Growing populations and rapid urbanization have put tremendous pressure on the food supply. The r... more Growing populations and rapid urbanization have put tremendous pressure on the food supply. The rural hinterland around cities is an important source of the urban food supply chain. Facing the constraints of China’s land stock, reasonable use of land space and optimization of agricultural crop structure is crucial to meet the food demand. Von Thünen Model, which is fronted by a 19th-century German economist, outlines a rural landscape of commercial farmers growing agricultural products for local markets while proposing basic patterns and principles of land use in agriculture. Using data from China’s OVOP (“One village, One product”), this paper analyzes the agricultural location and crop choices around two levels of cities (provincial capital cities, and county-level cities) by using Thünen’s theory. The results showed that crop density did decrease as the distance to urban increased. Crop rings are present in the vicinity of both metropolitan and county-level cities, distributed ac...
OBJECTIVE To measure quantitatively the health costs of 380 farmer families using the pesticides ... more OBJECTIVE To measure quantitatively the health costs of 380 farmer families using the pesticides and influence factors, and to provide the base for establishing the protective measures. METHODS Based on the surveyed data of rice producers in Anhui province, a quantitative analysis of health cost of pesticide application was conducted with COI, the influence factors on farmers' pesticide application have been examined. RESULTS The results shown that the health cost of pesticide application was as RMB 54.44 yuans per farmer a year. The influence factors of health cost were the amount and time of pesticide application, protective facilities, pesticide label illiteracy, age, gender and education level of farmers. CONCLUSION The measures of reducing the health cost for pesticide application were to train the farmers for knowledge of pesticide application and occupational safety, to provide convenient and cheap protective equipment and instructions of pesticide application and to stan...
Pakistan is blessed with different seasons making it favorable for production of variety of crops... more Pakistan is blessed with different seasons making it favorable for production of variety of crops, fruits and vegetables. Globally, it has a considerable share in crop production especially in quality rice and cotton production. It has been many years that country is experiencing decline in rice and cotton production due to natural and farmers associated factors. Therefore, the present study has been designed to identify damages caused by environmental degradation and what strategies have been used by farmers to cope these damages. Two well known districts having maximum rice and cotton growers were selected as a study population. The respondents of the research were limited to 120 (60 from each district) due to unavailability of sufficient funds. Interview and Focus Group Discussion were used for data collection from the selected respondents. The collected data were then analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings indicate that majority of the farmers we...
China’s hog sector is undergoing the shift from family farming system to commercialized intensi... more China’s hog sector is undergoing the shift from family farming system to commercialized intensive production. The empirical analysis indicates that middle-size hog farms (100<Q≤1000) have outperformed other hog farms in the pursuit of environmental conservation and economic efficiency; however, 45.5% of sampled hog farms are small farms with less than 100 head. To achieve the win-win situation of economic efficiency and environmental conservation, it is critical for the Chinese government to facilitate the evolution of structural changes of small hog farms via contracting production, specialization of the piglets, and establishment of association of hog farming.
Since the Industrial Revolution, a new era has arisen called the Anthropocene, in which human act... more Since the Industrial Revolution, a new era has arisen called the Anthropocene, in which human actions have become the main driver of global environmental change outside the stable environmental state of the Holocene. During the Holocene, environmental change occurred naturally, and the Earth’s regulatory capacity maintained the conditions that enabled human development. Resource overexploitation of the industrial “Anthropocene”, under the principle of profit maximization, has led to planetary ecological crises, such as overloaded carbon sinks and climate changes, vanishing species, degraded ecosystems, and insufficient natural resources. Agro-based society, in which almost all demands of humans can be supported by agriculture, is characterized by life production. The substitution of Agro-based society for a post-industrial society is an evolutionary result of social movement, it is an internal requirement of a sustainable society for breaking through the resource constraint of econo...
Abstract The rapid growth of energy-intensive and high-emission industries has underpinned China’... more Abstract The rapid growth of energy-intensive and high-emission industries has underpinned China’s economic boom over the past few decades. Since her economic development entered the new normal phase in 2013, China has faced the challenge of mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while achieving medium-high economic growth. Transforming the economic development pattern and restructuring the economy is a principal solution, and one important prerequisite is discerning great sectoral disparities of GHG emissions and corresponding environmental costs because the diversity of characteristics among different sectors causes the pollutants that are discharged to vary. Hence, this paper aims to assess the environmental costs of China’s total and sectoral GHG emissions. Based on the System of Environmental and Economic Accounts and using the economic input-output life cycle assessment model, this study calculates the green GDP and green output value of 27 sectors to reflect the environmental costs of GHG emissions in China during 1991–2016. The findings are as follows: (1) while China’s direct GHG emissions increased from 3,040.60 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2eq) to 10,641.10 MtCO2eq during 1991–2014, declining trends were observed in the total and 16 sectors’ direct GHG emissions in the subsequent two years; (2) although the ratios of direct GHG emissions to total GHG emissions in most sectors decreased, total GHG emissions in eight sectors rose first and then fell, and in 15 sectors continued to rise; (3) China’s green GDP grew from 2,003.88 billion Chinese Yuan to 26,245.25 billion Chinese Yuan during 1991–2016, and the difference between China’s GDP and green GDP decreased from 2.73% to 1.02%; and (4) differences between the output value and green output value decreased in over 20 sectors. Finally, some policy implications are given from the perspective of some key sectors of the Manufacturing industry, Agricultural sector, and Transport, storage, and post sector.
Non-point pollution (NPP) has become a major issue of environmental degradation in China. Uncerta... more Non-point pollution (NPP) has become a major issue of environmental degradation in China. Uncertainty, moral hazard, and incomplete knowledge of NPPP make conventional policy instruments applied to point source pollution problems difficult addressing NPP problems. NPP regulatory policies should be designed to induce agricultural producers to change their production practices in ways that improve the environmental. The economic literature on NPP has not considered the possible use of both voluntary and mandatory approaches as complementary parts of a policy package. Factors influencing farmers’ cooperative action to conserve environmental public goods are critical in regulatory policy formation in transitional China with huge amount of small subsistence farmers. Under a changed political environment, a joint effort between government and farmers is the approach most favored to address NPP issues, under which relationships between environmental outcomes and agricultural production mus...
Proceedings of the 2015 3d International Conference on Advanced Information and Communication Technology for Education, 2015
A segmented labor market between rural and urban is an impediment to social transformation in Chi... more A segmented labor market between rural and urban is an impediment to social transformation in China. Our empirical analysis indicates that marital stability via working at the same firm or city with their husbands is the main purpose pursued by MFMWs by virtue of job mobility, young and educated migrant women with low wages and labor-intensive jobs are more likely to change jobs. The majority of MFMWs employed in informal sector change jobs because of mismatch, which is reflected by shorter job tenure, the gap between real and expected wages, and occupations poorly matched with skill requirements of job openings. The segmentedlabor market in transitional China augments the intention of job mobility due to the weak connection between match quality and job experience and lack of job ladders.
Abstract Agricultural chemical use has caused a public concern over environmental issue while dec... more Abstract Agricultural chemical use has caused a public concern over environmental issue while decisions about applying chemicals are made by individual farmers. The critical decision-making role of farmers relative to agricultural chemical use creates a need for accurate information on their perceptions of various chemical-related hazards and the factors that may influence such judgments. Based on data collected from 177 land operators at Xinxiang County in Henan Province of China, an empirical analysis is conducted to examine the relationship between farmers' character and the behavior of fertilizer application. Study findings reveal that: the characteristics of household head and household, and the nature of farming management positively affect the amount of fertilizers applied; information on fertilizers and the knowledge about environmental impact of fertilizer application have negative impacts by contrast. To formulate effective pollution control policies at the farm level, it is imperative for policy-makers to convey information to producers by demonstration projects, technical assistance, and education programs. Under a changed political environment, some combination of education and economic incentives could be lower cost and more effective tools for achieving desired environmental conservative goals.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Based on the value of agricultural farm products produced by different subsectors in China, the f... more Based on the value of agricultural farm products produced by different subsectors in China, the foregoing analysis reveals the dynamic character of agricultural diversification by which, this study seeks to examine the evolutionary process of Chinese agriculture through a quantitative study of agricultural diversification at both national and provincial levels. In the initial stages of reform and opening up, the degree of agricultural diversification in the southwest was relatively high; then the center of agricultural diversification gradually moved to the southeast of China; finally, the degree of agricultural diversification in the economically developed eastern provinces was obviously higher than those in other regions in 2019. It was seen that some provinces in the eastern and central south regions moved toward increasing diversification in one direction, and other provinces changed direction, first moving toward diversification and later toward concentration or vice versa. The...
To pursue sustainable and balanced economic development, it is urgent to transform the economic d... more To pursue sustainable and balanced economic development, it is urgent to transform the economic development models from investment-driven to consumption-led. Factors underlying the consumption pattern of households in China, especially the rising wealth and its impact, deserve special attention from both policy makers and academic researchers. This paper aims to investigate how asset portfolios, consisting of housing asset, financial asset, production asset, durable asset, and vehicle asset affect consumption behavior based on household panel data. It is proved that the composition of asset portfolios significantly affects consumption of households. Asset levels and asset prices have positive influences on household consumption. Furthermore, various household assets have different impacts on household consumption patterns, divided into living type, developing type, and enjoying type of consumption, especially there is a larger wealth effect on developing type of consumption. More im...
To pursue sustainable and balanced economic development, it is urgent to transform the economic d... more To pursue sustainable and balanced economic development, it is urgent to transform the economic development models from investment-driven to consumption-led. Factors underlying the consumption pattern of households in China, especially the rising wealth and its impact, deserve special attention from both policy makers and academic researchers. This paper aims to investigate how asset portfolios, consisting of housing asset, financial asset, production asset, durable asset, and vehicle asset affect consumption behavior based on household panel data. It is proved that the composition of asset portfolios significantly affects consumption of households. Asset levels and asset prices have positive influences on household consumption. Furthermore, various household assets have different impacts on household consumption patterns, divided into living type, developing type, and enjoying type of consumption, especially there is a larger wealth effect on developing type of consumption. More importantly, it shows a pattern of urban and rural dual economic structure. The disparity is even higher from a wealth perspective. The availability to wealth is of great importance. Therefore, the findings suggest inclusive financial reforms to create conditions for promoting property income and facilitating financial capacity of households, which is necessary for policy formation of Chinese economic transition.
Structuring contracts to share interest and risk is the central premise of farmland transfer, yet... more Structuring contracts to share interest and risk is the central premise of farmland transfer, yet the contract framework and its determinants have rarely been empirically tested based on micro-level data. In this study, we aim to examine factors underlying the balanced distribution of residual controls and risk sharing on contract framework by using field surveyed data of 353 individual farmland transfer contracts. Our evidence shows that the policy of farmland property rights registration has a significant effect on the contract framework and supports the implication of enforcement costs exerted by the effects of the scale ratio and the contract form, contract duration, conversion way, and long-lived assets input. Although our findings fail to support the typical implication of risk sharing as an explanation of contract framework of farmland transfer, given the symmetric positions of two contracted parties of rural farmer households, it is proved that right confirmation and contract duration are two important factors underlying contract options.
Capital flows are key variables supporting the sustainability of economic growth. Based on a data... more Capital flows are key variables supporting the sustainability of economic growth. Based on a dataset of 31 provinces in China over 1997–2014, this paper utilizes the system generalized method of moments (System GMM) to investigate the determinants of capital flows and analyses the impact of government size on capital flows. Preliminary results show that government size exerts a negative effect on capital inflows. Specifically, government spending on capital construction and administration crowds out capital inflows significantly, while government spending on science and technology crowds in capital inflows dramatically. In addition, high quality human capital, advanced financial development, and high-level trade openness are conducive to capital inflows. High tax and labor cost impede capital inflows. These results provide proof for China’s government to reduce the size of government spending appropriately and optimize its government expenditure structure for the purpose of crowding...
Growing populations and rapid urbanization have put tremendous pressure on the food supply. The r... more Growing populations and rapid urbanization have put tremendous pressure on the food supply. The rural hinterland around cities is an important source of the urban food supply chain. Facing the constraints of China’s land stock, reasonable use of land space and optimization of agricultural crop structure is crucial to meet the food demand. Von Thünen Model, which is fronted by a 19th-century German economist, outlines a rural landscape of commercial farmers growing agricultural products for local markets while proposing basic patterns and principles of land use in agriculture. Using data from China’s OVOP (“One village, One product”), this paper analyzes the agricultural location and crop choices around two levels of cities (provincial capital cities, and county-level cities) by using Thünen’s theory. The results showed that crop density did decrease as the distance to urban increased. Crop rings are present in the vicinity of both metropolitan and county-level cities, distributed ac...
OBJECTIVE To measure quantitatively the health costs of 380 farmer families using the pesticides ... more OBJECTIVE To measure quantitatively the health costs of 380 farmer families using the pesticides and influence factors, and to provide the base for establishing the protective measures. METHODS Based on the surveyed data of rice producers in Anhui province, a quantitative analysis of health cost of pesticide application was conducted with COI, the influence factors on farmers' pesticide application have been examined. RESULTS The results shown that the health cost of pesticide application was as RMB 54.44 yuans per farmer a year. The influence factors of health cost were the amount and time of pesticide application, protective facilities, pesticide label illiteracy, age, gender and education level of farmers. CONCLUSION The measures of reducing the health cost for pesticide application were to train the farmers for knowledge of pesticide application and occupational safety, to provide convenient and cheap protective equipment and instructions of pesticide application and to stan...
Pakistan is blessed with different seasons making it favorable for production of variety of crops... more Pakistan is blessed with different seasons making it favorable for production of variety of crops, fruits and vegetables. Globally, it has a considerable share in crop production especially in quality rice and cotton production. It has been many years that country is experiencing decline in rice and cotton production due to natural and farmers associated factors. Therefore, the present study has been designed to identify damages caused by environmental degradation and what strategies have been used by farmers to cope these damages. Two well known districts having maximum rice and cotton growers were selected as a study population. The respondents of the research were limited to 120 (60 from each district) due to unavailability of sufficient funds. Interview and Focus Group Discussion were used for data collection from the selected respondents. The collected data were then analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings indicate that majority of the farmers we...
China’s hog sector is undergoing the shift from family farming system to commercialized intensi... more China’s hog sector is undergoing the shift from family farming system to commercialized intensive production. The empirical analysis indicates that middle-size hog farms (100<Q≤1000) have outperformed other hog farms in the pursuit of environmental conservation and economic efficiency; however, 45.5% of sampled hog farms are small farms with less than 100 head. To achieve the win-win situation of economic efficiency and environmental conservation, it is critical for the Chinese government to facilitate the evolution of structural changes of small hog farms via contracting production, specialization of the piglets, and establishment of association of hog farming.
Since the Industrial Revolution, a new era has arisen called the Anthropocene, in which human act... more Since the Industrial Revolution, a new era has arisen called the Anthropocene, in which human actions have become the main driver of global environmental change outside the stable environmental state of the Holocene. During the Holocene, environmental change occurred naturally, and the Earth’s regulatory capacity maintained the conditions that enabled human development. Resource overexploitation of the industrial “Anthropocene”, under the principle of profit maximization, has led to planetary ecological crises, such as overloaded carbon sinks and climate changes, vanishing species, degraded ecosystems, and insufficient natural resources. Agro-based society, in which almost all demands of humans can be supported by agriculture, is characterized by life production. The substitution of Agro-based society for a post-industrial society is an evolutionary result of social movement, it is an internal requirement of a sustainable society for breaking through the resource constraint of econo...
Abstract The rapid growth of energy-intensive and high-emission industries has underpinned China’... more Abstract The rapid growth of energy-intensive and high-emission industries has underpinned China’s economic boom over the past few decades. Since her economic development entered the new normal phase in 2013, China has faced the challenge of mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while achieving medium-high economic growth. Transforming the economic development pattern and restructuring the economy is a principal solution, and one important prerequisite is discerning great sectoral disparities of GHG emissions and corresponding environmental costs because the diversity of characteristics among different sectors causes the pollutants that are discharged to vary. Hence, this paper aims to assess the environmental costs of China’s total and sectoral GHG emissions. Based on the System of Environmental and Economic Accounts and using the economic input-output life cycle assessment model, this study calculates the green GDP and green output value of 27 sectors to reflect the environmental costs of GHG emissions in China during 1991–2016. The findings are as follows: (1) while China’s direct GHG emissions increased from 3,040.60 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2eq) to 10,641.10 MtCO2eq during 1991–2014, declining trends were observed in the total and 16 sectors’ direct GHG emissions in the subsequent two years; (2) although the ratios of direct GHG emissions to total GHG emissions in most sectors decreased, total GHG emissions in eight sectors rose first and then fell, and in 15 sectors continued to rise; (3) China’s green GDP grew from 2,003.88 billion Chinese Yuan to 26,245.25 billion Chinese Yuan during 1991–2016, and the difference between China’s GDP and green GDP decreased from 2.73% to 1.02%; and (4) differences between the output value and green output value decreased in over 20 sectors. Finally, some policy implications are given from the perspective of some key sectors of the Manufacturing industry, Agricultural sector, and Transport, storage, and post sector.
Non-point pollution (NPP) has become a major issue of environmental degradation in China. Uncerta... more Non-point pollution (NPP) has become a major issue of environmental degradation in China. Uncertainty, moral hazard, and incomplete knowledge of NPPP make conventional policy instruments applied to point source pollution problems difficult addressing NPP problems. NPP regulatory policies should be designed to induce agricultural producers to change their production practices in ways that improve the environmental. The economic literature on NPP has not considered the possible use of both voluntary and mandatory approaches as complementary parts of a policy package. Factors influencing farmers’ cooperative action to conserve environmental public goods are critical in regulatory policy formation in transitional China with huge amount of small subsistence farmers. Under a changed political environment, a joint effort between government and farmers is the approach most favored to address NPP issues, under which relationships between environmental outcomes and agricultural production mus...
Proceedings of the 2015 3d International Conference on Advanced Information and Communication Technology for Education, 2015
A segmented labor market between rural and urban is an impediment to social transformation in Chi... more A segmented labor market between rural and urban is an impediment to social transformation in China. Our empirical analysis indicates that marital stability via working at the same firm or city with their husbands is the main purpose pursued by MFMWs by virtue of job mobility, young and educated migrant women with low wages and labor-intensive jobs are more likely to change jobs. The majority of MFMWs employed in informal sector change jobs because of mismatch, which is reflected by shorter job tenure, the gap between real and expected wages, and occupations poorly matched with skill requirements of job openings. The segmentedlabor market in transitional China augments the intention of job mobility due to the weak connection between match quality and job experience and lack of job ladders.
Abstract Agricultural chemical use has caused a public concern over environmental issue while dec... more Abstract Agricultural chemical use has caused a public concern over environmental issue while decisions about applying chemicals are made by individual farmers. The critical decision-making role of farmers relative to agricultural chemical use creates a need for accurate information on their perceptions of various chemical-related hazards and the factors that may influence such judgments. Based on data collected from 177 land operators at Xinxiang County in Henan Province of China, an empirical analysis is conducted to examine the relationship between farmers' character and the behavior of fertilizer application. Study findings reveal that: the characteristics of household head and household, and the nature of farming management positively affect the amount of fertilizers applied; information on fertilizers and the knowledge about environmental impact of fertilizer application have negative impacts by contrast. To formulate effective pollution control policies at the farm level, it is imperative for policy-makers to convey information to producers by demonstration projects, technical assistance, and education programs. Under a changed political environment, some combination of education and economic incentives could be lower cost and more effective tools for achieving desired environmental conservative goals.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Based on the value of agricultural farm products produced by different subsectors in China, the f... more Based on the value of agricultural farm products produced by different subsectors in China, the foregoing analysis reveals the dynamic character of agricultural diversification by which, this study seeks to examine the evolutionary process of Chinese agriculture through a quantitative study of agricultural diversification at both national and provincial levels. In the initial stages of reform and opening up, the degree of agricultural diversification in the southwest was relatively high; then the center of agricultural diversification gradually moved to the southeast of China; finally, the degree of agricultural diversification in the economically developed eastern provinces was obviously higher than those in other regions in 2019. It was seen that some provinces in the eastern and central south regions moved toward increasing diversification in one direction, and other provinces changed direction, first moving toward diversification and later toward concentration or vice versa. The...
To pursue sustainable and balanced economic development, it is urgent to transform the economic d... more To pursue sustainable and balanced economic development, it is urgent to transform the economic development models from investment-driven to consumption-led. Factors underlying the consumption pattern of households in China, especially the rising wealth and its impact, deserve special attention from both policy makers and academic researchers. This paper aims to investigate how asset portfolios, consisting of housing asset, financial asset, production asset, durable asset, and vehicle asset affect consumption behavior based on household panel data. It is proved that the composition of asset portfolios significantly affects consumption of households. Asset levels and asset prices have positive influences on household consumption. Furthermore, various household assets have different impacts on household consumption patterns, divided into living type, developing type, and enjoying type of consumption, especially there is a larger wealth effect on developing type of consumption. More im...
To pursue sustainable and balanced economic development, it is urgent to transform the economic d... more To pursue sustainable and balanced economic development, it is urgent to transform the economic development models from investment-driven to consumption-led. Factors underlying the consumption pattern of households in China, especially the rising wealth and its impact, deserve special attention from both policy makers and academic researchers. This paper aims to investigate how asset portfolios, consisting of housing asset, financial asset, production asset, durable asset, and vehicle asset affect consumption behavior based on household panel data. It is proved that the composition of asset portfolios significantly affects consumption of households. Asset levels and asset prices have positive influences on household consumption. Furthermore, various household assets have different impacts on household consumption patterns, divided into living type, developing type, and enjoying type of consumption, especially there is a larger wealth effect on developing type of consumption. More importantly, it shows a pattern of urban and rural dual economic structure. The disparity is even higher from a wealth perspective. The availability to wealth is of great importance. Therefore, the findings suggest inclusive financial reforms to create conditions for promoting property income and facilitating financial capacity of households, which is necessary for policy formation of Chinese economic transition.
Structuring contracts to share interest and risk is the central premise of farmland transfer, yet... more Structuring contracts to share interest and risk is the central premise of farmland transfer, yet the contract framework and its determinants have rarely been empirically tested based on micro-level data. In this study, we aim to examine factors underlying the balanced distribution of residual controls and risk sharing on contract framework by using field surveyed data of 353 individual farmland transfer contracts. Our evidence shows that the policy of farmland property rights registration has a significant effect on the contract framework and supports the implication of enforcement costs exerted by the effects of the scale ratio and the contract form, contract duration, conversion way, and long-lived assets input. Although our findings fail to support the typical implication of risk sharing as an explanation of contract framework of farmland transfer, given the symmetric positions of two contracted parties of rural farmer households, it is proved that right confirmation and contract duration are two important factors underlying contract options.
Capital flows are key variables supporting the sustainability of economic growth. Based on a data... more Capital flows are key variables supporting the sustainability of economic growth. Based on a dataset of 31 provinces in China over 1997–2014, this paper utilizes the system generalized method of moments (System GMM) to investigate the determinants of capital flows and analyses the impact of government size on capital flows. Preliminary results show that government size exerts a negative effect on capital inflows. Specifically, government spending on capital construction and administration crowds out capital inflows significantly, while government spending on science and technology crowds in capital inflows dramatically. In addition, high quality human capital, advanced financial development, and high-level trade openness are conducive to capital inflows. High tax and labor cost impede capital inflows. These results provide proof for China’s government to reduce the size of government spending appropriately and optimize its government expenditure structure for the purpose of crowding...
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