Apple bitter rot causes average annual yield losses of 30% in Kentucky, with individual losses as... more Apple bitter rot causes average annual yield losses of 30% in Kentucky, with individual losses as high as 100% in some orchards (Gauthier et al. 2017). Five Colletotrichum spp. were previously identified as causal agents of bitter rot in KY: C. fioriniae and C. nymphaeae in the C. acutatum species complex; and C. siamense, C. fructicola, and C. theobromicola in the C. gloeosporioides complex (Munir et al. 2016). Three of these species, C. fioriniae, C. siamense, and C. fructicola, have also been reported causing bitter rot in other states (Kou et al., 2014; Chechi et al., 2019). It is important to know which species are present in an orchard because they vary in pathogenicity and fungicide sensitivity (Munir et al., 2016; Chechi et al., 2019). A sixth Colletotrichum species was isolated in 2013 from typical bitter rot lesions on 'Honeycrisp' apples in a commercial orchard in Bourbon County, KY. Six isolates were collected from two apples on the same tree and single-spored for further study. Colonies were smooth and light to
Boxwood (Buxus spp.) are commercially important evergreen ornamental plants with an annual market... more Boxwood (Buxus spp.) are commercially important evergreen ornamental plants with an annual market value of over $103 million in the United States. The recent U.S. incursion of boxwood blight disease caused by the fungus Calonectria pseudonaviculata (syn. Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum, Cy. buxicola) threatens the health and productivity of boxwood in both landscape plantings and nurseries. The first confirmed U.S. reports of the disease were made from Connecticut and North Carolina in November 2011 (2,4), followed by diagnoses in 10 additional states during 2012 and 2013. By August 2013, symptoms consistent with boxwood blight had been observed from B. sempervirens in Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and southeastern New York. Affected plants showed rapid onset of disease symptoms: dark brown to black spots or diffuse dark areas on leaves, followed by defoliation. Narrow, elongate black cankers also formed on current season shoots. Symptomatic stems and leaves were placed in petri...
Information about the plant, planting site and symptoms can be as important as the physical plant... more Information about the plant, planting site and symptoms can be as important as the physical plant material collected. Key questions to ask include: • What kind of plant is it? Indicate the variety, cultivar or whether the plant is a hybrid. If plant's identity is unknown, sending a healthy plant (or picture of a healthy plant) for comparison may be helpful. • What is the age of the plant or the planting date? Be as specific as possible with annual crops. A general time frame (e.g., month and year) is often sufficient for trees and shrubs, but do indicate whether the plant has been recently transplanted or is well-established. • What has been done to care for the crop/plant? Include information on tillage, irrigation, fertilizer and pesticides, mulches and other cultural practices.
Contents ' d' are shared by the two varieties. Yield data for followed by the letters 'abc' would... more Contents ' d' are shared by the two varieties. Yield data for followed by the letters 'abc' would be different yield data followed by ' efg. ' Lastly when determining statistical significance we typically use a 'P' value of 0.05. In this case, P stands for probability and the 0.05 means that we have a 5% chance that our results are real and not simply due to chance or error. Put another way, if two varieties are said to be different at P<0.05, then at least 95% of the time those varieties will be different. If the P value is 0.01, then 99% of the time those varieties will be different. Different P values can be used, but typically P < 0.05 is considered standard practice. This may be confusing, but without statistics our results wouldn't be useful. Using statistics ensures that we can make more accurate recommendations for farmers in Kentucky. Results and Discussion New, Emerging, and Problematic Fruit and Vegetable Diseases in Kentucky Grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) was diagnosed on June 1, 2012 in central Kentucky, a much earlier diagnosis than typical. Although downy mildew was not widespread and was limited to shaded valleys in vineyards with limited or poorlytimed spray programs, the disease was detected in various regions of the state despite drought conditions. In addition, one particular case consisted of fungicide-resistant P. viticola. This is the first report of resistance of P. viticola to FRAC 11 QoI (strobilurin) class fungicides in Kentucky. Blueberry mosaic virus was diagnosed from a large blueberry planting. This is the first report of the virus in Kentucky. Although the disease has been observed in northern states, this is the farthest south that the virus has been reported. Details of its geographic range are not yet known. At this point, the virus has not been completely characterized, and its means of transmission and potential impact are unknown. Bacterial fruit blotch (Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli) was diagnosed in 2011 on 'Matrix' watermelon as an isolated occurrence in Allen county (one farm affected). This disease recurred in the Allen county location on 'Utopia' watermelon in 2012 and was also diagnosed in Casey county (also on 'Utopia') this year. Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) was detected in tomato in high tunnel production systems in May (two locations in Madison county). The disease was also found in pepper (Morgan county) in late summer, which had not been reported previously in Kentucky. Early soil warming resulting from higher-than-average spring temperatures likely favored disease development, particularly in high tunnel systems. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was observed in twentyeight different counties on solanaceous vegetables (tomato, pepper), as well as tobacco. Incidence of the disease was low in any given field, but many different farms in each county were affected. Early arrival of the vectors of TSWV (thrips) is suspected to have increased disease incidence. Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) developed in late summer and became widespread in many cucurbits (cucumber, pumpkin, winter squash) in 2012. The range of hosts infected indicated that multiple strains of the pathogen were present simultaneously.
This is a progress report and may not reflect exactly the final outcome of ongoing projects. Ment... more This is a progress report and may not reflect exactly the final outcome of ongoing projects. Mention or display of a trademark, proprietary product, or firm in text or figures does not constitute an endorsement
Fothergilla major, Mount Airy, is a Theodore Klein Plant Award W inner for 2000. Mount Airy Fothe... more Fothergilla major, Mount Airy, is a Theodore Klein Plant Award W inner for 2000. Mount Airy Fothergilla was selected by Michael Dirr of Mt. Airy Arboretum in Cincinnati, Ohio. Mt. Airy is the best of a number of selections currently being used in landscapes in and around Kentucky. The fall color is a spectacular mixture of yellow, orange, and red. An Atlanta Botanical Garden planting has repeatedly demonstrated this plants ability to be heat tolerant and still have great fall color, quite a feat for a plant known to be hardy in Maine (USDA Zone 4). This easyto-root plant grows very well in containers. Theodore Klein Plant Award Winners are selected by plant professionals for unique ornamental characteristics and the ability to perform successfully in Kentucky.
Grants from the Agricultural Development Board through the Kentucky Horticulture Council have all... more Grants from the Agricultural Development Board through the Kentucky Horticulture Council have allowed an expansion of the field research and demonstration program to meet the informational and educational needs of our growing vegetable and fruit industries.
Upon reintroduction of hemp (Cannabis sativa) in 2014, reports of a leaf spot disease became incr... more Upon reintroduction of hemp (Cannabis sativa) in 2014, reports of a leaf spot disease became increasingly common in Kentucky. Outdoor-grown plants became severely affected with necrosis and blight symptoms, and many crops were rejected by processors either as a result of leaf and bud necrosis or as a result of reduced levels of cannabidiol. Morphological data and sequences of ITS and partial 28S rDNA identified the pathogen as Drechslera gigantea. Phylogenetic analysis grouped all isolates in a clade within Bipolaris. Dicot and monocot weed hosts within symptomatic fields were also identified. We refer to the disease as Bipolaris leaf spot, but the common reference is hemp leaf spot. This is the first report of a Bipolaris pathogen infecting C. sativa. Widespread distribution, disease severity, and extreme yield losses makes this one of the most important diseases of hemp in Kentucky.
Grants from the Agricultural Development Board through the Kentucky Horticulture Council have all... more Grants from the Agricultural Development Board through the Kentucky Horticulture Council have allowed an expansion of the field research and demonstration program to meet the informational and educational needs of our growing vegetable and fruit industries.
In 2011, a grower in Casey County, Kentucky, observed persistent yellow, green, and red mosaic pa... more In 2011, a grower in Casey County, Kentucky, observed persistent yellow, green, and red mosaic patterns on leaves of highbush blueberry plants. Twenty-three randomly-scattered cv. Bluecrop plants out of approximately 1,400 5-year-old plants showed symptoms, with coverage on each plant ranging from 5 to 100%. Asymptomatic canes bloomed normally and produced fruit; affected canes were stunted and did not bloom. These symptoms are generally consistent with those described for blueberry mosaic disease (BMD) (1,3), the casual agent of which is Blueberry mosaic associated virus (BlMaV) (4). All plants were purchased from a local nursery, but their origin was unknown. In 2012, leaves from each of five symptomatic plants were tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for BlMaV. Total nucleic acid was isolated from the symptomatic leaves, and asymptomatic leaves of randomly selected healthy plants served as negative controls. The CTAB method was used as described (2)...
and Tennessee who represent entomology, horticulture, and plant pathology. They are collaborating... more and Tennessee who represent entomology, horticulture, and plant pathology. They are collaborating on a multi-state nursery crops project that includes the development of a crop profile and a strategic plan for pest management. A nursery industry survey is being conducted by personnel in university research and Cooperative Extension from Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, and South Carolina, and Tennessee. The goal is to determine which components of IPM are widely used. Funding for IPM programs in Kentucky and the region will be based on survey results. The survey is supported by the Southern Region IPM Center and green industry commodity groups in all five states. It is critical to continuing competitiveness for funding that make Kentucky' s nursery IPM programs possible. Please have the person who makes pesticide management decisions in your firm complete the survey, which can be filled out online at <http://ceres.cals.ncsu.edu/surveybuilder/ Form.cfm?TestID=8177> If you prefer to have assistance filing out a paper version of the survey, please contact Amy Fulcher
Apple bitter rot causes average annual yield losses of 30% in Kentucky, with individual losses as... more Apple bitter rot causes average annual yield losses of 30% in Kentucky, with individual losses as high as 100% in some orchards (Gauthier et al. 2017). Five Colletotrichum spp. were previously identified as causal agents of bitter rot in KY: C. fioriniae and C. nymphaeae in the C. acutatum species complex; and C. siamense, C. fructicola, and C. theobromicola in the C. gloeosporioides complex (Munir et al. 2016). Three of these species, C. fioriniae, C. siamense, and C. fructicola, have also been reported causing bitter rot in other states (Kou et al., 2014; Chechi et al., 2019). It is important to know which species are present in an orchard because they vary in pathogenicity and fungicide sensitivity (Munir et al., 2016; Chechi et al., 2019). A sixth Colletotrichum species was isolated in 2013 from typical bitter rot lesions on 'Honeycrisp' apples in a commercial orchard in Bourbon County, KY. Six isolates were collected from two apples on the same tree and single-spored for further study. Colonies were smooth and light to
Boxwood (Buxus spp.) are commercially important evergreen ornamental plants with an annual market... more Boxwood (Buxus spp.) are commercially important evergreen ornamental plants with an annual market value of over $103 million in the United States. The recent U.S. incursion of boxwood blight disease caused by the fungus Calonectria pseudonaviculata (syn. Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum, Cy. buxicola) threatens the health and productivity of boxwood in both landscape plantings and nurseries. The first confirmed U.S. reports of the disease were made from Connecticut and North Carolina in November 2011 (2,4), followed by diagnoses in 10 additional states during 2012 and 2013. By August 2013, symptoms consistent with boxwood blight had been observed from B. sempervirens in Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and southeastern New York. Affected plants showed rapid onset of disease symptoms: dark brown to black spots or diffuse dark areas on leaves, followed by defoliation. Narrow, elongate black cankers also formed on current season shoots. Symptomatic stems and leaves were placed in petri...
Information about the plant, planting site and symptoms can be as important as the physical plant... more Information about the plant, planting site and symptoms can be as important as the physical plant material collected. Key questions to ask include: • What kind of plant is it? Indicate the variety, cultivar or whether the plant is a hybrid. If plant's identity is unknown, sending a healthy plant (or picture of a healthy plant) for comparison may be helpful. • What is the age of the plant or the planting date? Be as specific as possible with annual crops. A general time frame (e.g., month and year) is often sufficient for trees and shrubs, but do indicate whether the plant has been recently transplanted or is well-established. • What has been done to care for the crop/plant? Include information on tillage, irrigation, fertilizer and pesticides, mulches and other cultural practices.
Contents ' d' are shared by the two varieties. Yield data for followed by the letters 'abc' would... more Contents ' d' are shared by the two varieties. Yield data for followed by the letters 'abc' would be different yield data followed by ' efg. ' Lastly when determining statistical significance we typically use a 'P' value of 0.05. In this case, P stands for probability and the 0.05 means that we have a 5% chance that our results are real and not simply due to chance or error. Put another way, if two varieties are said to be different at P<0.05, then at least 95% of the time those varieties will be different. If the P value is 0.01, then 99% of the time those varieties will be different. Different P values can be used, but typically P < 0.05 is considered standard practice. This may be confusing, but without statistics our results wouldn't be useful. Using statistics ensures that we can make more accurate recommendations for farmers in Kentucky. Results and Discussion New, Emerging, and Problematic Fruit and Vegetable Diseases in Kentucky Grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) was diagnosed on June 1, 2012 in central Kentucky, a much earlier diagnosis than typical. Although downy mildew was not widespread and was limited to shaded valleys in vineyards with limited or poorlytimed spray programs, the disease was detected in various regions of the state despite drought conditions. In addition, one particular case consisted of fungicide-resistant P. viticola. This is the first report of resistance of P. viticola to FRAC 11 QoI (strobilurin) class fungicides in Kentucky. Blueberry mosaic virus was diagnosed from a large blueberry planting. This is the first report of the virus in Kentucky. Although the disease has been observed in northern states, this is the farthest south that the virus has been reported. Details of its geographic range are not yet known. At this point, the virus has not been completely characterized, and its means of transmission and potential impact are unknown. Bacterial fruit blotch (Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli) was diagnosed in 2011 on 'Matrix' watermelon as an isolated occurrence in Allen county (one farm affected). This disease recurred in the Allen county location on 'Utopia' watermelon in 2012 and was also diagnosed in Casey county (also on 'Utopia') this year. Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) was detected in tomato in high tunnel production systems in May (two locations in Madison county). The disease was also found in pepper (Morgan county) in late summer, which had not been reported previously in Kentucky. Early soil warming resulting from higher-than-average spring temperatures likely favored disease development, particularly in high tunnel systems. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was observed in twentyeight different counties on solanaceous vegetables (tomato, pepper), as well as tobacco. Incidence of the disease was low in any given field, but many different farms in each county were affected. Early arrival of the vectors of TSWV (thrips) is suspected to have increased disease incidence. Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) developed in late summer and became widespread in many cucurbits (cucumber, pumpkin, winter squash) in 2012. The range of hosts infected indicated that multiple strains of the pathogen were present simultaneously.
This is a progress report and may not reflect exactly the final outcome of ongoing projects. Ment... more This is a progress report and may not reflect exactly the final outcome of ongoing projects. Mention or display of a trademark, proprietary product, or firm in text or figures does not constitute an endorsement
Fothergilla major, Mount Airy, is a Theodore Klein Plant Award W inner for 2000. Mount Airy Fothe... more Fothergilla major, Mount Airy, is a Theodore Klein Plant Award W inner for 2000. Mount Airy Fothergilla was selected by Michael Dirr of Mt. Airy Arboretum in Cincinnati, Ohio. Mt. Airy is the best of a number of selections currently being used in landscapes in and around Kentucky. The fall color is a spectacular mixture of yellow, orange, and red. An Atlanta Botanical Garden planting has repeatedly demonstrated this plants ability to be heat tolerant and still have great fall color, quite a feat for a plant known to be hardy in Maine (USDA Zone 4). This easyto-root plant grows very well in containers. Theodore Klein Plant Award Winners are selected by plant professionals for unique ornamental characteristics and the ability to perform successfully in Kentucky.
Grants from the Agricultural Development Board through the Kentucky Horticulture Council have all... more Grants from the Agricultural Development Board through the Kentucky Horticulture Council have allowed an expansion of the field research and demonstration program to meet the informational and educational needs of our growing vegetable and fruit industries.
Upon reintroduction of hemp (Cannabis sativa) in 2014, reports of a leaf spot disease became incr... more Upon reintroduction of hemp (Cannabis sativa) in 2014, reports of a leaf spot disease became increasingly common in Kentucky. Outdoor-grown plants became severely affected with necrosis and blight symptoms, and many crops were rejected by processors either as a result of leaf and bud necrosis or as a result of reduced levels of cannabidiol. Morphological data and sequences of ITS and partial 28S rDNA identified the pathogen as Drechslera gigantea. Phylogenetic analysis grouped all isolates in a clade within Bipolaris. Dicot and monocot weed hosts within symptomatic fields were also identified. We refer to the disease as Bipolaris leaf spot, but the common reference is hemp leaf spot. This is the first report of a Bipolaris pathogen infecting C. sativa. Widespread distribution, disease severity, and extreme yield losses makes this one of the most important diseases of hemp in Kentucky.
Grants from the Agricultural Development Board through the Kentucky Horticulture Council have all... more Grants from the Agricultural Development Board through the Kentucky Horticulture Council have allowed an expansion of the field research and demonstration program to meet the informational and educational needs of our growing vegetable and fruit industries.
In 2011, a grower in Casey County, Kentucky, observed persistent yellow, green, and red mosaic pa... more In 2011, a grower in Casey County, Kentucky, observed persistent yellow, green, and red mosaic patterns on leaves of highbush blueberry plants. Twenty-three randomly-scattered cv. Bluecrop plants out of approximately 1,400 5-year-old plants showed symptoms, with coverage on each plant ranging from 5 to 100%. Asymptomatic canes bloomed normally and produced fruit; affected canes were stunted and did not bloom. These symptoms are generally consistent with those described for blueberry mosaic disease (BMD) (1,3), the casual agent of which is Blueberry mosaic associated virus (BlMaV) (4). All plants were purchased from a local nursery, but their origin was unknown. In 2012, leaves from each of five symptomatic plants were tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for BlMaV. Total nucleic acid was isolated from the symptomatic leaves, and asymptomatic leaves of randomly selected healthy plants served as negative controls. The CTAB method was used as described (2)...
and Tennessee who represent entomology, horticulture, and plant pathology. They are collaborating... more and Tennessee who represent entomology, horticulture, and plant pathology. They are collaborating on a multi-state nursery crops project that includes the development of a crop profile and a strategic plan for pest management. A nursery industry survey is being conducted by personnel in university research and Cooperative Extension from Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, and South Carolina, and Tennessee. The goal is to determine which components of IPM are widely used. Funding for IPM programs in Kentucky and the region will be based on survey results. The survey is supported by the Southern Region IPM Center and green industry commodity groups in all five states. It is critical to continuing competitiveness for funding that make Kentucky' s nursery IPM programs possible. Please have the person who makes pesticide management decisions in your firm complete the survey, which can be filled out online at <http://ceres.cals.ncsu.edu/surveybuilder/ Form.cfm?TestID=8177> If you prefer to have assistance filing out a paper version of the survey, please contact Amy Fulcher
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