Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) hinders the growth of the livestock industry in endemic countries li... more Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) hinders the growth of the livestock industry in endemic countries like Bangladesh. The management and prevention of FMD are severely impacted by the high mutation rate and subsequent frequent generation of newer genotypes of the causative agent, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). The current study was conducted in nine districts of Bangladesh during 2019-21 to characterize the circulating FMDV strains based on the VP1 sequence analysis, the major antigenic recognition site providing serotype specificity and high variability of FMDV. This study detected the first emergence of the SA-2018 lineage in Bangladesh along with the predominance of Ind-2001e (or Ind-2001BD1) sublineage of ME-SA topotype under serotype O during 2019-21. The mutational spectrum, evolutionary divergence analysis and multidimensional plotting confirmed the isolates collected from Mymensingh districts, designated as MYMBD21 as a novel sublineage under the SA-2018 lineage. Analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed several changes in the G-H loop, B-C loop and C-terminal region of VP1, revealing a 12-13% divergence from the existing vaccine strains and a 95% VP1 protein homology, with most of the mutations potentially considerable as vaccine escape mutations, evidenced by three-dimensional structural analysis. This is the first report on the emergence of the SA-2018 lineage of ME-SA topotype of FMDV serotype O in Bangladesh, as well as a possible mutational trend towards the emergence of a distinct sublineage under SA-2018 lineage, which calls for in-depth genome-wide analysis and monitoring of the FMD situation in the country to implement a strategic vaccination and effective FMD control program. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is an acute and highly contagious disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals like cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and water buffalo 1. FMD is widespread in many areas around the globe, especially in Africa and Asia including Bangladesh. The causative agent is a notorious virus called Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) which belongs to the genus Aphthovirus and the family Picornaviridae 2-4. The FMDV possesses a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome of about 8.5 kb surrounded by an icosahedral capsid with 60 copies of each of four structural proteins VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4 4. Among the capsid proteins, VP1 capsid protein possesses three out of five major neutralizing antigenic sites: antigenic sites 1, 3, and 5 5. VP1 sequence data analyses are widely utilized for molecular characterization of field FMDV strains and revealing evolutionary divergence among individual virus strains 3,6-10. In Bangladesh, serotype O, A and Asia1 were found to circulate among the 7 distinct serotypes of FMDV (Euro-Asiatic serotypes A, O, C, and Asia1 and Southern African Territories [SAT] serotypes SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3) 2,11-13. Among them, serotype O is the most predominant one and was responsible for 82% of the outbreaks in Bangladesh during 2012-2016 3. Serotype O can be subdivided into 11 topotypes but only the Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA) topotype is found in Bangladesh. So far, there are four established lineages under the
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cloven-hoofed animals is considered an economically devastating d... more Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cloven-hoofed animals is considered an economically devastating disease in endemic countries like Bangladesh, where the livestock sector contributes to a greater portion of the nation’s economy. The causative agent of the disease, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), equipped with higher mutational frequency challenges the efficacy of the existing vaccine and control measures. This study, including 32 districts and 71 outbreaks to reveal epidemiological patterns and mutational trends of FMDV over the past 10 years (2012–2021), reported a 54.7% prevalence of FMD, with the majority of outbreaks occurring during the rainy season. Different risk factors such as age, gender, farming system, and vaccination status demonstrated a significant association with FMD cases which was confirmed by the χ2 test ( p < 0.05 ). VP1 sequence analyses reported the predominance of serotype O (85%) over serotype A (11%) and serotype Asia 1 (4%). Bangladesh has foreseen t...
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) hinders the growth of the livestock industry in endemic countries li... more Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) hinders the growth of the livestock industry in endemic countries like Bangladesh. The management and prevention of FMD are severely impacted by the high mutation rate and subsequent frequent generation of newer genotypes of the causative agent, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). The current study was conducted in nine districts of Bangladesh during 2019–21 to characterize the circulating FMDV strains based on the VP1 sequence analysis, the major antigenic recognition site providing serotype specificity and high variability of FMDV. This study detected the first emergence of the SA-2018 lineage in Bangladesh along with the predominance of Ind-2001e (or Ind-2001BD1) sublineage of ME-SA topotype under serotype O during 2019–21. The mutational spectrum, evolutionary divergence analysis and multidimensional plotting confirmed the isolates collected from Mymensingh districts, designated as MYMBD21 as a novel sublineage under the SA-2018 lineage. Analysis of...
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) hinders the growth of the livestock industry in endemic countries li... more Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) hinders the growth of the livestock industry in endemic countries like Bangladesh. The management and prevention of FMD are severely impacted by the high mutation rate and subsequent frequent generation of newer genotypes of the causative agent, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). The current study was conducted in nine districts of Bangladesh during 2019-21 to characterize the circulating FMDV strains based on the VP1 sequence analysis, the major antigenic recognition site providing serotype specificity and high variability of FMDV. This study detected the first emergence of the SA-2018 lineage in Bangladesh along with the predominance of Ind-2001e (or Ind-2001BD1) sublineage of ME-SA topotype under serotype O during 2019-21. The mutational spectrum, evolutionary divergence analysis and multidimensional plotting confirmed the isolates collected from Mymensingh districts, designated as MYMBD21 as a novel sublineage under the SA-2018 lineage. Analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed several changes in the G-H loop, B-C loop and C-terminal region of VP1, revealing a 12-13% divergence from the existing vaccine strains and a 95% VP1 protein homology, with most of the mutations potentially considerable as vaccine escape mutations, evidenced by three-dimensional structural analysis. This is the first report on the emergence of the SA-2018 lineage of ME-SA topotype of FMDV serotype O in Bangladesh, as well as a possible mutational trend towards the emergence of a distinct sublineage under SA-2018 lineage, which calls for in-depth genome-wide analysis and monitoring of the FMD situation in the country to implement a strategic vaccination and effective FMD control program. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is an acute and highly contagious disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals like cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and water buffalo 1. FMD is widespread in many areas around the globe, especially in Africa and Asia including Bangladesh. The causative agent is a notorious virus called Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) which belongs to the genus Aphthovirus and the family Picornaviridae 2-4. The FMDV possesses a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome of about 8.5 kb surrounded by an icosahedral capsid with 60 copies of each of four structural proteins VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4 4. Among the capsid proteins, VP1 capsid protein possesses three out of five major neutralizing antigenic sites: antigenic sites 1, 3, and 5 5. VP1 sequence data analyses are widely utilized for molecular characterization of field FMDV strains and revealing evolutionary divergence among individual virus strains 3,6-10. In Bangladesh, serotype O, A and Asia1 were found to circulate among the 7 distinct serotypes of FMDV (Euro-Asiatic serotypes A, O, C, and Asia1 and Southern African Territories [SAT] serotypes SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3) 2,11-13. Among them, serotype O is the most predominant one and was responsible for 82% of the outbreaks in Bangladesh during 2012-2016 3. Serotype O can be subdivided into 11 topotypes but only the Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA) topotype is found in Bangladesh. So far, there are four established lineages under the
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cloven-hoofed animals is considered an economically devastating d... more Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cloven-hoofed animals is considered an economically devastating disease in endemic countries like Bangladesh, where the livestock sector contributes to a greater portion of the nation’s economy. The causative agent of the disease, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), equipped with higher mutational frequency challenges the efficacy of the existing vaccine and control measures. This study, including 32 districts and 71 outbreaks to reveal epidemiological patterns and mutational trends of FMDV over the past 10 years (2012–2021), reported a 54.7% prevalence of FMD, with the majority of outbreaks occurring during the rainy season. Different risk factors such as age, gender, farming system, and vaccination status demonstrated a significant association with FMD cases which was confirmed by the χ2 test ( p < 0.05 ). VP1 sequence analyses reported the predominance of serotype O (85%) over serotype A (11%) and serotype Asia 1 (4%). Bangladesh has foreseen t...
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) hinders the growth of the livestock industry in endemic countries li... more Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) hinders the growth of the livestock industry in endemic countries like Bangladesh. The management and prevention of FMD are severely impacted by the high mutation rate and subsequent frequent generation of newer genotypes of the causative agent, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). The current study was conducted in nine districts of Bangladesh during 2019–21 to characterize the circulating FMDV strains based on the VP1 sequence analysis, the major antigenic recognition site providing serotype specificity and high variability of FMDV. This study detected the first emergence of the SA-2018 lineage in Bangladesh along with the predominance of Ind-2001e (or Ind-2001BD1) sublineage of ME-SA topotype under serotype O during 2019–21. The mutational spectrum, evolutionary divergence analysis and multidimensional plotting confirmed the isolates collected from Mymensingh districts, designated as MYMBD21 as a novel sublineage under the SA-2018 lineage. Analysis of...
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