Papers by kazem mollazadeh
Mannea is the biggest and the Most important state wich has established before Media Kingdom and ... more Mannea is the biggest and the Most important state wich has established before Media Kingdom and ruled on vast part of northwesten Iran for several centuries. in spite of this historical fact and avaible archaeological data, up to the present time to be not accomplish any noteable study about Mannea and therefore basic aspect of Manneaen exist has been unknown. Present dissertation with this background accomplished.
Mannea in his political life although suffered many invasinons from Assyria and Urartu, keep his political and cultural independence and expand his power and realm in next period. Mannea in the end years of seven century B.C by increasing of Media power and realm, annexed to this kingdom, as semi-independent states and gradually has been dissolved in Media-Achaemenian
Keys word: Northwest Iran, Archaeology, History, Mannea, Izirtu
Iron is the most important metal and has a fundamental role in human civilization that no other m... more Iron is the most important metal and has a fundamental role in human civilization that no other metal can be replace it.
Iron artifacts occur archaeologically in Iran as early as the Iron Age I(1450-1200 B.C). in this Age bronze was the metal of choice for a variety of artifact and Iron was rare. In Iron Age II(1200-800B.C)
And during the 9th century at Hasanlu, in northwest Iran, bronze was being supplanted by Iron in a wide use of Iron in a wide variety of uses. A wide use of Iron artifact results to great economic,politic and social progress.
Key words: Archaeology, Iran, Iron Age, Iron Technology, Northwest Iran,
جايگاه مانّا در تاريخچه مطالعات و آموزش باستان‌شناسي ايران
مانّا بزرگترين ساختار سياسي است که بع... more جايگاه مانّا در تاريخچه مطالعات و آموزش باستان‌شناسي ايران
مانّا بزرگترين ساختار سياسي است که بعد از عيلام و قبل از تشکيل دولت ماد و هخامنشي، در گستره مرزهاي جغرافيايي ايران تشکيل شده و بمدت چند سده(حداقل از اوايل هزاره اول تا پايان قرن 7ق.م) بر گستره وسيعي از شمالغرب ايران حاکميت داشته و نقش مهمي در تحولات منطقه‌اي و فرا منطقه‌اي بازي کرده و آثار فرهنگي ارزشمندي از خود به يادگار گذاشته است.
پژوهشگران اولين بار با نام مانّا از طريق منابع عبري آشنا شدند اما در حدود 100 سال پيش با قرائت بخش زيادي از کتيبه‌هاي آشوري، اطلاعات بسياري از اين دولت فراهم شد. در سالهاي بعد با کاوشهاي صورت گرفته در محوطه حسنلو(دايسون و ديگران) و کشفيات بسيار مهم اين محوطه توجه بسياري به اين دولت معطوف گشت و در سالهاي بعد کشفيات و کاوشهاي تپه زيويه(معتمدي و ديگران) و زندان سليمان(نومن و فون دراوستن) بر اهميت اين دولت و دوره افزود. مطالعات ميداني مرتبط با اين دوره در سالهاي بعد از انقلاب با کاوش محوطه‌هاي کليدي قلايچي(يغمايي و کارگر)، کول‌تاريکه(رضواني) و ربط(گارگر و حيدري) ادامه يافت. در کنار کاوشهاي مذکور، بررسي‌هاي باستان‌شناسي(از جمله بررسي‌هاي سوئيني و کايلر يانگ) نيز اطلاعات مهمي در خصوص محوطه‌ها و سنت سفالگري اين دوره فراهم ساخت. در سالهاي اخير دانشجويان باستان‌شناسي نيز به ايندوره توجه نشان داده و رساله‌هاي متعددي در زمينه مانّا و آثار فرهنگي آن، در سطح دکترا و ارشد به انجام رسانده‌اند.
متاسفانه علي‌رغم اهميت بسيار اين دوره و آثار فرهنگي آن، در باستان‌شناسي ايران و آموزش آن در دانشگاهها توجه اندکي به اين دوره شده و تا حدود زيادي اين دوره تحت‌الشعاع دوره تقريباً همزمان ماد قرار گرفته و آثار آن به غفلت در بحث هنر ماد لحاظ شده است؛ اين در حالي است که حجم داده‌هاي فرهنگي و تاريخي اين دوره به اندازه‌اي است که مي‌توان آنرا بعنوان يک دوره مجزا در تاريخ و فرهنگ ايران مورد مطالعه قرار داد و آغاز دوره تاريخي ايران را چند سده به عقب برد.
Iranian Studies, 2013
Abstract: In 2003, within archaeological surveying project of Bukan, a column base in a horse bre... more Abstract: In 2003, within archaeological surveying project of Bukan, a column base in a horse breeding farm was found. During the preliminary evaluation of the column base, this possibility was proposed that this column base has been unearthed in an illegal excavation from the site of Qalaichi and transferred to its present place. Similar samples of this column base is not found from Iran. However, comparable sample from Assyrian Has been identified, Which shows a close art relationship between the North West Iran and Assyrian empire. In this article, the author tries to evaluate the object and then discuss how it is related to the site of Qalaichi, and eventually its placement is going to be studied.
Iranian culture and civilization are resulted from different ethnic groups that had been lived ... more Iranian culture and civilization are resulted from different ethnic groups that had been lived in Iran during all historical periods. In this context persians that established Achaemenid empire, were played a key role. Unfortunately the Persian(before the formation of the Achaemenid Empire), are obscure in the archaeological record, and the routes and dates of their migration into Iran, their first settlement centers, cultural materials related to them and their historical geography are uncertain. Due to this, Wrong theories formed. Including Incorrect information about connection between “ParŠua”, “Parsua”, “Parsuash” and “Parsumash” with persian and their magration into Iran. According to this paper, this result except that the name "Parsumash" that mention for the first time in the Assyrian inscriptions and the year 691 B.C, are referred to Persians, three other names are referred to land of Parsua (In some cases are recorded as ParŠua, Parsuash and Parsumash), That Was located in the central Zagros and has no connection with Persians.
In 1936 AD, and During the Excavation of an Parthian site in central Mesopotamia, a device was d... more In 1936 AD, and During the Excavation of an Parthian site in central Mesopotamia, a device was discovered; consisting of a small clay jug, 14 cm height, that Inside it had been placed a copper cylinder with a rod of iron. Comparable samples of the device, then from the other sites (such as Ctesiphon, capital of Iran, during the Parthian and Sassanid period) Was discovered. According to the characteristics of the device, From the beginning was identified Correctly, as an electric cell, And hypotheses were raised about its Application; Including: electric plating use, magical use and medical use. electric plating use, according to the scientific complexity and lack the necessary efficiency Parthian cell, is less accepted today. magical use, according to the scientific and technical support of this finding, at least in connection with Parthian cell, is not acceptable. Therefore, According to the historical evidence that shows in this historic period, the electric fish Been used to relieve pain, and also According modern medicine experience in the use of weak electrical currents to Relieve pain and improve a number of diseases, The most likely hypothesis seems to be associated with drug use. In the Parthian period, Mesopotamia was one of the most important centers of the East-West relationship and in such an environment, medical technicians, With Using their experience and knowledge that was arrived to this region from China and Rome, Could make Such devices.
abstract
In 1936 AD, and During the Excavation of an Parthian site in central Mesopotamia, a de... more abstract
In 1936 AD, and During the Excavation of an Parthian site in central Mesopotamia, a device was discovered; consisting of a small clay jug, 14 cm height, that Inside it had been placed a copper cylinder with a rod of iron. Comparable samples of the device, then from the other sites (such as Ctesiphon, capital of Iran, during the Parthian and Sassanid period) Was discovered. According to the characteristics of the device, From the beginning was identified Correctly, as an electric cell, And hypotheses were raised about its Application; Including: electric plating use, magical use and medical use. electric plating use, according to the scientific complexity and lack the necessary efficiency Parthian cell, is less accepted today. magical use, according to the scientific and technical support of this finding, at least in connection with Parthian cell, is not acceptable. Therefore, According to the historical evidence that shows in this historic period, the electric fish Been used to relieve pain, and also According modern medicine experience in the use of weak electrical currents to Relieve pain and improve a number of diseases, The most likely hypothesis seems to be associated with drug use. In the Parthian period, Mesopotamia was one of the most important centers of the East-West relationship and in such an environment, medical technicians, With Using their experience and knowledge that was arrived to this region from China and Rome, Could make Such devices.
Mannea is the widest and the most important goverment wich has established before Media Kingdom. ... more Mannea is the widest and the most important goverment wich has established before Media Kingdom. They ruled on vast part of northwesten Iran for several centuries. In spite of this historical fact and avaible archaeological data, up to the present time There is no any noteable study about Mannea and therefore different aspect of Manneaen exist has been unknown. Present dissertation with this background has to be exeaited
Mannea in his political life although suffered many invasin from Assyria and Urartu, keep his political and cultural independence and expand his power and realm in next period. Mannea in the end of seven century B.C by increasing of Media power and realm, annexed to this kingdom, as semi-independent states and gradually has been dissolved in Media-Achaemenian society.
Mannean realm about 714 B.C has been extended from Mount Sahand in north to Bijar region in south, and from Iran-Iraq border mountains in west to Qezel-uzan valley in east. This realm in next years spread to different direction. Izirtu in Bukan or Saghaz region was Mannean royal city.
Mannean were from Hurrian race and language and probably entered to the region about 1500 B.C. They were skillfull craftsmans, artisans, in architecture and its ornament, metalwork and glyptic were very advanced and in view of artistical method were connected to north Mesopotamia and north Syria.
Keys words: Northwest Iran, Historical Geography, Mannea, Izirtu, Qalaychi, Ziwiye, Hasanlu, Zendane-Sliman
Abstract
Since the first mention in historical resources (549 B.C), Ekbatana or Hamadan, As one ... more Abstract
Since the first mention in historical resources (549 B.C), Ekbatana or Hamadan, As one of the oldest cities, or perhaps the first city founded by Iranian people, found many fame. Undoubtedly part of this fame is for its assignment to the Medes and the first Iranian dynasty. Activities for the discovery of archaeological material from Median Ekbatana has hundred years old. However, these activities did not led to the discovery of Median Ekbatana yet. This, along with other uncertainties in connection with great kingdom of the Medes, has created many problems for researchers. Undoubtedly access to any information about the Median capital, can provide better understanding of the political structure and the nature of the Median state. In this study we tried by field study and analyze the available evidence, Reliable evidence about Median capital and Placement and its structure, and also give reasons for the failure to discover the city. According to sources, there's no doubt that Median had Kingdom and capital. Also consistent the location of this capital with modern Hamadan. Also The documents show that all the important fortresses of this period were made Peaks of the hills and high elevations that were defensible, and common people Seating was formed in the vicinity of that fortresses. Since the Parthian architecture of Ekbatana formed on the natural bed, and Pisa Tepe is also lack cultural material of Median Period, therefore Tepe Mosalla is only possible alternative that Based on evidence, was the place that fortress of city was made, from the Parthian era to Qajar. Based on aerial photographs and written sources, Until a few decades ago, the remains of city fortress Was left on the Tepe Mosalla. In this connection also can place common people Seating at the old fabric of the Hamadan city, Centered by Friday Mosque.
Kay Words: Media, Ekbatana(Hegmataneh), Hamadan, Tepe Mosalla
Unfortunately in connection with the religious beliefs of Iranian tribes, before the Sassanian pe... more Unfortunately in connection with the religious beliefs of Iranian tribes, before the Sassanian period, There are a little information and many uncertainties. In these circumstances each data can be very useful. The central temple of Nushijan and Comparable examples in the Parthian Qumis, According to The unique durability and data obtained, Can help to understand median and Parthian religious beliefs. The study of This buildings, shows that Despite the considerable distance in time and place, between Them is very close similarities. Based on, we can conclude that these buildings Belong to a single religious tradition (probably Zoroastrian). zoroastrianism in the area will appear first time in the Median Period and with little change continues to the Sassanid.
Key words: Nushijan, Qumis, Religious architecture, zoroastrianism,
Iranica antiqua, Jan 1, 2008
Mannea is the most important state in the first millennium B.C that ruled a vast part of northwes... more Mannea is the most important state in the first millennium B.C that ruled a vast part of northwestern Iran for several centuries. The ancient site of Qalaichi near Bukan, is one of the most important sites of Mannea and dateable to around 800-600 B.C. (Iron Age III). The high quality pottery assemblage of Qalaichi is of prime importance and can be classified into fine, common and coarse wares. It contains also a few painted and glazed sherds comparable to material from Ziwiye and Zendan-i Soleyman.
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Papers by kazem mollazadeh
Mannea in his political life although suffered many invasinons from Assyria and Urartu, keep his political and cultural independence and expand his power and realm in next period. Mannea in the end years of seven century B.C by increasing of Media power and realm, annexed to this kingdom, as semi-independent states and gradually has been dissolved in Media-Achaemenian
Keys word: Northwest Iran, Archaeology, History, Mannea, Izirtu
Iron artifacts occur archaeologically in Iran as early as the Iron Age I(1450-1200 B.C). in this Age bronze was the metal of choice for a variety of artifact and Iron was rare. In Iron Age II(1200-800B.C)
And during the 9th century at Hasanlu, in northwest Iran, bronze was being supplanted by Iron in a wide use of Iron in a wide variety of uses. A wide use of Iron artifact results to great economic,politic and social progress.
Key words: Archaeology, Iran, Iron Age, Iron Technology, Northwest Iran,
مانّا بزرگترين ساختار سياسي است که بعد از عيلام و قبل از تشکيل دولت ماد و هخامنشي، در گستره مرزهاي جغرافيايي ايران تشکيل شده و بمدت چند سده(حداقل از اوايل هزاره اول تا پايان قرن 7ق.م) بر گستره وسيعي از شمالغرب ايران حاکميت داشته و نقش مهمي در تحولات منطقه‌اي و فرا منطقه‌اي بازي کرده و آثار فرهنگي ارزشمندي از خود به يادگار گذاشته است.
پژوهشگران اولين بار با نام مانّا از طريق منابع عبري آشنا شدند اما در حدود 100 سال پيش با قرائت بخش زيادي از کتيبه‌هاي آشوري، اطلاعات بسياري از اين دولت فراهم شد. در سالهاي بعد با کاوشهاي صورت گرفته در محوطه حسنلو(دايسون و ديگران) و کشفيات بسيار مهم اين محوطه توجه بسياري به اين دولت معطوف گشت و در سالهاي بعد کشفيات و کاوشهاي تپه زيويه(معتمدي و ديگران) و زندان سليمان(نومن و فون دراوستن) بر اهميت اين دولت و دوره افزود. مطالعات ميداني مرتبط با اين دوره در سالهاي بعد از انقلاب با کاوش محوطه‌هاي کليدي قلايچي(يغمايي و کارگر)، کول‌تاريکه(رضواني) و ربط(گارگر و حيدري) ادامه يافت. در کنار کاوشهاي مذکور، بررسي‌هاي باستان‌شناسي(از جمله بررسي‌هاي سوئيني و کايلر يانگ) نيز اطلاعات مهمي در خصوص محوطه‌ها و سنت سفالگري اين دوره فراهم ساخت. در سالهاي اخير دانشجويان باستان‌شناسي نيز به ايندوره توجه نشان داده و رساله‌هاي متعددي در زمينه مانّا و آثار فرهنگي آن، در سطح دکترا و ارشد به انجام رسانده‌اند.
متاسفانه علي‌رغم اهميت بسيار اين دوره و آثار فرهنگي آن، در باستان‌شناسي ايران و آموزش آن در دانشگاهها توجه اندکي به اين دوره شده و تا حدود زيادي اين دوره تحت‌الشعاع دوره تقريباً همزمان ماد قرار گرفته و آثار آن به غفلت در بحث هنر ماد لحاظ شده است؛ اين در حالي است که حجم داده‌هاي فرهنگي و تاريخي اين دوره به اندازه‌اي است که مي‌توان آنرا بعنوان يک دوره مجزا در تاريخ و فرهنگ ايران مورد مطالعه قرار داد و آغاز دوره تاريخي ايران را چند سده به عقب برد.
In 1936 AD, and During the Excavation of an Parthian site in central Mesopotamia, a device was discovered; consisting of a small clay jug, 14 cm height, that Inside it had been placed a copper cylinder with a rod of iron. Comparable samples of the device, then from the other sites (such as Ctesiphon, capital of Iran, during the Parthian and Sassanid period) Was discovered. According to the characteristics of the device, From the beginning was identified Correctly, as an electric cell, And hypotheses were raised about its Application; Including: electric plating use, magical use and medical use. electric plating use, according to the scientific complexity and lack the necessary efficiency Parthian cell, is less accepted today. magical use, according to the scientific and technical support of this finding, at least in connection with Parthian cell, is not acceptable. Therefore, According to the historical evidence that shows in this historic period, the electric fish Been used to relieve pain, and also According modern medicine experience in the use of weak electrical currents to Relieve pain and improve a number of diseases, The most likely hypothesis seems to be associated with drug use. In the Parthian period, Mesopotamia was one of the most important centers of the East-West relationship and in such an environment, medical technicians, With Using their experience and knowledge that was arrived to this region from China and Rome, Could make Such devices.
Mannea in his political life although suffered many invasin from Assyria and Urartu, keep his political and cultural independence and expand his power and realm in next period. Mannea in the end of seven century B.C by increasing of Media power and realm, annexed to this kingdom, as semi-independent states and gradually has been dissolved in Media-Achaemenian society.
Mannean realm about 714 B.C has been extended from Mount Sahand in north to Bijar region in south, and from Iran-Iraq border mountains in west to Qezel-uzan valley in east. This realm in next years spread to different direction. Izirtu in Bukan or Saghaz region was Mannean royal city.
Mannean were from Hurrian race and language and probably entered to the region about 1500 B.C. They were skillfull craftsmans, artisans, in architecture and its ornament, metalwork and glyptic were very advanced and in view of artistical method were connected to north Mesopotamia and north Syria.
Keys words: Northwest Iran, Historical Geography, Mannea, Izirtu, Qalaychi, Ziwiye, Hasanlu, Zendane-Sliman
Since the first mention in historical resources (549 B.C), Ekbatana or Hamadan, As one of the oldest cities, or perhaps the first city founded by Iranian people, found many fame. Undoubtedly part of this fame is for its assignment to the Medes and the first Iranian dynasty. Activities for the discovery of archaeological material from Median Ekbatana has hundred years old. However, these activities did not led to the discovery of Median Ekbatana yet. This, along with other uncertainties in connection with great kingdom of the Medes, has created many problems for researchers. Undoubtedly access to any information about the Median capital, can provide better understanding of the political structure and the nature of the Median state. In this study we tried by field study and analyze the available evidence, Reliable evidence about Median capital and Placement and its structure, and also give reasons for the failure to discover the city. According to sources, there's no doubt that Median had Kingdom and capital. Also consistent the location of this capital with modern Hamadan. Also The documents show that all the important fortresses of this period were made Peaks of the hills and high elevations that were defensible, and common people Seating was formed in the vicinity of that fortresses. Since the Parthian architecture of Ekbatana formed on the natural bed, and Pisa Tepe is also lack cultural material of Median Period, therefore Tepe Mosalla is only possible alternative that Based on evidence, was the place that fortress of city was made, from the Parthian era to Qajar. Based on aerial photographs and written sources, Until a few decades ago, the remains of city fortress Was left on the Tepe Mosalla. In this connection also can place common people Seating at the old fabric of the Hamadan city, Centered by Friday Mosque.
Kay Words: Media, Ekbatana(Hegmataneh), Hamadan, Tepe Mosalla
Key words: Nushijan, Qumis, Religious architecture, zoroastrianism,
Mannea in his political life although suffered many invasinons from Assyria and Urartu, keep his political and cultural independence and expand his power and realm in next period. Mannea in the end years of seven century B.C by increasing of Media power and realm, annexed to this kingdom, as semi-independent states and gradually has been dissolved in Media-Achaemenian
Keys word: Northwest Iran, Archaeology, History, Mannea, Izirtu
Iron artifacts occur archaeologically in Iran as early as the Iron Age I(1450-1200 B.C). in this Age bronze was the metal of choice for a variety of artifact and Iron was rare. In Iron Age II(1200-800B.C)
And during the 9th century at Hasanlu, in northwest Iran, bronze was being supplanted by Iron in a wide use of Iron in a wide variety of uses. A wide use of Iron artifact results to great economic,politic and social progress.
Key words: Archaeology, Iran, Iron Age, Iron Technology, Northwest Iran,
مانّا بزرگترين ساختار سياسي است که بعد از عيلام و قبل از تشکيل دولت ماد و هخامنشي، در گستره مرزهاي جغرافيايي ايران تشکيل شده و بمدت چند سده(حداقل از اوايل هزاره اول تا پايان قرن 7ق.م) بر گستره وسيعي از شمالغرب ايران حاکميت داشته و نقش مهمي در تحولات منطقه‌اي و فرا منطقه‌اي بازي کرده و آثار فرهنگي ارزشمندي از خود به يادگار گذاشته است.
پژوهشگران اولين بار با نام مانّا از طريق منابع عبري آشنا شدند اما در حدود 100 سال پيش با قرائت بخش زيادي از کتيبه‌هاي آشوري، اطلاعات بسياري از اين دولت فراهم شد. در سالهاي بعد با کاوشهاي صورت گرفته در محوطه حسنلو(دايسون و ديگران) و کشفيات بسيار مهم اين محوطه توجه بسياري به اين دولت معطوف گشت و در سالهاي بعد کشفيات و کاوشهاي تپه زيويه(معتمدي و ديگران) و زندان سليمان(نومن و فون دراوستن) بر اهميت اين دولت و دوره افزود. مطالعات ميداني مرتبط با اين دوره در سالهاي بعد از انقلاب با کاوش محوطه‌هاي کليدي قلايچي(يغمايي و کارگر)، کول‌تاريکه(رضواني) و ربط(گارگر و حيدري) ادامه يافت. در کنار کاوشهاي مذکور، بررسي‌هاي باستان‌شناسي(از جمله بررسي‌هاي سوئيني و کايلر يانگ) نيز اطلاعات مهمي در خصوص محوطه‌ها و سنت سفالگري اين دوره فراهم ساخت. در سالهاي اخير دانشجويان باستان‌شناسي نيز به ايندوره توجه نشان داده و رساله‌هاي متعددي در زمينه مانّا و آثار فرهنگي آن، در سطح دکترا و ارشد به انجام رسانده‌اند.
متاسفانه علي‌رغم اهميت بسيار اين دوره و آثار فرهنگي آن، در باستان‌شناسي ايران و آموزش آن در دانشگاهها توجه اندکي به اين دوره شده و تا حدود زيادي اين دوره تحت‌الشعاع دوره تقريباً همزمان ماد قرار گرفته و آثار آن به غفلت در بحث هنر ماد لحاظ شده است؛ اين در حالي است که حجم داده‌هاي فرهنگي و تاريخي اين دوره به اندازه‌اي است که مي‌توان آنرا بعنوان يک دوره مجزا در تاريخ و فرهنگ ايران مورد مطالعه قرار داد و آغاز دوره تاريخي ايران را چند سده به عقب برد.
In 1936 AD, and During the Excavation of an Parthian site in central Mesopotamia, a device was discovered; consisting of a small clay jug, 14 cm height, that Inside it had been placed a copper cylinder with a rod of iron. Comparable samples of the device, then from the other sites (such as Ctesiphon, capital of Iran, during the Parthian and Sassanid period) Was discovered. According to the characteristics of the device, From the beginning was identified Correctly, as an electric cell, And hypotheses were raised about its Application; Including: electric plating use, magical use and medical use. electric plating use, according to the scientific complexity and lack the necessary efficiency Parthian cell, is less accepted today. magical use, according to the scientific and technical support of this finding, at least in connection with Parthian cell, is not acceptable. Therefore, According to the historical evidence that shows in this historic period, the electric fish Been used to relieve pain, and also According modern medicine experience in the use of weak electrical currents to Relieve pain and improve a number of diseases, The most likely hypothesis seems to be associated with drug use. In the Parthian period, Mesopotamia was one of the most important centers of the East-West relationship and in such an environment, medical technicians, With Using their experience and knowledge that was arrived to this region from China and Rome, Could make Such devices.
Mannea in his political life although suffered many invasin from Assyria and Urartu, keep his political and cultural independence and expand his power and realm in next period. Mannea in the end of seven century B.C by increasing of Media power and realm, annexed to this kingdom, as semi-independent states and gradually has been dissolved in Media-Achaemenian society.
Mannean realm about 714 B.C has been extended from Mount Sahand in north to Bijar region in south, and from Iran-Iraq border mountains in west to Qezel-uzan valley in east. This realm in next years spread to different direction. Izirtu in Bukan or Saghaz region was Mannean royal city.
Mannean were from Hurrian race and language and probably entered to the region about 1500 B.C. They were skillfull craftsmans, artisans, in architecture and its ornament, metalwork and glyptic were very advanced and in view of artistical method were connected to north Mesopotamia and north Syria.
Keys words: Northwest Iran, Historical Geography, Mannea, Izirtu, Qalaychi, Ziwiye, Hasanlu, Zendane-Sliman
Since the first mention in historical resources (549 B.C), Ekbatana or Hamadan, As one of the oldest cities, or perhaps the first city founded by Iranian people, found many fame. Undoubtedly part of this fame is for its assignment to the Medes and the first Iranian dynasty. Activities for the discovery of archaeological material from Median Ekbatana has hundred years old. However, these activities did not led to the discovery of Median Ekbatana yet. This, along with other uncertainties in connection with great kingdom of the Medes, has created many problems for researchers. Undoubtedly access to any information about the Median capital, can provide better understanding of the political structure and the nature of the Median state. In this study we tried by field study and analyze the available evidence, Reliable evidence about Median capital and Placement and its structure, and also give reasons for the failure to discover the city. According to sources, there's no doubt that Median had Kingdom and capital. Also consistent the location of this capital with modern Hamadan. Also The documents show that all the important fortresses of this period were made Peaks of the hills and high elevations that were defensible, and common people Seating was formed in the vicinity of that fortresses. Since the Parthian architecture of Ekbatana formed on the natural bed, and Pisa Tepe is also lack cultural material of Median Period, therefore Tepe Mosalla is only possible alternative that Based on evidence, was the place that fortress of city was made, from the Parthian era to Qajar. Based on aerial photographs and written sources, Until a few decades ago, the remains of city fortress Was left on the Tepe Mosalla. In this connection also can place common people Seating at the old fabric of the Hamadan city, Centered by Friday Mosque.
Kay Words: Media, Ekbatana(Hegmataneh), Hamadan, Tepe Mosalla
Key words: Nushijan, Qumis, Religious architecture, zoroastrianism,