To overcome this problem and enhance the utilization of spectrum, cognitive radio concept has been evolved. Cognitive radio has the capability to learn and adapt their wireless transmission according to the surrounding radio environment. But in cognitive radio, there is some problem like intersymbol interference and slow data transmission because data is transmitted with single high data rate carrier. To overcome this problem, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation technique is used in cognitive radio. It transmits the data with multiple subcarriers of low data rate which are orthogonal to each other. But it also has problems of high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and degradation in ef...

Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Using Hard Decision Fusion Scheme

Abstract—Cooperative spectrum sensing using energy detection is the efficient method of detecting... more Abstract—Cooperative spectrum sensing using energy detection is the efficient method of detecting the spectrum holes in a particular band of interest or channel by combining the information gathered by multiple CR users. In this paper, we study the hard decision fusion scheme using Logical ̳AND‘ and the Logical ̳OR‘ rule and a brief introduction of Soft and Quantized fusion scheme. Simulation compares ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curves for the above mentioned scheme. And it shows that the Logical ̳OR‘ has better performance than the Logical ̳AND‘ rule.

Memristor based Material Implication Logic for Implementation of Basic logic Gates and Circuits

A physical memristor was realized a few years back by Hewlett Packard labs. Instantly it became t... more A physical memristor was realized a few years back by Hewlett Packard labs. Instantly it became the topic of interest for many scientists and researchers. Memristor has joined resistor, capacitor and inductor in the list of basic two-terminal passive circuit elements. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have become a major choice of technology for the implementation of various digital circuits because they offer various features such as quick time to market, reprogrammability, small development overhead, large densities up to millions of gates on a single chip and several others. All these features make FPGAs a suitable choice for implementing the logic. In this paper, memristor based material implication logic has been discussed. Material implication logic can be used to design logic gates. These logic gates are then used in special hard-wired adder and blocks of FPGAs. Keywords: Configurable Logic Block (CLB), FPGA, memristor, material implication logic Cite this Article Rita M...

Energy Detection for Spectrum Sensing InCognitive Radio Using Simulink

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Energy, 2014

Cognitive radio (CR) is an emerging intelligent wireless communication technology .With the advan... more Cognitive radio (CR) is an emerging intelligent wireless communication technology .With the advance of wireless communications, the problem of bandwidth has become more prominent. Cognitive radio technology has come out as a way to solve this problem by allowing the unlicensed users to use the licensed bands . A limited available spectrum has been put to a lot of limitations by the exceeding demand of wireless applications. Recent study show that some frequency bands in the spectrum are mainly unused most of the time and some are less occupied.This leads to spectrum underutilization. Cognitive radio is one such technique to solve such spectrum problem. It is a technique in which secondary user searches for a free band to operate in while primary user is not using its licensed band. Spectrum sensing that enables the cognitive radio to search for the free bands. It helps to detect the spectrum hole so that they can be used by secondary user. In this paper a prototype system for design...

A Heuristic Approach to Cell to Switch Assignment

In this paper, we consider a problem of network design of personal communication services (PCS). ... more In this paper, we consider a problem of network design of personal communication services (PCS). The problem is to assign cells to the switches of a PCS network in an efficient manner. We consider two types of costs. First is the cost of handoffs between cells. Second is the cost of cabling between a cell site and its associated switch. There is constraint on the problem by the call volume handling capacity of switch. This paper describes Firefly Algorithm with Heuristic Method and proposes a possible way it to solve the problem of assignment of cells of a geographical area to the available number of switches based on the minimization of total cost for the assignment.

FPGA Implementation of Xor Gate Using Neural Network

In this paper, the XOR gate neural network is implemented on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA... more In this paper, the XOR gate neural network is implemented on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) . Firstly, one MAC (Multiply and accumulate) unit and a binary step activation function is developed in VHDL. These are then used in finite state machine used to implement the three layered XOR neural network and then the XOR gate is obtained. FPGA supports reconfigurable computing architectures and hence, are much more convenient for neural network hardware implementation. The neural networks being concurrent show very good speed for the computation of certain tasks. This is the reason why ANNs are preferred to be implemented in VLSI technology. A 3-layers 5-neurons model is used to design the XOR gate. However, the ANNs with large number of neurons is still difficult to be realized.

Performance Evaluation of New Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing Methods in Cognitive Radio

For Cognitive Radio, energy detection is the most popular spectrum sensing method since other spe... more For Cognitive Radio, energy detection is the most popular spectrum sensing method since other spectrum sensing methods like matched filter detection, cyclostationary feature detection etc. need to know the prior information i.e. frequency, phase, modulation scheme etc. about the primary signal whereas energy detection does not and it is also simpler to implement. In this paper, we compare the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curves and probability of detection ( d P ) versus SNR (Signal-to- Noise Ratio) curves for AWGN channel using squaring, cubing and double-squaring operations. The cubic operation shows an improvement of up to 1.3 times and double-squaring operation shows an improvement of up to 2 times as compared to the squaring operation for AWGN channel.

Cognitive Radio Technology : Introduction and its Applications 19

The essential component for wireless communication networks is the frequency spectrum which is li... more The essential component for wireless communication networks is the frequency spectrum which is limited and a natural resource. Major part of this resource is sold by the regulatory bodies/governments to the service providers for mobile communications and broadcast for commercial usage. Some part of spectrum is used for military and security purposes. Remaining, like ISM bands are available free of charge for public use. As these bands are getting overcrowded day by day and at the same time sold spectrum is underutilized. These results in the need of intelligent and adaptive systems for a radio to access the spectrum called cognitive radio. In this paper we have discussed the cognitive radio and its various phases. Then various definitions to cognitive radio given by different institutions are presented. Standards which have been developed for cognitive radio and applications of cognitive radio technology have been discussed.

EVALUATION OF ANTICOAGULANT ACTIVITY AQUEOUS AND ETHENOLIC EXTRACTS AND THEIR ISOLATED PHYTOCHEMICALS OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS Research Article

The aqueous and ethanol extracts of leaves and whole plant of four medicinal plants and their iso... more The aqueous and ethanol extracts of leaves and whole plant of four medicinal plants and their isolated phytochemicals are used for evaluation of anticoagulant activity at the different concentrations. The four medicinal plants such as Enicostemma littorale, Acheranthus aspera, Abutilon indicum and Tridax procumbens were selected for study. Ethenolic extract of Acheranthus aspera (leaves), Tridax procumbens (whole plant) and aqueous extract of Abutilon indicum (leaves) and Acheranthus aspera (whole plant) exhibited excellent activity. Moreover isolated phytochemicals were subjected for anticoagulant activity.

An automated wireless sensor network based irrigation system

Agricultural Research Journal, 2020

Area efficient parallel lfsr for cyclic redundancy check

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2020

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), code for error detection finds many applications in the field of d... more Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), code for error detection finds many applications in the field of digital communication, data storage, control system and data compression. CRC encoding operation is carried out by using a Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR). Serial implementation of CRC requires more clock cycles which is equal to data message length plus generator polynomial degree but in parallel implementation of CRC one clock cycle is required if a whole data message is applied at a time. In previous work related to parallel LFSR, hardware complexity of the architecture reduced using a technique named state space transformation. This paper presents detailed explaination of search algorithm implementation and technique to find number of XOR gates required for different CRC algorithms. This paper presents a searching algorithm and new technique to find the number of XOR gates required for different CRC algorithms. The comparison between proposed and previous architectures shows tha...

Network performance improvement by using TI-LEACH heterogeneous clustered protocol for wireless sensor networks

International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control, 2019

Background and Objective: Current advancements in technology have encouraged heterogeneous networ... more Background and Objective: Current advancements in technology have encouraged heterogeneous networks with multi-sensors in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). These multi-sensors deployed in a particular region formed WSN and are continuously grabbing attention of researchers in the field of IoT application. In this research work, the clustering protocols, which have significant effect on saving energy of the network, increasing its lifetime and throughput are discussed. Based on such clustering techniques, a new clustering algorithm named as TI-LEACH is proposed which poses to an improvement over I-LEACH and LEACH in terms of network lifetime, instability period and throughput. Results and Conclusion: The simulation results divulge that TI-LEACH routing protocol is an energy efficient protocol as compare to I-LEACH and LEACH routing protocol. The results are compared in terms of dead nodes, alive nodes, network throughput and number of cluster heads (CHs) elected in each round.