Papers by ibrahim ntulume
The study was designed to investigate the effect of growth culture conditions, namely: Media comp... more The study was designed to investigate the effect of growth culture conditions, namely: Media composition, incubation period, temperature and pH on the production of antimicrobial compounds from three selected actinomycetes isolated from waste dump soil in Western Uganda. Molecular characterizations of these selected isolates were also carried out. Optimization processes were assessed using shake-flask cultures on eight different media, Portion of filtered fermentation broths were assayed using agar well diffusion method. The remaining portions were extracted using water, ethanol, ethyl acetate and methanol solvents. The extracts were dried and re-dissolved in 2.5% dimethyl sulphoxide to concentration of 2.5mg/ml and tested for antimicrobial activity using agar well diffusion method. Three selected isolates were characterized using conventional PCR and sequenced using Sanger methods. The results showed that, Modified Nutrient broth supplemented with carbon sources (soluble starch and...
Aims: Good oral health is essential for the well-being of Human being. However lack of knowledge,... more Aims: Good oral health is essential for the well-being of Human being. However lack of knowledge, guidance and poor oral hygiene practices may lead to poor oral hygiene and predispose one to oral health diseases. This study assessed oral health knowledge and behavior Original Research Article Wavamunno et al.; IJRRD, 2(2): 1-12, 2019; Article no.IJRRD.51859 2 related to oral hygiene status among selected secondary school students in Kasese District, Western Uganda. Study Design: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out among students from selected secondary schools of Kasese District, Western Uganda. Stratified sampling technique was used to recruit 278 participants among students of the selected secondary schools. Methodology: Data was collected using closed and open ended questionnaires. The dependent variable was based on the participant’s responses if he/she had any decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT). Bivariate analysis was used to compute crude odds ratios for p...
Infections with multiple strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are now widely recognized as a com... more Infections with multiple strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are now widely recognized as a common occurrence. Identification of patients infected with multiple strains, provides both insight into the disease dynamics and the epidemiology of tuberculosis. Analysis of Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-Variable-Number Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) has been shown to be highly sensitive in detecting multiple M. tuberculosis strains even in sputum. The goal of this study was to identify cases of multiple M. tuberculosis strain infections among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in south western Uganda and factors associated with multiple strain infections. Seventy-eight sputum samples were analyzed using the standard 24 loci MIRU-VNTR typing and an exact regression analysis performed using Stata version 14. Five (6.4%) of the 78 patients were infected with multiple strains of M. tuberculosis. All of the patients infected with multiple strains were the newly diagnosed cases whil...
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy, 2021
Surgical site infections (SSIs) are challenging to treat and often associated with much higher ex... more Surgical site infections (SSIs) are challenging to treat and often associated with much higher extended stays, morbidity, and mortality, higher treatment costs, especially when the causative agent is multidrug resistance (MDR). This study was designed to determine the prevalence of nosocomial infections and susceptibility profiles of bacteria isolated from Cesarean section (C-section) and surgical patients from Kasese District Hospitals in Western Uganda. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January to September 2016 involving 303 patients with SSIs in obstetrics & gynecology; and general surgery wards in three health facilities. Clinical-demographic characteristics of patients were obtained using structured questionnaires before surgery. Bacterial analysis of the air and floor of the theatre room was done using the standard culture method. Of the 303 patients enrolled with SSIs (median age 34 years), 71.6% were female, and 28.4% were males. Only 14.5% developed SS...
International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 2018
Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the Plasmodium falciparum malaria clinical and paras... more Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the Plasmodium falciparum malaria clinical and parasitological outcomes after in-vivo Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL) treatment at Bushenyi District Uganda.
BMC Research Notes, 2019
Objective: The purpose of the study was to generate information on the safety of probiotics, thus... more Objective: The purpose of the study was to generate information on the safety of probiotics, thus the study objectives were to evaluate the effects of Yoba ® on basic physiochemical properties. The study assessed male w 1118 Drosophila melanogaster which were provided food supplemented with Yoba ® at 1%, 3%, 6%, and 12% on motor function, total protein, catalase activity, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and lifespan. Results: Yoba ® at high concentration (≥ 6%) increased locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster, however, total protein, catalase, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity were significantly higher at 1% Yoba ® compared to 3%, 6%, and 12% Yoba ®. Yoba consumed at 1% was associated with greater physiological benefits in Drosophila melanogaster. Findings in the study offer a rationale for the consumption of Yoba ® at 1% in humans as is currently being promoted by the Yoba for Life consortium, however, high concentrations of Yoba ® would disrupt physiological function as shown by this study.
Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2022
African trypanosomiasis is associated with Trypanosoma evansi, T. vivax, T. congolense, and T. br... more African trypanosomiasis is associated with Trypanosoma evansi, T. vivax, T. congolense, and T. brucei pathogens in African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) while T. b gambiense and T. b rhodesiense are responsible for chronic and acute human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), respectively. Suramin sodium suppresses ATP generation during the glycolytic pathway and is ineffective against T. vivax and T. congolense infections. Resistance to suramin is associated with pathogen altered transport proteins. Melarsoprol binds irreversibly with pyruvate kinase protein sulfhydryl groups and neutralizes enzymes which interrupts the trypanosome ATP generation. Melarsoprol resistance is associated with the adenine-adenosine transporter, P2, due to point mutations within this transporter. Eflornithine is used in combination with nifurtimox. Resistance to eflornithine is caused by the deletion or mutation of TbAAT6 gene which encodes the transmembrane amino acid transporter that delivers eflornithine into...
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has become a major threat to the control of tuberculosi... more Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has become a major threat to the control of tuberculosis globally. Uganda is among the countries with a relatively high prevalence of tuberculosis despite significant control efforts. In this study, the drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) was investigated among patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis in Southwestern Uganda. A total of 283 sputum samples (266 from newly diagnosed and 17 from previously treated patients), collected between May 2018 and April 2019 at four different TB diagnostic centres, were assessed for RIF and INH resistance using high-resolution melt curve analysis. The overall prevalence of monoresistance to INH and RIF was 8.5% and 11% respectively, while the prevalence of MDR-TB was 6.7%. Bivariate analysis showed that patients aged 25 to 44 years were at a higher risk of developing MDR-TB (cOR 0.253). Furthermore, among the newly diagnosed patients, the prevalence of monoresistance to INH, RIF and MDR-TB was 8.6%, 10.2% and 6.4% respectively; while among the previously treated cases, these prevalence rates were 5.9%, 23.5% and 11.8%. These rates are higher than those reported previously indicating a rise in MTB drug resistance and may call for measures used to prevent a further rise in drug resistance. There is also a need to conduct frequent drug resistance surveys, to monitor and curtail the development and spread of drug-resistant TB.
Tuberculosis Research and Treatment
Uganda is among the 22 countries in the world with a high burden of tuberculosis. The southwester... more Uganda is among the 22 countries in the world with a high burden of tuberculosis. The southwestern region of the country has consistently registered a high TB/HIV incidence rate. This study is aimed at characterizing the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) genotypic diversity in southwestern Uganda. A total of 283 sputum samples from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were genotyped using specific single nucleotide polymorphism markers for lineages 3 and 4. Most of the patients were males with a mean age of 34. The lineage 4 Ugandan family was found to be the most dominant strains accounting for 59.7% of all cases followed by lineage 3 at 15.2%. The lineage 4 non-Ugandan family accounted for 14.5% of all cases while 4.2% showed amplification for both lineage 4 and lineage 3. Eighteen samples (6.4%) of the strains remained unclassified since they could not be matched to any lineage based on the genotyping technique used. This study demonstrates that a wide diversity of strain...
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Science Research
This research was aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous crude ex... more This research was aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous crude extracts of Solanum nigrum leaves against some selected enteric bacteria. Fresh leaves of S. nigrum were collected from different garden of Bushenyi district Western Uganda and shade dried. Extraction was done by using standard methods. Phytochemical analyses of both ethanolic and aqueous crude extracts were also done. Antibacterial activities of both aqueous and ethanolic crude extracts were determined against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, and Shigella sp and Salmonella typhimurium by using agar well diffusion method and compared to the standard antibiotics Ciprofloxacin (5µg/mL) and Cotrimoxazole (25µg/mL). The results of phytochemicals analyses from this study revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, and saponins, reducing sugars, terpenoids and steroids from the two extracts. The ethanolic extract was effective only against E. coli at concentrations of 1, 0.5 and 0.25g/mL with 20.33±0.33, 15.17±0.17 and 8.33±0.17 mm as mean ± SEM zones of inhibition respectively, while aqueous crude extract was effective against E. coli only at concentration of 1g/mL with 9.17±01.7 mm as the mean ± SEM zone of inhibition. The ethanolic crude extract had lower MIC and MBC values of 250 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL respectively compared to the aqueous crude extract with MIC and MBC values of 500 mg/mL and >1000 mg/mL respectively. The results of this study concluded that both ethanolic and aqueous crude extract of S. nigrum leaves had activity only against clinical E.coli. Ethanolic leaves crude extract of S. nigrum was more effective than the aqueous crude leaves extract. This may provide evidences for its usage as herbal remedy against enteric infections caused by E. coli.
PLOS ONE
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has become a major threat to the control of tuberculosi... more Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has become a major threat to the control of tuberculosis globally. Uganda is among the countries with a relatively high prevalence of tuberculosis despite significant control efforts. In this study, the drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) was investigated among patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis in Southwestern Uganda. A total of 283 sputum samples (266 from newly diagnosed and 17 from previously treated patients), collected between May 2018 and April 2019 at four different TB diagnostic centres, were assessed for RIF and INH resistance using high-resolution melt curve analysis. The overall prevalence of monoresistance to INH and RIF was 8.5% and 11% respectively, while the prevalence of MDR-TB was 6.7%. Bivariate analysis showed that patients aged 25 to 44 years were at a higher risk of developing MDR-TB (cOR 0.253). Furthermore, among the newly diagnosed patients, the prevalence...
Infections with multiple strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are now widely recognized as a com... more Infections with multiple strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are now widely recognized as a common occurrence. Identification of patients infected with multiple strains, provides both insight into the disease dynamics and the epidemiology of tuberculosis. Analysis of Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-Variable-Number Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) has been shown to be highly sensitive in detecting multiple M. tuberculosis strains even in sputum. The goal of this study was to identify cases of multiple M. tuberculosis strain infections among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in south western Uganda and factors associated with multiple strain infections. Seventy-eight sputum samples were analyzed using the standard 24 loci MIRU-VNTR typing and an exact regression analysis performed using Stata version 14. Five (6.4%) of the 78 patients were infected with multiple strains of M. tuberculosis. All of the patients infected with multiple strains were the newly diagnosed cases whil...
BMC Research Notes
Objective: The purpose of the study was to generate information on the safety of probiotics, thus... more Objective: The purpose of the study was to generate information on the safety of probiotics, thus the study objectives were to evaluate the effects of Yoba ® on basic physiochemical properties. The study assessed male w 1118 Drosophila melanogaster which were provided food supplemented with Yoba ® at 1%, 3%, 6%, and 12% on motor function, total protein, catalase activity, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and lifespan. Results: Yoba ® at high concentration (≥ 6%) increased locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster, however, total protein, catalase, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity were significantly higher at 1% Yoba ® compared to 3%, 6%, and 12% Yoba ®. Yoba consumed at 1% was associated with greater physiological benefits in Drosophila melanogaster. Findings in the study offer a rationale for the consumption of Yoba ® at 1% in humans as is currently being promoted by the Yoba for Life consortium, however, high concentrations of Yoba ® would disrupt physiological function as shown by this study.
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Science Research, Dec 26, 2018
This research was aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous crude ex... more This research was aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous crude extracts of Solanum nigrum leaves against some selected enteric bacteria. Fresh leaves of S. nigrum were collected from different garden of Bushenyi district Western Uganda and shade dried. Extraction was done by using standard methods. Phytochemical analyses of both ethanolic and aqueous crude extracts were also done. Antibacterial activities of both aqueous and ethanolic crude extracts were determined against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, and Shigella sp and Salmonella typhimurium by using agar well diffusion method and compared to the standard antibiotics Ciprofloxacin (5µg/mL) and Cotrimoxazole (25µg/mL). The results of phytochemicals analyses from this study revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, and saponins, reducing sugars, terpenoids and steroids from the two extracts. The ethanolic extract was effective only against E. coli at concentrations of 1, 0....
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Surgical site infections (SSIs) are challenging to treat and often associated with much higher ex... more Surgical site infections (SSIs) are challenging to treat and often associated with much higher extended stays, morbidity, and mortality, higher treatment costs, especially when the causative agent is multidrug resistance (MDR). This study was designed to determine the prevalence of nosocomial infections and susceptibility profiles of bacteria isolated from Cesarean section (C-section) and surgical patients from Kasese District Hospitals in Western Uganda. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January to September 2016 involving 303 patients with SSIs in obstetrics & gynecology; and general surgery wards in three health facilities. Clinical-demographic characteristics of patients were obtained using structured questionnaires before surgery. Bacterial analysis of the air and floor of the theatre room was done using the standard culture method. Of the 303 patients enrolled with SSIs (median age 34 years), 71.6% were female, and 28.4% were males. Only 14.5% developed SS...
Journal of Food Science and Technology
Pan African Medical Journal
The Scientific World Journal
The current upsurge in resistance to conventional antibiotics, as well as high cost of orthodox m... more The current upsurge in resistance to conventional antibiotics, as well as high cost of orthodox medical treatment, called for the use of medicinal plants as an alternative therapy. This research was aimed at determining the antibacterial activity of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed extracts (Jackfruit as it is locally called) in the treatment of diarrhoea. Ethanolic and hexanolic seed crude extracts of the plant were screened for antidiarrhoeal activity against bacteria isolated from clinical samples (methicillin-resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella typhimurium, and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli). Plant phytochemical screening was conducted using standard methods. The antibacterial activity was carried out using the agar well diffusion method and compared to the standard antibiotics ceftriaxone and vancomycin. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the ...
Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, Dec 20, 2019
Aims: Although Melanthera scandens is a plant widely used in traditional medicine for the managem... more Aims: Although Melanthera scandens is a plant widely used in traditional medicine for the management of seizures, stomach ulcers and sores, dysmenorrhea, diabetes and malaria, there was scanty information about its safety. There was, therefore, a need to evaluate the sub-acute and subchronic toxicity studies of this plant which would reflect on its safety. Methodology: This was an experimental laboratory study. The research was conducted at Kampala International University-Western Campus at the Pharmacology laboratory from February to June 2017. The sub-acute toxicity was evaluated after administering daily oral doses of M. scandens crude extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) for 28 days and 90 days for subchronic study, after which the effect on haematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters were assessed in male and female Wistar rats (five of each sex). Results: Sub-acute toxicity results revealed that there was a significant decrease in the AST between the male Wistar rats that received 250 mg/kg (P= .005) and those that received 500 mg/kg (P= .05) as compared with the control group. Subchronic studies showed a significant increase in ALP (P= .05) at 1000 mg/kg compared with 500 mg/kg. Terminal necropsy did not reveal any treatment-related histopathological findings. There were also no toxicologically significant treatment-related effects on haematological parameters. The sub-acute toxicity results suggest that doses of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg are safe and could be hepatoprotective due to reduced levels of AST and ALP, while the subchronic toxicity study results suggest that doses greater than 1000 mg/kg could be toxic to the plasma membrane, liver cells or endoplasmic reticulum due to increased ALP levels at this dose. Conclusion: The M. scandens crude extract did not cause significant toxicity on haematological and histopathological indices, after sub-acute and subchronic administration in Wistar rats.
Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, Oct 11, 2019
Aims: Bidens pilosa is an extraordinary source of phytochemicals particularly flavonoids especial... more Aims: Bidens pilosa is an extraordinary source of phytochemicals particularly flavonoids especially in leaves which have been attributed in various studies due to its antibacterial properties. The present study aimed at addressing bio-burden of chronic wound through proving a possible source of new antimicrobial product for wound healing. Methodology: Solvent-solvent extraction method was used to isolate crude flavonoid fraction from leaves of B. pilosa using ether, chloroform, ethylacetate and methanol (1:1:1). Thin-layer chromatography was used to identify crude flavonoid fraction using methanol/n-hexane (1:2: v/v) as mobile phase solvents. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine anti-bacterial activity of crude flavonoid against bacterial pathogens: Susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC®27853™, resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ATCC®25923™, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal contrition (MBC) were also determined using broth dilution and culture methods. Results: Thin-layer chromatographic profiling revealed an identity of three different spots with flavonoids from B. pilosa leaves showing three bands with Rf values 0.51, 0.60 and 0.63. The mean and standard deviation zone of inhibition of crude flavonoids ranged from 11.50±0.50 mm to 17.50±1.50 mm. The mean and standard deviation of positive controls (Ciproflaxacin, Co-Amoxiclay and Voncomycin) ranged from 0.00±0.00 to 22.50±0.50 mm. MIC and MBC of crude flavonoids ranged from 12.5-25.0 mg/mL and 50 to 200 mg/mL respectively. The flavonoid fraction was more effective against gram positive bacteria than on gram negative bacteria and it exhibited bactericidal effect on Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, resistant P. aureginosa, sensitive P.aureginosa and S. pneumonia. Conclusion: B. pilosa leaves could be a potential source for future drug development from flavonoid to address the issue of need for new antibiotics due to alarming burden of antimicrobial resistance in last resort antibiotics.
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Papers by ibrahim ntulume
phytochemicals or secondary metabolites and antibacterial activity of its root and stem bark were
studied in this research work. The phytochemical screening of the plant was carried out using
standard methods of analysis and these investigations revealed the presence of bioactive
components comprising flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides and
phenols while tannins were not detected in both the root and stem bark of the plant. The plant
was extracted with water and 100% methanol via cold maceration method and the extracts were
subjected to antibacterial activities using the agar plate disc diffusion and nutrient broth dilution
techniques. against E. coli, S. aureus and Shigella spp to ascertain its medicinal and therapeutic
properties at various concentrations range from 50 mg/mL – 6.25 mg/mL. From the study it was
observed that the stem bark extract has the higher antibacterial activity against E. coli and
Shigella spp with mean zone of inhibition of 18.50 ± 0.02 and 14.10 ± 0.12 mm while the root
recorded the higher antibacterial activity against S.aureus with mean zone of inhibition of 16.37
± 0.07 mm. The result indicates that the extracts of the root and stem bark of this plant possess
antibacterial activities.