Due to their simple synthesis method and excellent properties, such as superior adsorption and re... more Due to their simple synthesis method and excellent properties, such as superior adsorption and regeneration capabilities, with a large surface area and tunable pores, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a suitable option for wastewater treatment. Although an exponential growth in MOF literature has been observed in recent years, conducting a quantitative literature analysis of MOF application in wastewater treatment is a novelty. To fill this gap, a total of 1187 relevant publications were extracted from the Web of Science, published during the last 50 years, and analyzed using bibliometric and content analysis techniques. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to reveal growing publication trends, leading journals, prolific countries, and organizations; whereas, a content analysis was used to highlight key research themes and hot topics in this field. The analyses revealed that there is a strong international collaboration among authors, countries, and organizations. Che...
This work discusses the synthesis and characterizations of the newly developed composite membrane... more This work discusses the synthesis and characterizations of the newly developed composite membranes based on chitosan/phthaloyl chitosan (Cs/PhCs) as a matrix with various compositions of multi-walled carbon nanotube/montmorillonite (MWCNT/MMT) filler. The Cs/PhCs/MWCNT/MMT composite membranes are synthesized via the solvent evaporation method and were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and DMFC single cell test. The FTIR characterization result showed that all membranes have origin peaks at 3433, 2943, and 1525 cm-1 contributed to vibrations of O-H, C-H, and N-H group, respectively. Meanwhile, the composite membranes with 7.5 and 8 wt.% filler have characteristic peaks of vibration Si-O-Si, Si-OH, and Si-O at 1209, 886, and 591 cm-1 respectively. Cross-sectional micrographs of SEM and AFM revealed that the composite membrane with 7.5 wt.% filler had modera...
A coherent review on the advanced Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for direct methanol fuel cell ... more A coherent review on the advanced Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) application and the future direction in the development of a high performance polymeric membrane for DMFC were discussed in this paper. PEMs have a profound influence on performance of DMFC. The PEMs are categorized into five groups which are partially fluorinated, perfluorinated ionomers, acid-base complexes, non-fluorinated ionomers, hydro carbon and aromatic polymers. Many researchers have investigated the functionalization methods on the PEMs to solve methanol crossover problem while obtaining low electronic conductivity, high proton conductivity, low electro osmotic drag coefficient, high mechanical properties and good chemical and thermal stability. Including in this review, fabrication of PEM using electrospinning process coupled with the promising functionalized polymeric materials which were known to be the most important initiatives at present in order to further expand the full potential of DMFC performance.
Synthetic Polymeric Membranes for Advanced Water Treatment, Gas Separation, and Energy Sustainability, 2020
Abstract In this chapter, we summarize some important parameters regarding the proton exchange me... more Abstract In this chapter, we summarize some important parameters regarding the proton exchange membrane (PEM) in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) system. The PEM mainly consists of a solid polymer that can be either natural or synthetic. Synthetic polymers are much easier to handle due to their natural, man-made production. The purpose is to present the type of membrane structure that is commonly governed in DMFC applications. Other than that, membrane fabrication methods, membrane characterization, and separation mechanisms that occur inside the polymer matrix are disclosed in this chapter. The potential applications of DMFC in various field is also explored. Therefore, by analyzing all of the above concerns, it was assumed that the understanding of DMFC systems could be further clarified, which is not only restricted to dense membranes, but also to porous membranes.
Abstract The imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystals were synthesized by in -situ growth techniq... more Abstract The imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystals were synthesized by in -situ growth techniques inside the pore of porous poly ether sulfone (PES) in order to fabricate a composite PES/ZIF-8 electrolyte membrane for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. In situ techniques by adapting the filtration method was adhered in this study. It was found that the proton conductivity (17.9 × 10−3 Scm−1) was drastically increased for PES/ZIF-8 as compared to pristine PES membrane (0.21 × 10−3 Scm−1). However, the methanol barrier property was slightly decreased from 2.07 × 10−7 cm2s−1 to 3.88 × 10−7 cm2s−1 for PES and PES/ZIF-8 membranes, respectively. The introduction of ZIF-8 in PES membranes not only improve proton conductivity, but also positively affected the mechanical stability of PES/ZIF-8 with 1.73-fold lower of swelling ratio even though the water uptake increased by 2.08 folds. In spite of the increment in methanol permeability, selectivity of PES/ZIF-8 membrane was 6 folds and 2 folds higher than pristine PES and Nafion®, respectively which indicated that the potential for PES/ZIF-8 to be a good candidate for electrolyte in DMFC applications. Nonetheless, via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a good distribution of ZIF-8 crystals inside the pore of PES membranes which proven that the effectiveness of filtration techniques for ZIF-8 crystals in-situ growth synthesized within the pores.
Emergence of nanotechnology has resulted in the introduction of the electrospinning process in fa... more Emergence of nanotechnology has resulted in the introduction of the electrospinning process in fabricating and characterising the polymer electrolyte membrane from the sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) nanocomposite membrane comprised of electrospun Cloisite15A® (e-spun CL) for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). Poly (ether ether ketone) polymer is sulfonated up to 63% by sulfuric acid. SPEEK63/e-spun CL nanofbers were fabricated via electrospinning in which SPEEK63 was used as carrier polymer while the SPEEK63/e-spun CL nanocomposite membrane was obtained by the casting method. Characterizations on physical, morphological and thermal properties of SPEEK63/e-spun CL were conducted and compared to the SPEEK membrane fabricated by casting simple mixing 2.5wt.% Cloisite15A® and 5.0wt.% triaminopyrimidine solution (SPEEK63/2.5CL/5.0TAP). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed well electrospun Cloisite15A® with an average diameter nanofber around 187.4 nm. Moreover, feld emi...
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging material class for the past few years due to its tai... more Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging material class for the past few years due to its tailorability characteristics for various applications. However, the research and development (RD in conjunction with the properties, the synthesis and fabrication of ZIF-8 membrane as alternative proton conductor and methanol barrier for DMFC application have also been highlighted.
Membrane morphology plays a great role in determining the performance of polymer electrolyte memb... more Membrane morphology plays a great role in determining the performance of polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs), especially for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. Membrane morphology can be divided into two types, which are dense and porous structures. Membrane fabrication methods have different configurations, including dense, thin and thick, layered, sandwiched and pore-filling membranes. All these types of membranes possess the same densely packed structural morphology, which limits the transportation of protons, even at a low methanol crossover. This paper summarizes our work on the development of PEMs with various structures and architecture that can affect the membrane’s performance, in terms of microstructures and morphologies, for potential applications in DMFCs. An understanding of the transport behavior of protons and methanol within the pores’ limits could give some perspective in the delivery of new porous electrolyte membranes for DMFC applications.
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) is an electrolyte which behaves as important indicator for fuel ce... more Proton exchange membrane (PEM) is an electrolyte which behaves as important indicator for fuel cell’s performance. Research and development (R&D) on fabrication of desirable PEM have burgeoned year by year, especially for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). However, most of the R&Ds only focus on the parent polymer electrolyte rather than polymer inorganic composites. This might be due to the difficulties faced in producing good dispersion of inorganic filler within the polymer matrix, which would consequently reduce the DMFC’s performance. Electrospinning is a promising technique to cater for this arising problem owing to its more widespread dispersion of inorganic filler within the polymer matrix, which can reduce the size of the filler up to nanoscale. There has been a huge development on fabricating electrolyte nanocomposite membrane, regardless of the effect of electrospun nanocomposite membrane on the fuel cell’s performance. In this present paper, issues regarding the R&D on el...
usage which contributes to the environmental issues. Among the type of existing renewable energy,... more usage which contributes to the environmental issues. Among the type of existing renewable energy, fuel cells is the most promising renewable energy sources since the energy can be directly converted from combustible of fuel. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) is the heart of the fuel cells system. The research and development on proton electrolyte membrane is keep burgeoned. Even though the studies of the electrolyte nanocomposite membrane for fuel cell application are quite various but only a few studies focused on the effect of electrospun nanocomposite membrane on the performance of proton electrolyte membrane. This review is focusing on the electrospinning process for the preparation of electrospun fiber membrane. This review is concentrates on polymer based membrane electrospun nanofiber and their influence on proton conductivity as well as on fuel crossover barrier properties. The proton conductivity and fuel crossover can be improved by fully exfoliated structure of nanocompo...
Due to their simple synthesis method and excellent properties, such as superior adsorption and re... more Due to their simple synthesis method and excellent properties, such as superior adsorption and regeneration capabilities, with a large surface area and tunable pores, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a suitable option for wastewater treatment. Although an exponential growth in MOF literature has been observed in recent years, conducting a quantitative literature analysis of MOF application in wastewater treatment is a novelty. To fill this gap, a total of 1187 relevant publications were extracted from the Web of Science, published during the last 50 years, and analyzed using bibliometric and content analysis techniques. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to reveal growing publication trends, leading journals, prolific countries, and organizations; whereas, a content analysis was used to highlight key research themes and hot topics in this field. The analyses revealed that there is a strong international collaboration among authors, countries, and organizations. Che...
This work discusses the synthesis and characterizations of the newly developed composite membrane... more This work discusses the synthesis and characterizations of the newly developed composite membranes based on chitosan/phthaloyl chitosan (Cs/PhCs) as a matrix with various compositions of multi-walled carbon nanotube/montmorillonite (MWCNT/MMT) filler. The Cs/PhCs/MWCNT/MMT composite membranes are synthesized via the solvent evaporation method and were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and DMFC single cell test. The FTIR characterization result showed that all membranes have origin peaks at 3433, 2943, and 1525 cm-1 contributed to vibrations of O-H, C-H, and N-H group, respectively. Meanwhile, the composite membranes with 7.5 and 8 wt.% filler have characteristic peaks of vibration Si-O-Si, Si-OH, and Si-O at 1209, 886, and 591 cm-1 respectively. Cross-sectional micrographs of SEM and AFM revealed that the composite membrane with 7.5 wt.% filler had modera...
A coherent review on the advanced Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for direct methanol fuel cell ... more A coherent review on the advanced Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) application and the future direction in the development of a high performance polymeric membrane for DMFC were discussed in this paper. PEMs have a profound influence on performance of DMFC. The PEMs are categorized into five groups which are partially fluorinated, perfluorinated ionomers, acid-base complexes, non-fluorinated ionomers, hydro carbon and aromatic polymers. Many researchers have investigated the functionalization methods on the PEMs to solve methanol crossover problem while obtaining low electronic conductivity, high proton conductivity, low electro osmotic drag coefficient, high mechanical properties and good chemical and thermal stability. Including in this review, fabrication of PEM using electrospinning process coupled with the promising functionalized polymeric materials which were known to be the most important initiatives at present in order to further expand the full potential of DMFC performance.
Synthetic Polymeric Membranes for Advanced Water Treatment, Gas Separation, and Energy Sustainability, 2020
Abstract In this chapter, we summarize some important parameters regarding the proton exchange me... more Abstract In this chapter, we summarize some important parameters regarding the proton exchange membrane (PEM) in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) system. The PEM mainly consists of a solid polymer that can be either natural or synthetic. Synthetic polymers are much easier to handle due to their natural, man-made production. The purpose is to present the type of membrane structure that is commonly governed in DMFC applications. Other than that, membrane fabrication methods, membrane characterization, and separation mechanisms that occur inside the polymer matrix are disclosed in this chapter. The potential applications of DMFC in various field is also explored. Therefore, by analyzing all of the above concerns, it was assumed that the understanding of DMFC systems could be further clarified, which is not only restricted to dense membranes, but also to porous membranes.
Abstract The imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystals were synthesized by in -situ growth techniq... more Abstract The imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystals were synthesized by in -situ growth techniques inside the pore of porous poly ether sulfone (PES) in order to fabricate a composite PES/ZIF-8 electrolyte membrane for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. In situ techniques by adapting the filtration method was adhered in this study. It was found that the proton conductivity (17.9 × 10−3 Scm−1) was drastically increased for PES/ZIF-8 as compared to pristine PES membrane (0.21 × 10−3 Scm−1). However, the methanol barrier property was slightly decreased from 2.07 × 10−7 cm2s−1 to 3.88 × 10−7 cm2s−1 for PES and PES/ZIF-8 membranes, respectively. The introduction of ZIF-8 in PES membranes not only improve proton conductivity, but also positively affected the mechanical stability of PES/ZIF-8 with 1.73-fold lower of swelling ratio even though the water uptake increased by 2.08 folds. In spite of the increment in methanol permeability, selectivity of PES/ZIF-8 membrane was 6 folds and 2 folds higher than pristine PES and Nafion®, respectively which indicated that the potential for PES/ZIF-8 to be a good candidate for electrolyte in DMFC applications. Nonetheless, via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a good distribution of ZIF-8 crystals inside the pore of PES membranes which proven that the effectiveness of filtration techniques for ZIF-8 crystals in-situ growth synthesized within the pores.
Emergence of nanotechnology has resulted in the introduction of the electrospinning process in fa... more Emergence of nanotechnology has resulted in the introduction of the electrospinning process in fabricating and characterising the polymer electrolyte membrane from the sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) nanocomposite membrane comprised of electrospun Cloisite15A® (e-spun CL) for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). Poly (ether ether ketone) polymer is sulfonated up to 63% by sulfuric acid. SPEEK63/e-spun CL nanofbers were fabricated via electrospinning in which SPEEK63 was used as carrier polymer while the SPEEK63/e-spun CL nanocomposite membrane was obtained by the casting method. Characterizations on physical, morphological and thermal properties of SPEEK63/e-spun CL were conducted and compared to the SPEEK membrane fabricated by casting simple mixing 2.5wt.% Cloisite15A® and 5.0wt.% triaminopyrimidine solution (SPEEK63/2.5CL/5.0TAP). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed well electrospun Cloisite15A® with an average diameter nanofber around 187.4 nm. Moreover, feld emi...
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging material class for the past few years due to its tai... more Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging material class for the past few years due to its tailorability characteristics for various applications. However, the research and development (RD in conjunction with the properties, the synthesis and fabrication of ZIF-8 membrane as alternative proton conductor and methanol barrier for DMFC application have also been highlighted.
Membrane morphology plays a great role in determining the performance of polymer electrolyte memb... more Membrane morphology plays a great role in determining the performance of polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs), especially for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. Membrane morphology can be divided into two types, which are dense and porous structures. Membrane fabrication methods have different configurations, including dense, thin and thick, layered, sandwiched and pore-filling membranes. All these types of membranes possess the same densely packed structural morphology, which limits the transportation of protons, even at a low methanol crossover. This paper summarizes our work on the development of PEMs with various structures and architecture that can affect the membrane’s performance, in terms of microstructures and morphologies, for potential applications in DMFCs. An understanding of the transport behavior of protons and methanol within the pores’ limits could give some perspective in the delivery of new porous electrolyte membranes for DMFC applications.
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) is an electrolyte which behaves as important indicator for fuel ce... more Proton exchange membrane (PEM) is an electrolyte which behaves as important indicator for fuel cell’s performance. Research and development (R&D) on fabrication of desirable PEM have burgeoned year by year, especially for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). However, most of the R&Ds only focus on the parent polymer electrolyte rather than polymer inorganic composites. This might be due to the difficulties faced in producing good dispersion of inorganic filler within the polymer matrix, which would consequently reduce the DMFC’s performance. Electrospinning is a promising technique to cater for this arising problem owing to its more widespread dispersion of inorganic filler within the polymer matrix, which can reduce the size of the filler up to nanoscale. There has been a huge development on fabricating electrolyte nanocomposite membrane, regardless of the effect of electrospun nanocomposite membrane on the fuel cell’s performance. In this present paper, issues regarding the R&D on el...
usage which contributes to the environmental issues. Among the type of existing renewable energy,... more usage which contributes to the environmental issues. Among the type of existing renewable energy, fuel cells is the most promising renewable energy sources since the energy can be directly converted from combustible of fuel. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) is the heart of the fuel cells system. The research and development on proton electrolyte membrane is keep burgeoned. Even though the studies of the electrolyte nanocomposite membrane for fuel cell application are quite various but only a few studies focused on the effect of electrospun nanocomposite membrane on the performance of proton electrolyte membrane. This review is focusing on the electrospinning process for the preparation of electrospun fiber membrane. This review is concentrates on polymer based membrane electrospun nanofiber and their influence on proton conductivity as well as on fuel crossover barrier properties. The proton conductivity and fuel crossover can be improved by fully exfoliated structure of nanocompo...
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