The codigestion of slaughter waste with animal manure can improve its methane yield, and digestio... more The codigestion of slaughter waste with animal manure can improve its methane yield, and digestion parameters; however, limited studies are available for the effectiveness of anaerobic codigestion using swine slaughter waste (SSW) and swine slurry (SS). Hence, this study was conducted to determine the characteristics of SSW and the effect of anaerobic codigestion with (SS) and explored the potential of CH4 production (Mmax), the lag phase period (λ), and effective digestion time (Teff). SSW contains fat and protein contents of 54% and 30% dry weight within 18.2% of solid matters, whereas SS showed only 6% and 28% within 4.1% of solid matters, respectively. During sole anaerobic digestion, SSW produced a high Mmax (711 Nml CH4/g VSadded) but had a long duration λ (~9 days); whereas SS produced a low Mmax (516 Nml CH4/g VSadded) but had a shorter duration λ (1 day). Codigestion increased the Mmax from 22–84% with no significant Teff compared to sole SS digestion. However, the low Mmax...
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2004
Housing and management Experiments were performed at the swine confinement house, located at the ... more Housing and management Experiments were performed at the swine confinement house, located at the Collegiate Livestock Experimental Station at Seoul National University. About 200 growingfattening pigs were housed in the swine confinement house (L×W×H=20 m×12 m×3 m) with a concrete slatted floor. It has two rows, each of which contains ten pens on both sides. Ten crossbred (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc) growingfinishing pigs, which weighed about 45kg, were housed randomly in each pen. All pigs were fed a 16% crude
Journal of the Korea Organic Resource Recycling Association, 2015
Integration of crop-livestock farming has been a problem-solving mode for abatement of environmen... more Integration of crop-livestock farming has been a problem-solving mode for abatement of environmental pollution and recovery of resources in recent years. The objectives of this study were 1) to suggest the customized integration of crop-livestock farming model reflecting the regional characteristics through in-depth analysis of case study and 2) to analyze the livestock nutrients flow in terms of three primary elements as nitrogen(N), phosphorous(P), and potassium(K). The personal interview and survey were carried out in 2012 for a total of 161 farms from four different regions(NS, NW, JJ, YC) in South Korea. The mass balance analysis was used to suggest and evaluate the models for two sites(JJ and YC). The results showed that NS and NW sites produced relatively more livestock manure than the sites of YC and JJ because of the regional differences in livestock numbers and urbanization. The models were suggested for the site JJ and site YC, and 'two track model(energy and resource recovery)' and 'dispersal type model' were assigned respectively. For the nutrient flows, the releasing P and K with new models had increased up to 7%, while N release had decreased down to 15% in both YC and JJ sites compared to the present treatment system. Estimated value showed that there was oversupply of N (719 ton/yr) and P 2 O 5 (1,269 ton/yr) in YC and deficiency of N (671 ton/yr) and excessive P 2 O 5 (32 ton/yr) in JJ respectively. Therefore, P runoff has to be considered an eutrophication occurs in rural small stream when an integration of crop-livestock farm system is applied into both sites.
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2009
Pig slurry is a good soil amendment not only because of its high organic matter content, but also... more Pig slurry is a good soil amendment not only because of its high organic matter content, but also because of its ability to provide various nutrients. The objective of this study was to estimate the influence of raw and processed pig slurry application on pot soil over chemical fertilizer and non-amended control soil. Change in the chemical parameters (pH, organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), macro and micronutrients) and microbial mass of the treated soils were monitored over 30 to 90 days. Pot soil was treated with the recommended dose of pig slurry and chemical fertilizer, and was sampled after 30, 60 and 90 days of incubation. The least significanct difference (p<0.05) was observed on Fe, Cu, Zn, available P and K between treatments. All treatments increased N, P and K content and microbial mass of soil over control soil. Interestingly, no significant effects were detected on OM, OC, total bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi mass in soil irrespective of treatments given. However fungal and bacterial counts, as well as available nutrients, were found to be higher in processed slurry (PS)-treated soil compared to other soils. In general a significant correlation existed between the fungal count and OM, OC, Zn, T Kjeldahl N (TKN), available P and K of soil. A strong negative correlation was observed between pH and Fe in soil. This study clearly demonstrated that the use of processed manure as a fertilizer could be a key for sustainable livestock agriculture.
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2007
The concentration of total dust and total airborne bacteria was found to have a significant corre... more The concentration of total dust and total airborne bacteria was found to have a significant correlation with temperature and relative humidity (p<0.05). Correlation of total dust and total airborne bacteria, total dust and ammonia, and total dust and odor were shown statistically significant at 95% confidence level. In conclusion, temperature and total dust concentration correlated significantly with all the parameters except for hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). This could be explained by the fact the dryness of pig feces by increase of interior temperature and resuspension of feed deposited on the floor by the pig activity, resulted in high generation of dust which adsorbed and carried the airborne bacteria and odor compounds in a confined pig house. It was proved that the adsorptive capacity of dust with ammonia (NH 3) was higher than that with hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S).
The bacterial community assembly patterns and processes are poorly understood in pig manure slurr... more The bacterial community assembly patterns and processes are poorly understood in pig manure slurry. We collected pig manure slurry samples during the winter and summer seasons from eight commercial pig farms in South Korea. The V3 region of 16S rRNA genes was PCR amplified and sequenced using paired-end Illumina technology for in-depth characterization of bacterial community. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Tenericutes were the predominant bacterial phyla present in slurry samples. Bacterial taxonomic community composition was not influenced by the season; however, phylogenetic community composition was affected by seasonal variations. The community composition and diversity patterns were strongly influenced by pH. The bacterial diversity indices showed a unimodal relationship with pH. Phylogenetic signals were detected over only short phylogenetic distances, revealing that closely related bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) tend to co-occur in the same environment; hence, they are ecologically similar. Across all samples, a niche-based process, through strong environmental filtering imposed by pH, primarily governed bacterial community assembly; however, in samples close to the neutral pH range, the role of environmental filtering was decreased due to neutral community assembly. In summary, pH emerged as the major physico-chemical variable in pig manure slurry that regulates the relative importance of niche-based and neutral processes in shaping the community assembly of bacteria.
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2016
We studied airborne contaminants (airborne particulates and odorous compounds) emitted from compo... more We studied airborne contaminants (airborne particulates and odorous compounds) emitted from compost facilities in South Korea. There are primarily two different types of composting systems operating in Korean farms, namely mechanical aerated pile composting (MAPC) and aerated static pile composting (SAPC). In this study, we analyzed various particulate matters (PM10, PM7, PM2.5, PM1, and total suspended particles), volatile organic compounds and ammonia, and correlated these airborne contaminants with microclimatic parameters, i.e., temperature and relative humidity. Most of the analyzed airborne particulates (PM7, PM2.5, and PM1) were detected in high concentration at SAPC facilities compered to MAPC; however these differences were statistically non-significant. Similarly, most of the odorants did not vary significantly between MAPC and SAPC facilities, except for dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and skatole. DMS concentrations were significantly higher in MAPC facilities, whereas skatole concentrations were significantly higher in SAPC facilities. The microclimate variables also did not vary significantly between MAPC and SAPC facilities, and did not correlate significantly with most of the airborne particles and odorous compounds, suggesting that microclimate variables did not influence their emission from compost facilities. These findings provide insight into the airborne contaminants that are emitted from compost facilities and the two different types of composting agitation systems.
Little is known about the seasonal dynamics of biotic contaminants in swine confinement buildings... more Little is known about the seasonal dynamics of biotic contaminants in swine confinement buildings (SCBs). The biotic contaminants of seven SCBs were monitored during one visit in the winter and one during the summer. Paired-end Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, V3 region, was used to examine seasonal shifts in bacterial community composition and diversity. The abundances of 16S rRNA genes and six tetracycline resistance genes (tetB, tetH, tetZ, tetO, tetQ, and tetW) were also quantified using real-time PCR. Bacterial abundances, community composition and diversity all showed strong seasonal patterns defined by winter peaks in abundance and diversity. Microclimatic variables of SCBs, particularly air speed, PM2.5 and total suspended particles (TSP) were found significantly correlated to abundances, community composition, and diversity of bacterial bioaerosols. Seasonal fluctuations were also observed for four tetracycline resistance genes, tetH, tetO, tetQ, and tetW. The frequency of occurrences of these resistance genes were significantly higher in samples collected during winter and was also significantly correlated with air speed, PM2.5 and TSP. Overall, our results indicate that biotic contaminants in SCBs exhibit seasonal trends, and these could be associated with the microclimatic variables of SCBs. The correlations established in the current study could be helpful in establishing better management strategies to minimize the potential health impacts on both livestock and humans working in this environment.
ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mempelajari perubahan sifat limbah cair kotoran babi sebagai ... more ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mempelajari perubahan sifat limbah cair kotoran babi sebagai pupuk organik pada berbagai waktu penyimpanan. Rancangan acak lengkap digunakan pada penelitian ini. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah waktu penyimpanan, yaitu 0, 15, 30, 45, dan 60 hari. Peubah yang diamati meliputi kehilangan limbah cair, derajat keasaman (pH), konduktivitas elektrik (electrical conductivity, EC), kandungan bahan kering (total solid, TS), bahan kering teruapkan (volatile solid, VS), kandungan total chemical oxygen demand total (tCOD), kandungan soluble chemical oxygen demand total (sCOD), kandungan nitrogen total (total nitrogen, TN), kandungan ammonianitrogen (NH 3-N), kandungan nitrat-nitrogen (NO 3-N), Kandungan fosfat total (total phosphate, TP), dan kandungan fosfat terlarut (dissolve reactive phosphate, DRP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu penyimpanan berpengaruh nyata terhadap seluruh peubah yang diamati, kecuali terhadap kandungan nitrat-nitrogen dan kandungan fosfat total. Derajat keasaman, TS, VS, DRP, dan kehilangan limbah cair meningkat selama penyimpanan, sedangkan EC, TN, NH 3-N, tCOD, dan sCOD mengalami penurunan selama penyimpanan. Sifat fi sik dan kimia limbah cair kotoran babi mengalami perubahan selama penyimpanan sebagai hasil perombakan bahan organik yang dikandungnya. Kata kunci: sifat fi sik dan kimia, limbah cair, waktu penyimpanan ABSTRACT This study was aimed to determine changes of the characteristics of raw pig slurry as liquid organic fertilizer at various storage times. A completely randomized design was used in this research. The treatments were storage times, i.e.: 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. Variables observed were loss of the slurry, degree of acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD), soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia-nitrogen (NH 3-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3-N), total phosphate (TP), and dissolve reactive phosphate (DRP). The results showed that storage time signifi cantly aff ected all the observed variables, except the concentration of NO 3-N and total phosphate content. The pH, TS, VS, DRP, and losses of slurry lost during storage times increased, while EC, TN, NH 3-N, tCOD, and sCOD decreased. breakdown.
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2005
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2011
Correlations between environmental parameters (thermal range and noxious gas levels) and the stat... more Correlations between environmental parameters (thermal range and noxious gas levels) and the status (productivity, physiological, and behavioral) of growing pigs were examined for the benefit of pig welfare and precision farming. The livestock experiment was conducted at a Seoul National University station in South Korea. Many variations were applied and the physiological and behavioral responses of the growing pigs were closely observed. Thermal and gas environment parameters were different during the summer and winter seasons, and the environments in the treatments were controlled in different manners. In the end, this study finds that factors such as Average Daily Gain (ADG), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), stress, posture, and eating habits were all affected by the controlled environmental parameters and that appropriate control of the foregoing could contribute to the improvement of precision farming and pig welfare.
h i g h l i g h t s HHV and characteristics of various livestock manure and mixture were determin... more h i g h l i g h t s HHV and characteristics of various livestock manure and mixture were determined. HHV correlations with livestock manures and mixtures characteristics were examined. Lower AAE value was obtained when pig manure excluded from equations database. Proposed equations give better accuracy than previous published equations.
Slurry samples, collected from 41 commercial swine farms in South Korea, were characterized in va... more Slurry samples, collected from 41 commercial swine farms in South Korea, were characterized in various physico-biochemical, macro and micronutrients, heavy metals and microbial parameters. Interestingly, significant variations were observed in all the parameters. However, positive relationships were noticed between EC and ammonia nitrogen (NH 3-N), total nitrogen (TN), total potassium (TK), specific gravity (SG), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), fixed solids (FS), total dissolved solids (TDS) at R 2 = 0.91, 0.74, 0.69, 0.60, 0.50, 0.48, 0.55, and 0.52, respectively. Whereas phosphorous and other nutrients shown poor correlation. Escherichia coli and Salmonella were counted at an average of 5.04 log 10 colony forming unit (CFU)/mL and 3.55 log 10 most probable number (MPN)/mL, respectively. Equations for predicting nutrients content in swine slurries are presented with EC, because it is an easily determinable parameter. The data obtained in this study could be used as a guideline for Good Management Practices in South Korean swine farms as well as other countries.
Background: Due to increased interest in animal welfare, there is now a need for a comprehensive ... more Background: Due to increased interest in animal welfare, there is now a need for a comprehensive assessment protocol to be used in intensive pig farming systems. There are two current welfare assessment protocols for pigs: Welfare Quality® Assessment Protocols (applicable in the Europe Union), that mostly focuses on animal-based measures, and the Swine Welfare Assurance Program (applicable in the United States), that mostly focuses on management-and environment-based measures. In certain cases, however, animal-based measures might not be adequate for properly assessing pig welfare status. Similarly, welfare assessment that relies only on environment-and management-based measures might not represent the actual welfare status of pigs. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to develop a new welfare protocol by integrating animal-, environment-, and management-based measures. The background for selection of certain welfare criteria and modification of the scoring systems from existing welfare assessment protocols are described. Methods: The developed pig welfare assessment protocol consists of 17 criteria that are related to four main principles of welfare (good feeding, good housing, good health, and appropriate behavior). Good feeding, good housing, and good health were assessed using a 3-point scale: 0 (good welfare), 1 (moderate welfare), and 2 (poor welfare). In certain cases, only a 2-point scale was used: 0 (certain condition is present) or 2 (certain condition is absent). Appropriate behavior was assessed by scan sampling of positive and negative social behaviors based on qualitative behavior assessment and human-animal relationship tests. Results: Modification of the body condition score into a 3-point scale revealed pigs with a moderate body condition (score 1). Moreover, additional criteria such as feed quality confirmed that farms had moderate (score 1) or poor feed quality (score 2), especially those farms located in a high relative humidity region. Conclusions: The developed protocol can be utilized to assess welfare status in an intensive pig farming system. Although further improvements are still needed, this study is a first step in developing a pig welfare assessment protocol that combines animal-, environment-, and management-based measures.
Journal of the Korea Organic Resource Recycling Association, 2015
The aim of this study is to determine the removal efficiency of total nitrogen and phosphorus fro... more The aim of this study is to determine the removal efficiency of total nitrogen and phosphorus from treated swine wastewater by Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus var Geode Uksae-1, and to determine its biomass total energy value and biomethane potential. Plants were grown with a bedding mixture either soil and sand or soil, sand, and bioceramic. Treeated swine wastewater with Total nitrogen (TN) and Total phosphorus (TP) of 222.78 mg/L and 66.11 mg/L, respectively, was utilized. The TN and TP removal is higher in the bio-ceramic-soil-sand bedding media treatment. The highest TN removal of 96.14% was performed by Miscanthus sacchariflorus var Geode Uksae-1, but the elemental analysis shows that Phragmites australis contains more nitrogen than Miscanthus sacchariflorus var Geode Uksae-1, indicating higher nitrogen uptake. The highest TP removal of 98.12% was performed by Phragmites australis. The cellulose content of the plant grown with the bioceramic-soil-sand bedding was approximately 3-6% higher than that of the plant grown in the soil-sand bedding. Different growing substrates may have an effect on the fiber content of plants. The biomethane potential of the produced biomass of the plants was between 57.01 and 99.25 L-CH 4 /kg VS. The lignin content is believed to inhibit the breakdown of plant biomass, resulting in the lowest methane production in the Phragmites australis grown in the soil-sand bedding media.
Ambient temperature fluctuations that often yield a negative net energy gain are a problem associ... more Ambient temperature fluctuations that often yield a negative net energy gain are a problem associated with anaerobic digesters in temperate regions. To address this problem, the performance of an underground anaerobic digester (UGAD) was investigated. Because the soil temperature 3.0 m below the surface only varies in a range of ±11.7°C over the seasons, it is possible to achieve a net energy gain. As such, a 20 m 3 UGAD was built and operated under mesophilic conditions from October 2010 to July 2011. The net energy balance for the maintenance of the mesophilic environment, methane production, organic and pathogen removal rate, and free ammonia (FA) concentration were examined. During the winter, when the average ambient temperature was-2.1ºC, the daily net energy gain was 66.4 MJ. In addition, throughout the 268-day observation, the average methane production and specific yield at STP (273 K) were 7.68 m 3 day-1 and 333 L-CH 4 kg-1 COD removed , respectively. The total chemical oxygen demand, 5-day biological oxygen demand, E. coli, and Salmonella removal efficiency were 64.65%, 85.82%, 99.79%, and 99.82%, respectively. The combination of long HRT (27 days) and FA concentration may be the reason for the high pathogen removal efficiency. In addition, FA concentrations ranging from 146.1 to 653.5 mg-N L-1 did not disrupt the anaerobic digestion processes. This study suggests that UGAD can be used as an alternative system for the anaerobic treatment of swine slurry in a temperate region with high organic and pathogen removal efficiency and net energy gain, even during the winter.
In this study, the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from the effluent of treated swine wastewat... more In this study, the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from the effluent of treated swine wastewater by Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Limnobium laevigatum, and Lemna sp. was investigated. This study also aimed to quantify the potential biomass production and lignocellulosic composition of the floating plants cultured in the effluent. Plants were grown in treated swine wastewater effluent or Hoagland's solution. Pistia stratiotes showed the highest total nitrogen removal of 63.15% from the treated effluent. Lemna sp. showed the highest phosphorus removal of 36.15% from the treated effluent. However, Lemna sp. could not be further utilized because the plants could only be cultured for 13 days. The effluent likely had properties that inhibited the growth and nutrient uptake by the plants; further studies would be required to verify these properties. Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes have higher tolerance than Lemna sp. to grow in treated swine wastewater. Eichhornia crassipes produced the highest biomass of 5.19 g dry weight/m 2 /day. Cellulose and lignin contents were higher in the Hoagland's solution treatment when compared with the effluent. However, based on an independent T-test analysis, the cellulose contents of plants grown in different media were not significantly different. Hemicellulose content was significantly different for Pistia stratiotes (p < 0.05). Finally, lignin content was significantly different for Eichhornia crassipes and Lemna sp (p < 0.05). The nutrient composition and available plant nutrients as well as other substances present in the effluent might have influenced the plant cell wall composition.
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2015
A total of 152 pig farms were randomly selected from the five provinces in South Korea. During th... more A total of 152 pig farms were randomly selected from the five provinces in South Korea. During the experiment, the average temperature and relative humidity was 24.7°C and 74% in summer and 2.4°C and 53% in winter, respectively. The correlation between floor space allowance (FSA) and productivity index was analyzed, including non-productive sow days (NPD), number of weaners (NOW), survival rate (SR), appearance rate of A-grade pork (ARA), and days at a slaughter weight of 110 kg (d-SW) at different growth stages. The objectives of the present study were i) to determine the effect of FSA on the pig productivity index and ii) to suggest the minimum FSA for pigs based on scientific baseline data. For the pregnant sow, NPD could be decreased if pregnant sows were raised with a medium level (M) of FSA (3.10 to 3.67 m 2 /head) while also keeping the pig house clean which improves hygiene, and operating the ventilation system properly. For the farrowing sows, the NOW tended to decrease as the FSA increased. Similarly, a high level of FSA (H) is significantly negative with weaner SR of farrowing sows (p-value = 0.017), indicating this FSA tends to depress SR. Therefore, a FSA of 2.30 to 6.40 m 2 /head (very low) could be appropriate for weaners because a limited space can provide a sense of security and protection from external interruptions. The opposite trend was observed that an increase in floor space (>1.12 m 2 /head) leads to increase the SR of growing pigs. For the fattening pigs, H level of FSA was negatively correlated with SR, but M level of FSA was positively correlated with SR, indicating that SR tended to increase with the FSA of 1.10 to 1.27 m 2 /head. In contrast, ARA of male fattening pigs showed opposite results. H level of FSA (1.27 to 1.47 m 2 /head) was suggested to increase productivity because ARA was most affected by H level of space allowance with positive correlation (R 2 = 0.523). The relationship between the FSA and d-SW of fattening pigs was hard to identify because of the low R 2 value. However, the farms that provided a relatively large floor space (1.27 to 1.54 m 2 /head) during the winter period showed d-SW was significantly and negatively affected by FSA.
The codigestion of slaughter waste with animal manure can improve its methane yield, and digestio... more The codigestion of slaughter waste with animal manure can improve its methane yield, and digestion parameters; however, limited studies are available for the effectiveness of anaerobic codigestion using swine slaughter waste (SSW) and swine slurry (SS). Hence, this study was conducted to determine the characteristics of SSW and the effect of anaerobic codigestion with (SS) and explored the potential of CH4 production (Mmax), the lag phase period (λ), and effective digestion time (Teff). SSW contains fat and protein contents of 54% and 30% dry weight within 18.2% of solid matters, whereas SS showed only 6% and 28% within 4.1% of solid matters, respectively. During sole anaerobic digestion, SSW produced a high Mmax (711 Nml CH4/g VSadded) but had a long duration λ (~9 days); whereas SS produced a low Mmax (516 Nml CH4/g VSadded) but had a shorter duration λ (1 day). Codigestion increased the Mmax from 22–84% with no significant Teff compared to sole SS digestion. However, the low Mmax...
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2004
Housing and management Experiments were performed at the swine confinement house, located at the ... more Housing and management Experiments were performed at the swine confinement house, located at the Collegiate Livestock Experimental Station at Seoul National University. About 200 growingfattening pigs were housed in the swine confinement house (L×W×H=20 m×12 m×3 m) with a concrete slatted floor. It has two rows, each of which contains ten pens on both sides. Ten crossbred (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc) growingfinishing pigs, which weighed about 45kg, were housed randomly in each pen. All pigs were fed a 16% crude
Journal of the Korea Organic Resource Recycling Association, 2015
Integration of crop-livestock farming has been a problem-solving mode for abatement of environmen... more Integration of crop-livestock farming has been a problem-solving mode for abatement of environmental pollution and recovery of resources in recent years. The objectives of this study were 1) to suggest the customized integration of crop-livestock farming model reflecting the regional characteristics through in-depth analysis of case study and 2) to analyze the livestock nutrients flow in terms of three primary elements as nitrogen(N), phosphorous(P), and potassium(K). The personal interview and survey were carried out in 2012 for a total of 161 farms from four different regions(NS, NW, JJ, YC) in South Korea. The mass balance analysis was used to suggest and evaluate the models for two sites(JJ and YC). The results showed that NS and NW sites produced relatively more livestock manure than the sites of YC and JJ because of the regional differences in livestock numbers and urbanization. The models were suggested for the site JJ and site YC, and 'two track model(energy and resource recovery)' and 'dispersal type model' were assigned respectively. For the nutrient flows, the releasing P and K with new models had increased up to 7%, while N release had decreased down to 15% in both YC and JJ sites compared to the present treatment system. Estimated value showed that there was oversupply of N (719 ton/yr) and P 2 O 5 (1,269 ton/yr) in YC and deficiency of N (671 ton/yr) and excessive P 2 O 5 (32 ton/yr) in JJ respectively. Therefore, P runoff has to be considered an eutrophication occurs in rural small stream when an integration of crop-livestock farm system is applied into both sites.
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2009
Pig slurry is a good soil amendment not only because of its high organic matter content, but also... more Pig slurry is a good soil amendment not only because of its high organic matter content, but also because of its ability to provide various nutrients. The objective of this study was to estimate the influence of raw and processed pig slurry application on pot soil over chemical fertilizer and non-amended control soil. Change in the chemical parameters (pH, organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), macro and micronutrients) and microbial mass of the treated soils were monitored over 30 to 90 days. Pot soil was treated with the recommended dose of pig slurry and chemical fertilizer, and was sampled after 30, 60 and 90 days of incubation. The least significanct difference (p<0.05) was observed on Fe, Cu, Zn, available P and K between treatments. All treatments increased N, P and K content and microbial mass of soil over control soil. Interestingly, no significant effects were detected on OM, OC, total bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi mass in soil irrespective of treatments given. However fungal and bacterial counts, as well as available nutrients, were found to be higher in processed slurry (PS)-treated soil compared to other soils. In general a significant correlation existed between the fungal count and OM, OC, Zn, T Kjeldahl N (TKN), available P and K of soil. A strong negative correlation was observed between pH and Fe in soil. This study clearly demonstrated that the use of processed manure as a fertilizer could be a key for sustainable livestock agriculture.
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2007
The concentration of total dust and total airborne bacteria was found to have a significant corre... more The concentration of total dust and total airborne bacteria was found to have a significant correlation with temperature and relative humidity (p<0.05). Correlation of total dust and total airborne bacteria, total dust and ammonia, and total dust and odor were shown statistically significant at 95% confidence level. In conclusion, temperature and total dust concentration correlated significantly with all the parameters except for hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). This could be explained by the fact the dryness of pig feces by increase of interior temperature and resuspension of feed deposited on the floor by the pig activity, resulted in high generation of dust which adsorbed and carried the airborne bacteria and odor compounds in a confined pig house. It was proved that the adsorptive capacity of dust with ammonia (NH 3) was higher than that with hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S).
The bacterial community assembly patterns and processes are poorly understood in pig manure slurr... more The bacterial community assembly patterns and processes are poorly understood in pig manure slurry. We collected pig manure slurry samples during the winter and summer seasons from eight commercial pig farms in South Korea. The V3 region of 16S rRNA genes was PCR amplified and sequenced using paired-end Illumina technology for in-depth characterization of bacterial community. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Tenericutes were the predominant bacterial phyla present in slurry samples. Bacterial taxonomic community composition was not influenced by the season; however, phylogenetic community composition was affected by seasonal variations. The community composition and diversity patterns were strongly influenced by pH. The bacterial diversity indices showed a unimodal relationship with pH. Phylogenetic signals were detected over only short phylogenetic distances, revealing that closely related bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) tend to co-occur in the same environment; hence, they are ecologically similar. Across all samples, a niche-based process, through strong environmental filtering imposed by pH, primarily governed bacterial community assembly; however, in samples close to the neutral pH range, the role of environmental filtering was decreased due to neutral community assembly. In summary, pH emerged as the major physico-chemical variable in pig manure slurry that regulates the relative importance of niche-based and neutral processes in shaping the community assembly of bacteria.
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2016
We studied airborne contaminants (airborne particulates and odorous compounds) emitted from compo... more We studied airborne contaminants (airborne particulates and odorous compounds) emitted from compost facilities in South Korea. There are primarily two different types of composting systems operating in Korean farms, namely mechanical aerated pile composting (MAPC) and aerated static pile composting (SAPC). In this study, we analyzed various particulate matters (PM10, PM7, PM2.5, PM1, and total suspended particles), volatile organic compounds and ammonia, and correlated these airborne contaminants with microclimatic parameters, i.e., temperature and relative humidity. Most of the analyzed airborne particulates (PM7, PM2.5, and PM1) were detected in high concentration at SAPC facilities compered to MAPC; however these differences were statistically non-significant. Similarly, most of the odorants did not vary significantly between MAPC and SAPC facilities, except for dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and skatole. DMS concentrations were significantly higher in MAPC facilities, whereas skatole concentrations were significantly higher in SAPC facilities. The microclimate variables also did not vary significantly between MAPC and SAPC facilities, and did not correlate significantly with most of the airborne particles and odorous compounds, suggesting that microclimate variables did not influence their emission from compost facilities. These findings provide insight into the airborne contaminants that are emitted from compost facilities and the two different types of composting agitation systems.
Little is known about the seasonal dynamics of biotic contaminants in swine confinement buildings... more Little is known about the seasonal dynamics of biotic contaminants in swine confinement buildings (SCBs). The biotic contaminants of seven SCBs were monitored during one visit in the winter and one during the summer. Paired-end Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, V3 region, was used to examine seasonal shifts in bacterial community composition and diversity. The abundances of 16S rRNA genes and six tetracycline resistance genes (tetB, tetH, tetZ, tetO, tetQ, and tetW) were also quantified using real-time PCR. Bacterial abundances, community composition and diversity all showed strong seasonal patterns defined by winter peaks in abundance and diversity. Microclimatic variables of SCBs, particularly air speed, PM2.5 and total suspended particles (TSP) were found significantly correlated to abundances, community composition, and diversity of bacterial bioaerosols. Seasonal fluctuations were also observed for four tetracycline resistance genes, tetH, tetO, tetQ, and tetW. The frequency of occurrences of these resistance genes were significantly higher in samples collected during winter and was also significantly correlated with air speed, PM2.5 and TSP. Overall, our results indicate that biotic contaminants in SCBs exhibit seasonal trends, and these could be associated with the microclimatic variables of SCBs. The correlations established in the current study could be helpful in establishing better management strategies to minimize the potential health impacts on both livestock and humans working in this environment.
ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mempelajari perubahan sifat limbah cair kotoran babi sebagai ... more ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mempelajari perubahan sifat limbah cair kotoran babi sebagai pupuk organik pada berbagai waktu penyimpanan. Rancangan acak lengkap digunakan pada penelitian ini. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah waktu penyimpanan, yaitu 0, 15, 30, 45, dan 60 hari. Peubah yang diamati meliputi kehilangan limbah cair, derajat keasaman (pH), konduktivitas elektrik (electrical conductivity, EC), kandungan bahan kering (total solid, TS), bahan kering teruapkan (volatile solid, VS), kandungan total chemical oxygen demand total (tCOD), kandungan soluble chemical oxygen demand total (sCOD), kandungan nitrogen total (total nitrogen, TN), kandungan ammonianitrogen (NH 3-N), kandungan nitrat-nitrogen (NO 3-N), Kandungan fosfat total (total phosphate, TP), dan kandungan fosfat terlarut (dissolve reactive phosphate, DRP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu penyimpanan berpengaruh nyata terhadap seluruh peubah yang diamati, kecuali terhadap kandungan nitrat-nitrogen dan kandungan fosfat total. Derajat keasaman, TS, VS, DRP, dan kehilangan limbah cair meningkat selama penyimpanan, sedangkan EC, TN, NH 3-N, tCOD, dan sCOD mengalami penurunan selama penyimpanan. Sifat fi sik dan kimia limbah cair kotoran babi mengalami perubahan selama penyimpanan sebagai hasil perombakan bahan organik yang dikandungnya. Kata kunci: sifat fi sik dan kimia, limbah cair, waktu penyimpanan ABSTRACT This study was aimed to determine changes of the characteristics of raw pig slurry as liquid organic fertilizer at various storage times. A completely randomized design was used in this research. The treatments were storage times, i.e.: 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. Variables observed were loss of the slurry, degree of acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD), soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia-nitrogen (NH 3-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3-N), total phosphate (TP), and dissolve reactive phosphate (DRP). The results showed that storage time signifi cantly aff ected all the observed variables, except the concentration of NO 3-N and total phosphate content. The pH, TS, VS, DRP, and losses of slurry lost during storage times increased, while EC, TN, NH 3-N, tCOD, and sCOD decreased. breakdown.
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2005
and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study pu... more and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2011
Correlations between environmental parameters (thermal range and noxious gas levels) and the stat... more Correlations between environmental parameters (thermal range and noxious gas levels) and the status (productivity, physiological, and behavioral) of growing pigs were examined for the benefit of pig welfare and precision farming. The livestock experiment was conducted at a Seoul National University station in South Korea. Many variations were applied and the physiological and behavioral responses of the growing pigs were closely observed. Thermal and gas environment parameters were different during the summer and winter seasons, and the environments in the treatments were controlled in different manners. In the end, this study finds that factors such as Average Daily Gain (ADG), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), stress, posture, and eating habits were all affected by the controlled environmental parameters and that appropriate control of the foregoing could contribute to the improvement of precision farming and pig welfare.
h i g h l i g h t s HHV and characteristics of various livestock manure and mixture were determin... more h i g h l i g h t s HHV and characteristics of various livestock manure and mixture were determined. HHV correlations with livestock manures and mixtures characteristics were examined. Lower AAE value was obtained when pig manure excluded from equations database. Proposed equations give better accuracy than previous published equations.
Slurry samples, collected from 41 commercial swine farms in South Korea, were characterized in va... more Slurry samples, collected from 41 commercial swine farms in South Korea, were characterized in various physico-biochemical, macro and micronutrients, heavy metals and microbial parameters. Interestingly, significant variations were observed in all the parameters. However, positive relationships were noticed between EC and ammonia nitrogen (NH 3-N), total nitrogen (TN), total potassium (TK), specific gravity (SG), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), fixed solids (FS), total dissolved solids (TDS) at R 2 = 0.91, 0.74, 0.69, 0.60, 0.50, 0.48, 0.55, and 0.52, respectively. Whereas phosphorous and other nutrients shown poor correlation. Escherichia coli and Salmonella were counted at an average of 5.04 log 10 colony forming unit (CFU)/mL and 3.55 log 10 most probable number (MPN)/mL, respectively. Equations for predicting nutrients content in swine slurries are presented with EC, because it is an easily determinable parameter. The data obtained in this study could be used as a guideline for Good Management Practices in South Korean swine farms as well as other countries.
Background: Due to increased interest in animal welfare, there is now a need for a comprehensive ... more Background: Due to increased interest in animal welfare, there is now a need for a comprehensive assessment protocol to be used in intensive pig farming systems. There are two current welfare assessment protocols for pigs: Welfare Quality® Assessment Protocols (applicable in the Europe Union), that mostly focuses on animal-based measures, and the Swine Welfare Assurance Program (applicable in the United States), that mostly focuses on management-and environment-based measures. In certain cases, however, animal-based measures might not be adequate for properly assessing pig welfare status. Similarly, welfare assessment that relies only on environment-and management-based measures might not represent the actual welfare status of pigs. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to develop a new welfare protocol by integrating animal-, environment-, and management-based measures. The background for selection of certain welfare criteria and modification of the scoring systems from existing welfare assessment protocols are described. Methods: The developed pig welfare assessment protocol consists of 17 criteria that are related to four main principles of welfare (good feeding, good housing, good health, and appropriate behavior). Good feeding, good housing, and good health were assessed using a 3-point scale: 0 (good welfare), 1 (moderate welfare), and 2 (poor welfare). In certain cases, only a 2-point scale was used: 0 (certain condition is present) or 2 (certain condition is absent). Appropriate behavior was assessed by scan sampling of positive and negative social behaviors based on qualitative behavior assessment and human-animal relationship tests. Results: Modification of the body condition score into a 3-point scale revealed pigs with a moderate body condition (score 1). Moreover, additional criteria such as feed quality confirmed that farms had moderate (score 1) or poor feed quality (score 2), especially those farms located in a high relative humidity region. Conclusions: The developed protocol can be utilized to assess welfare status in an intensive pig farming system. Although further improvements are still needed, this study is a first step in developing a pig welfare assessment protocol that combines animal-, environment-, and management-based measures.
Journal of the Korea Organic Resource Recycling Association, 2015
The aim of this study is to determine the removal efficiency of total nitrogen and phosphorus fro... more The aim of this study is to determine the removal efficiency of total nitrogen and phosphorus from treated swine wastewater by Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus var Geode Uksae-1, and to determine its biomass total energy value and biomethane potential. Plants were grown with a bedding mixture either soil and sand or soil, sand, and bioceramic. Treeated swine wastewater with Total nitrogen (TN) and Total phosphorus (TP) of 222.78 mg/L and 66.11 mg/L, respectively, was utilized. The TN and TP removal is higher in the bio-ceramic-soil-sand bedding media treatment. The highest TN removal of 96.14% was performed by Miscanthus sacchariflorus var Geode Uksae-1, but the elemental analysis shows that Phragmites australis contains more nitrogen than Miscanthus sacchariflorus var Geode Uksae-1, indicating higher nitrogen uptake. The highest TP removal of 98.12% was performed by Phragmites australis. The cellulose content of the plant grown with the bioceramic-soil-sand bedding was approximately 3-6% higher than that of the plant grown in the soil-sand bedding. Different growing substrates may have an effect on the fiber content of plants. The biomethane potential of the produced biomass of the plants was between 57.01 and 99.25 L-CH 4 /kg VS. The lignin content is believed to inhibit the breakdown of plant biomass, resulting in the lowest methane production in the Phragmites australis grown in the soil-sand bedding media.
Ambient temperature fluctuations that often yield a negative net energy gain are a problem associ... more Ambient temperature fluctuations that often yield a negative net energy gain are a problem associated with anaerobic digesters in temperate regions. To address this problem, the performance of an underground anaerobic digester (UGAD) was investigated. Because the soil temperature 3.0 m below the surface only varies in a range of ±11.7°C over the seasons, it is possible to achieve a net energy gain. As such, a 20 m 3 UGAD was built and operated under mesophilic conditions from October 2010 to July 2011. The net energy balance for the maintenance of the mesophilic environment, methane production, organic and pathogen removal rate, and free ammonia (FA) concentration were examined. During the winter, when the average ambient temperature was-2.1ºC, the daily net energy gain was 66.4 MJ. In addition, throughout the 268-day observation, the average methane production and specific yield at STP (273 K) were 7.68 m 3 day-1 and 333 L-CH 4 kg-1 COD removed , respectively. The total chemical oxygen demand, 5-day biological oxygen demand, E. coli, and Salmonella removal efficiency were 64.65%, 85.82%, 99.79%, and 99.82%, respectively. The combination of long HRT (27 days) and FA concentration may be the reason for the high pathogen removal efficiency. In addition, FA concentrations ranging from 146.1 to 653.5 mg-N L-1 did not disrupt the anaerobic digestion processes. This study suggests that UGAD can be used as an alternative system for the anaerobic treatment of swine slurry in a temperate region with high organic and pathogen removal efficiency and net energy gain, even during the winter.
In this study, the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from the effluent of treated swine wastewat... more In this study, the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from the effluent of treated swine wastewater by Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Limnobium laevigatum, and Lemna sp. was investigated. This study also aimed to quantify the potential biomass production and lignocellulosic composition of the floating plants cultured in the effluent. Plants were grown in treated swine wastewater effluent or Hoagland's solution. Pistia stratiotes showed the highest total nitrogen removal of 63.15% from the treated effluent. Lemna sp. showed the highest phosphorus removal of 36.15% from the treated effluent. However, Lemna sp. could not be further utilized because the plants could only be cultured for 13 days. The effluent likely had properties that inhibited the growth and nutrient uptake by the plants; further studies would be required to verify these properties. Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes have higher tolerance than Lemna sp. to grow in treated swine wastewater. Eichhornia crassipes produced the highest biomass of 5.19 g dry weight/m 2 /day. Cellulose and lignin contents were higher in the Hoagland's solution treatment when compared with the effluent. However, based on an independent T-test analysis, the cellulose contents of plants grown in different media were not significantly different. Hemicellulose content was significantly different for Pistia stratiotes (p < 0.05). Finally, lignin content was significantly different for Eichhornia crassipes and Lemna sp (p < 0.05). The nutrient composition and available plant nutrients as well as other substances present in the effluent might have influenced the plant cell wall composition.
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2015
A total of 152 pig farms were randomly selected from the five provinces in South Korea. During th... more A total of 152 pig farms were randomly selected from the five provinces in South Korea. During the experiment, the average temperature and relative humidity was 24.7°C and 74% in summer and 2.4°C and 53% in winter, respectively. The correlation between floor space allowance (FSA) and productivity index was analyzed, including non-productive sow days (NPD), number of weaners (NOW), survival rate (SR), appearance rate of A-grade pork (ARA), and days at a slaughter weight of 110 kg (d-SW) at different growth stages. The objectives of the present study were i) to determine the effect of FSA on the pig productivity index and ii) to suggest the minimum FSA for pigs based on scientific baseline data. For the pregnant sow, NPD could be decreased if pregnant sows were raised with a medium level (M) of FSA (3.10 to 3.67 m 2 /head) while also keeping the pig house clean which improves hygiene, and operating the ventilation system properly. For the farrowing sows, the NOW tended to decrease as the FSA increased. Similarly, a high level of FSA (H) is significantly negative with weaner SR of farrowing sows (p-value = 0.017), indicating this FSA tends to depress SR. Therefore, a FSA of 2.30 to 6.40 m 2 /head (very low) could be appropriate for weaners because a limited space can provide a sense of security and protection from external interruptions. The opposite trend was observed that an increase in floor space (>1.12 m 2 /head) leads to increase the SR of growing pigs. For the fattening pigs, H level of FSA was negatively correlated with SR, but M level of FSA was positively correlated with SR, indicating that SR tended to increase with the FSA of 1.10 to 1.27 m 2 /head. In contrast, ARA of male fattening pigs showed opposite results. H level of FSA (1.27 to 1.47 m 2 /head) was suggested to increase productivity because ARA was most affected by H level of space allowance with positive correlation (R 2 = 0.523). The relationship between the FSA and d-SW of fattening pigs was hard to identify because of the low R 2 value. However, the farms that provided a relatively large floor space (1.27 to 1.54 m 2 /head) during the winter period showed d-SW was significantly and negatively affected by FSA.
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