Background: The diversity of bags and backpacks available in the market, coupled with the disrega... more Background: The diversity of bags and backpacks available in the market, coupled with the disregard for the negative physiological consequences or musculoskeletal disorders resulting from improper carrying, effects on the students' physical condition. If this continues, it can lead to morphological changes in skeletal structure in later ages. Therefore, this study conducted to investigate the relationship between BCM and associated musculoskeletal problems among students and guide for ergonomics design. Materials and Methods: This analytical descriptive study conducted among students in Ardabil over a 1-year period (2023). In the study, using cluster-sampling method, 723 male and female students were selected and included. The data collected from this study gathered using the localized Nordic questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Part of expert panel-based content analysis is done. Result: The average age, height, and weight of the participants were 31.5 1.10 years, 34.7 7.134 centimeters, and 87.6 70.33 kilograms, respectively. The frequency of carrying bags and backpacks methods in types A, B, C, and D was 176, 258, 69, and 202 people, respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence percentage of musculoskeletal pain in boys reported to be the highest and lowest in the shoulder and elbow regions, respectively. Among the participating girls in the study, the highest and lowest reported amounts of pain related to the shoulder and neck regions, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicate a noteworthy association between "BCM" and "MSDs" (P-Value ˂0.0001), as well as "BMI" and "MSDs" (P-Value ˂0.0001). Conclusions: Shoulder pain has been found to be most common, with a notable connection between musculoskeletal issues, body mass index, gender, and educational levels of students. It is recommended that officials and parents prioritize standardizing school bags, providing designated spaces to prevent carrying unnecessary items, and ensuring students receive proper BCM training
Background: People's participation in more efficient control of the disease and public awareness ... more Background: People's participation in more efficient control of the disease and public awareness about the risk of COVID-19 affect their preventive behavior. This study examines the level of fear of COVID-19 infection in Iranian society after returning to social activities and business reopening. Methods: This Cross-Sectional study consisted of urban dwellers in Iran, and the data gathering tool was a researcher-designed questionnaire. To design the instrument, the authors interviewed experts and ordinary people to determine the key questions. Then, the questions were modified and finalized based on the experts' feedback and a reexamination by the experts after two weeks. An online version of the questionnaire was disseminated using social networks. 168 people were included in the study by the available sampling method. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics methods. Quantitative data as mean and standard deviation were reported, and the qualitative data were reported as numbers. Chi-square test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used to examine the relationship between questions related to COVID-19 infection fear and demographic variables. Data analyses were done in SPSS 20. Results: The study was carried out on 168 participants, and 78 of them were employees of different offices. The participants believed that among the ways of spreading the disease, kissing and hugging (n=142, 84.5%), shaking hands (n=127, 75.6%), contact with the saliva of an infected person (n=116, 69.0%), and spread through the air (n=60, 35.7%) had the highest frequencies. Conclusion: Fear of COVID-19 infection in the participants was at moderate and above moderate levels. The participants also hoped that the vaccine would be found and made available to the public. Policy-makers in the health sector can use the results.
BACKGROUND: Nursing is associated with many stressful situations that can lead to fatigue, reduce... more BACKGROUND: Nursing is associated with many stressful situations that can lead to fatigue, reduced efficiency, and physical and mental illness. Safety climate is one of the most important indicators of safety management performance assessment that assesses employees' attitudes towards safety issues. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between safety climate and occupational fatigue in nurses. METHOD: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Zabol University of Medical Sciences in 2019. 143 nurses were selected by the proportional sampling method and entered the study. Demographic
BACKGROUND: The staff of health and dentistry schools can play an important role in encouraging s... more BACKGROUND: The staff of health and dentistry schools can play an important role in encouraging students and their clients to adopt health and preventive behaviors. The aim of this study was to compare health-promoting behaviors in staff and students of health and dental schools in Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (ARUMS). METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2021. The research population was staff and students of health and dental schools. Staff sampling was by census and students were sampled by simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been confirmed in previous studies. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and analytical statistics tests using SPSS version 20 software. Linear regression was performed using stepwise method. RESULTS: The results showed that the mean score of the individuals was 99.2 ± 20.24. In the leveling, the behaviors of 33 people (17.55%) were appropriate, desirable and good, and the health-promoting behaviors, 154 people (82.45%), were moderate and low. The correlation between age, gender, marital status, and workplace of the individuals with health-promoting behaviors was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The output of stepwise regression analysis showed that the variables were significant and could predict the scores of health-promoting behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Health-promoting behaviors in <20% of students and staff are desirable, and in more than 80% of them are moderate and poor. Therefore, educational administrators should use these results in curriculum planning to increase health-promoting behaviors of students and staff. The score of health-promoting behaviors is related to the above-mentioned areas, but the relationship may not be linear.
BACKGROUND: Nursing is one of the most stressful occupations. Educational intervention regarding ... more BACKGROUND: Nursing is one of the most stressful occupations. Educational intervention regarding stress management can play an important role in reducing occupational stress among nurses The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of educational intervention on reducing oxidative stress caused by occupational stress in nurses: A health promotion approach in a hospital in western Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present interventional study was performed in 2019 among 92 nurses working at the Kosar Hospital located in the city of Sanandaj in the country of Iran. Occupational stress was evaluated using the Osipow Occupational Stress Questionnaire. Oxidative stress was measured by taking blood samples and measuring the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde, and catalase (CAT) using SOD, malondialdehyde (MDA), and CAT kits. Educational intervention was carried out in the second stage. Three months after the intervention, data were taken again. RESULTS: The results of the present study indicated that there was a significant difference in occupational stress between before and after the educational intervention (P < 0.05). A significant reduction in MDA (P = 0.038) and SOD (P = 0.048) was observed after educational intervention, but this was not the case for CAT (P = 0.592). There was no significant correlation between occupational stress with oxidative stress parameters before and after the educational intervention (P < 0.05). No significant difference in occupational stress was observed between men and women. Among the oxidative stress parameters under evaluation, MDA was higher among men compared to women and this was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Educational intervention regarding occupational stress is effective in reducing oxidative stress among nurses. The group meetings teach stress management to the participants and enable them to better manage their stress by utilizing their own capabilities. Thus, attention to this issue is vital in maintaining the mental and physical health of nurses and, in turn, improves the quality of care rendered.
BACKGROUND: Medical students are exposed to stresses which have irreversible consequences, such a... more BACKGROUND: Medical students are exposed to stresses which have irreversible consequences, such as suicidal ideation. The present study aimed to investigate the level of occupational stress in medical students and its relationship with the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attention among them and then provide mental health promotion approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 325 undergraduate medical students residing at the dormitory of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was determined by the census method. Osipow and Suicide Behaviors Questionnaires were used to measure job stress and suicidal ideation, respectively. The condition of entry into the study was living in the dormitory and spent at least one semester. Linear regression and logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between variables. RESULTS: The mean score of occupational stress among students with a mean age of 21 (±2.18) years was 158.84 (±27.07) and 60% (n = 180) of students had high levels of stress. There was a significant relationship between age and educational level with stress level and suicidal ideation (P < 0.05). They had the highest effect on stress (P = 0.031) and suicidal ideation (P = 0.001), respectively, among students. High level of stress was 11.829 times more likely to have suicidal thoughts than low-stress level (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Stress and suicidal ideation are much higher in students of lower semesters and lower ages than students with higher semesters. Students should learn how and with what approach to control and manage exposure to stressors. Measures such as holding stress management training courses as well as managing stressful situations are among the effective measures in improving mental health and reducing stress levels and its effects.
Background: Major injuries and death in accidents have roots in drowsiness. Sleepiness is a main ... more Background: Major injuries and death in accidents have roots in drowsiness. Sleepiness is a main result of insufficient sleep. It is vital to explore drowsiness and its level. There are various sorts of methods in the forms of subjective and objective approaches. The goal of this study was to detect the association of subjective and interpretive drowsiness with facial dynamic changes. Association of Subjective and Interpretive Drowsiness with Facial Dynamic Changes In Simulator Driving: The Steps of proposed drowsiness detection system design based on image processing in simulator driving
Purpose Global warming and air pollution are among the most important problems all over the world... more Purpose Global warming and air pollution are among the most important problems all over the world. Considering the key role of traffic officers who saliently deal with traffic management and are in full, constant and direct exposure to thermal stress and air pollution index, this study aims to investigate the simultaneous effects of these factors on the body temperature of traffic officers in the main squares of Tehran. Methods This study was conducted among 119 traffic officers who were working in 29 squares of Tehran, located near the active pollutant's stations during 2017. Samples were selected by the census method. Environmental parameters such as air temperature (dry and wet), radiation temperature, the level of air pollution in the main squares and characteristics of officers such as body temperature and the Wet-Bulb-Globe-Temperature (WBGT) index were evaluated. Data were analyzed through independent samples t-test and factorial ANOVA with a p value of p ≤ 0.05 in SPSS software. Results There was no significant relationship between air pollution and ear temperature, but there was a statistically significant difference between the wet-bulb temperature and the ear temperature (t = 26.4, P < 0.001). The interaction effect of air pollution and wet-bulb temperature on the ear temperature was also significant (F = 3.98, P = 0.048). Conclusion Exposure to heat and air pollution affects body temperature, with its greatest impact on the temperature of the ear. More studies are recommended to be conducted in these field and other factors such as demographic and environmental factors at different times of the year should be investigated. Accordingly, some interventions should be implemented to reduce the vulnerability of officers based on the findings of the research.
Purpose Global warming and air pollution are among the most important problems all over the world... more Purpose Global warming and air pollution are among the most important problems all over the world. Considering the key role of traffic officers who saliently deal with traffic management and are in full, constant and direct exposure to thermal stress and air pollution index, this study aims to investigate the simultaneous effects of these factors on the body temperature of traffic officers in the main squares of Tehran. Methods This study was conducted among 119 traffic officers who were working in 29 squares of Tehran, located near the active pollutant's stations during 2017. Samples were selected by the census method. Environmental parameters such as air temperature (dry and wet), radiation temperature, the level of air pollution in the main squares and characteristics of officers such as body temperature and the Wet-Bulb-Globe-Temperature (WBGT) index were evaluated. Data were analyzed through independent samples t-test and factorial ANOVA with a p value of p ≤ 0.05 in SPSS software. Results There was no significant relationship between air pollution and ear temperature, but there was a statistically significant difference between the wet-bulb temperature and the ear temperature (t = 26.4, P < 0.001). The interaction effect of air pollution and wet-bulb temperature on the ear temperature was also significant (F = 3.98, P = 0.048). Conclusion Exposure to heat and air pollution affects body temperature, with its greatest impact on the temperature of the ear. More studies are recommended to be conducted in these field and other factors such as demographic and environmental factors at different times of the year should be investigated. Accordingly, some interventions should be implemented to reduce the vulnerability of officers based on the findings of the research.
BACKGROUND: Promoting the well-being of students and teachers should be the goal of school mental... more BACKGROUND: Promoting the well-being of students and teachers should be the goal of school mental health programs. A large body of evidence has highlighted that there is an emerging concern regarding the increasing stresses that teachers are dealing with. Burnout is a psychophysical state that is characterized by emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and low sense of personal accomplishment (PA). We aimed to assess burnout level in teachers' population and its correlation with demographic characteristics because it not only can be affected teachers' health promotion but also student well-being promotion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present cross-sectional study, 322 high-schoolteachers from the second district of Tehran were randomly selected and were asked to complete the standard Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire to evaluate the three areas of burnout. In addition, participants were interviewed for their demographic status (IR.TUMS.MEDICINE.REC.1397.473). RESULTS: The results of this study showed that male teachers exhibit significantly lower score compared with female ones in all three indicators of burnout including EE, DP, and PA (P < 0.05). The number of children teachers and income level in men also influenced all three indices (P < 0.05). Regarding the impact of spouse's job status on burnout in men and women, PA was the only unaffected area (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, none of the demographic characteristics effected burnout domains in female teacher population. CONCLUSION: Considering the results of this study that shows the higher burnout level in male teachers and its association with several demographic characteristics such as income level and number of children, special attention should be paid to this gender to reduce possible stress and mental illness.
BACKGROUND: Safety climate is a common insight of staff that indicates individuals' attitudes tow... more BACKGROUND: Safety climate is a common insight of staff that indicates individuals' attitudes toward safety and priority of safety at work. OBJECTIVE: Nursing is a risky job where paying attention to safety is crucial. The assessment of the safety climate is one of the methods to measure the safety conditions in this occupation. The aim of this study was to assess the safety climate of rehabilitation nurses working in hospitals in Tehran. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study which was carried out on 140 rehabilitation nurses selected from all hospitals and clinics in Tehran in 2019. To collect the required data, a two-section questionnaire was used. The first section was related to demographic factors and the second part (22 statements) was to measure the safety climate using nurses' safety climate assessment questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS V16 using independent t-test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test at the 5% level. RESULT: Findings showed that the total mean of safety climate was 3.06 ± 0.56. According to the results, a significant difference was found between the positive and negative satisfaction of nurses with safety climates (P-value = 0.03), communication with nurses (P-value = 0.01) and supervisors' attitude (P-value = 0.02). Furthermore, a significant difference in safety climate between the individual with the second job and the individual without second could be observed (P-value = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the safety climate was not at an acceptable level. Thus, it is essential to introduce safety training courses (e.g. safety, work-rest balance, and so on) and to improve the safety performance at work.
BACKGROUND: Many work-related fatalities happen every year in electricity distribution companies.... more BACKGROUND: Many work-related fatalities happen every year in electricity distribution companies. This study was conducted to model accidents using the time series analysis and survey descriptive factors of injuries in an electricity distribution company in Tehran, Iran. METHODS: Data related to 2010 to 2017 were collected from the database of the safety department. Time series and trend analysis were used for data analyzing and anticipating the accidents up to 2022. RESULT: Most of the accidents occurred in summer. Workers' negligence was the reason for 75% of deaths. Employment type and type of injuries had a significant relationship (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The anticipating model indicated occupational injuries are going to have an increase in the future. A high rate of accidents in summer maybe because of the warm weather or insufficient skills in temporary workers. Temporary workers have no chance to work in a year like permanent workers, therefore acquisition experiences may be less in them. Based on the estimating model, management should pay attention to those sectors of the company where most of the risky activities take place. Also, training programs and using personal protective equipment can help to protect workers in hazardous conditions.
and to find solutions for managing the relevant health problems. METHODS: In this cross-sectional... more and to find solutions for managing the relevant health problems. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the Survey of Shift workers (SOS) questionnaire and the Personal Information Form were used to collect data related to demographics and working conditions of 1259 randomly selected nurses working at Tehran University Subsidiary Hospital as statistical population. RESULTS: According to the results, psychological disorders (95%), digestive problems (85%) and social problems (80%) were the most frequent problems among the subjects. Additionally, the satisfaction rate was higher among the volunteer nurses compared to nurses who were forced to do shift work (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The nurses volunteered for shift work had higher satisfaction rate compared to nurses forced to shift work system; moreover, they had more job satisfaction and less shift work-related complaints. Therefore, it is important to select the nurses who are volunteer for shift work system. In addition, the shift work schedule in hospitals should be set based on workload and requirements because the shift schedule can adversely influence the social and family issues of the nurses, as well as their sleep quality and body biological process.
Introduction and aim: Nowadays, the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) outbreak has become a special ... more Introduction and aim: Nowadays, the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) outbreak has become a special and important problem in human societies. Unfortunately, this disease has led to extensive damage and injuries. This study aimed to investigate and compare the feedback obtained from the level of preventive behaviors of Iranians from getting Covid-19 in 1399 and 1400. Methods: In the present descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 744 participants in the years 1399 and 1400 were included in the study by available sampling method. The data collection tool was an electronic questionnaire that was made available to users via the Internet. To describe the quantitative data, the findings were expressed as Mean ± SD, and frequency was used to describe the qualitative data. Data were recorded and analyzed using Excel software version 2016. Results: In this study, individuals stated that in 1400, they observed personal and public health to an average (18%) and less (21%). But in the study of 1399, the rate of people who have observed moderate and less personal and public health has been about 8% and 13%, respectively. Also, the number of referrals to the bank in 1400 compared to 1399 has increased significantly. In general, observance of other preventive behaviors such as observing social distance, regular washing of hands, and not holding parties and ceremonies has decreased compared to 1399. Conclusion: The results of the research findings can provide useful information for formulating policies and guidelines of the Iranian health system to show the state of preventive behavior of the general public. In general, the study indicates that people in the community in 1400 have followed the health instructions to a lesser extent than in 1399. It can be said that this important issue is rooted in people facing environmental stressors, long-term anxiety, and indifference to emerging phenomena.
Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research (JAEHR) , 2022
Introduction: The impacts of climate change can have many facets and these threats are not direct... more Introduction: The impacts of climate change can have many facets and these threats are not directly felt. Climate change causes significant political, economic and social problems in our world. Inadequate public perceptions of climate change have resulted in little global response to climate change. Objectives: This systematic review protocol examines existing perception models. Methods and Materials: First, we searched 3 databases including PubMed, Scopus, and web of science, and also Google scholar as a search engine for all documents on topic words "Climate Change" AND "Risk Perception" AND "Model" and their synonyms in the MESH. All article types in journals would be assessed. No date and language limitations were applied. The articles would be evaluated by two independent persons. Results: Results show that in recent years the number of studies on climate risk perception across countries has increased compared to the total number of scientific publications. In addition, the number of climate change risk perceptions was higher than in other models. Conclusion: Our findings showed that up till now, no systematic review for the models, features, and components of climate change perception has been done. This is the first comprehensive study to assess the models of climate change risk perception. This study will provide climate change perception models.
BACKGROUND:Chronic non-specific neck pain is the most prevalent neck pain with notable impacts on... more BACKGROUND:Chronic non-specific neck pain is the most prevalent neck pain with notable impacts on the quality of life in the elderly. OBJECTIVE:The impacts of the neck, core, and combined stabilization practices on pain, disability, and improvement of the neck range of motion in the elderly with chronic non-specific neck pain were examined. METHOD:A quasi-experimental (open label) study was carried out through a cluster sampling in two phases in Tehran-Iran in 2017. Totally, 102 patients were randomly allocated to three groups of specific neck stabilization, specific core stabilization, and combined practices through envelope method. The intervention took 12 weeks. To measure the severity of pain and neck disability, the visual analog scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), and neck pain and disability scale (NPDS) was used. A goniometer was used to measure the range of the motion. To examine data, used SPSS (v.20). RESULT:The results, confirmed a significant decrease in pain over the time in the three therapeutic groups (p = 0.000). In addition, there was a significant difference between neck, core, and combined stabilization groups. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the angle of motion in all treatment groups with different treatment duration (P = 0.000). The highest increase in the angle of motion was after 12 weeks of practice in right lateral flexion (RLF) (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION:Twelve sessions of the neck, core, and combined stabilization practices can alleviate the pain and improve the strength in the elderly with chronic non-specific neck pain. In addition, compared to two other methods, the combined method was a more efficient way to improve the range of motion in patients.
Fractures are one the most common accidents in occupational injuries and traffic accident. Genera... more Fractures are one the most common accidents in occupational injuries and traffic accident. Generally the fracture of lower limbs account almost for one third of all fractures. So the objective of this study was to study the epidemiology of lowers limb fractures in patients of Taleghani hospital in Kermanshah in 2014. In this cross sectional study, in order to achieve the goal of study, the prepared checklist was completed through using the record information of patients with lower limb fracture in the emergency and orthopedic wards of Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah. The number of 1117 subjects was surveyed through the random sampling. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed by SPSS 20 Software.The obtained data indicated that the study population consisted of 753 men (67.4%) and 364 woman (32.6%). The highest fracture was related to hip fracture. Also the most and least cause of fracture related to traffic accident (60.9%) and assault (0.5%). The result indicated that the highest frequency of lower limbs fractures were in the patient age ranged from 15-24 years. The highest frequency of lower limbs fracture were observed in the ankle, fibuls+tibia 5 and foot and the lowest frequency was related to femur region (40 cases).Generally it can be concluded that the prevention strategy should be considered aim to progress the safety of roads in. country and implementation the strict regulation for offenders and enhance the quality and safety of car as well. The coordinated activity between the different units such as police, the fire and emergency wards can be improved the services to accident injuries. Moreover, it reduce the time e of emergency reach to the accident site and done the faster vital activity to accident in. juries.
BACKGROUND: Medical students are exposed to stresses which have irreversible consequences, such a... more BACKGROUND: Medical students are exposed to stresses which have irreversible consequences, such as suicidal ideation. The present study aimed to investigate the level of occupational stress in medical students and its relationship with the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attention among them and then provide mental health promotion approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 325 undergraduate medical students residing at the dormitory of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was determined by the census method. Osipow and Suicide Behaviors Questionnaires were used to measure job stress and suicidal ideation, respectively. The condition of entry into the study was living in the dormitory and spent at least one semester. Linear regression and logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between variables. RESULTS: The mean score of occupational stress among students with a mean age of 21 (±2.18) years was 158.84 (±27.07) and 60% (n = 180) of students had high levels of stress. There was a significant relationship between age and educational level with stress level and suicidal ideation (P < 0.05). They had the highest effect on stress (P = 0.031) and suicidal ideation (P = 0.001), respectively, among students. High level of stress was 11.829 times more likely to have suicidal thoughts than low-stress level (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Stress and suicidal ideation are much higher in students of lower semesters and lower ages than students with higher semesters. Students should learn how and with what approach to control and manage exposure to stressors. Measures such as holding stress management training courses as well as managing stressful situations are among the effective measures in improving mental health and reducing stress levels and its effects.
BACKGROUND: Even in an era of automation and digitalization, Manual Material Handling (MMH) can b... more BACKGROUND: Even in an era of automation and digitalization, Manual Material Handling (MMH) can be called the most common industrial task. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) induced by manual handling tasks on the workers of a printing factory in Tehran in 2017 and then to evaluate the effectiveness of a training intervention based on health promotion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study had quasi experimental design and was conducted on 40 men. First, demographic data were collected and the Nordic questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of MSDs in workers. Then, MMH tasks were assessed using Manual Handling Assessment Chart (MAC). A short training course was designed to promote health. Finally, the same MMH tasks were re-evaluated 3 months after the training intervention. RESULTS: Among the various tasks, the highest prevalence of work-related MSDs (WMSDs) was observed in the lower back (77.5%) and shoulder (62.5%). Based on the final scores of the MAC method, the jobs that received the highest scores were cutting (individual lifting), with 22 scores and action level "immediately necessary," cutting (individual load carrying), with 15 scores with action level "urgently needed." Arranging the forms (individual lifting) received a similar score. After the training intervention, the estimated risk level reduced by 12, 9, and 6 points, respectively, reaching a safe action level, i.e., "necessary in the future." CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that educational interventions might be equally effective in low-technology work environments. More in general, the MAC method can be used to make informed planning of educational interventions against WMSDs risk in MSDs. This health promotion approach is critical for care of human recourse.
Background: The diversity of bags and backpacks available in the market, coupled with the disrega... more Background: The diversity of bags and backpacks available in the market, coupled with the disregard for the negative physiological consequences or musculoskeletal disorders resulting from improper carrying, effects on the students' physical condition. If this continues, it can lead to morphological changes in skeletal structure in later ages. Therefore, this study conducted to investigate the relationship between BCM and associated musculoskeletal problems among students and guide for ergonomics design. Materials and Methods: This analytical descriptive study conducted among students in Ardabil over a 1-year period (2023). In the study, using cluster-sampling method, 723 male and female students were selected and included. The data collected from this study gathered using the localized Nordic questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Part of expert panel-based content analysis is done. Result: The average age, height, and weight of the participants were 31.5 1.10 years, 34.7 7.134 centimeters, and 87.6 70.33 kilograms, respectively. The frequency of carrying bags and backpacks methods in types A, B, C, and D was 176, 258, 69, and 202 people, respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence percentage of musculoskeletal pain in boys reported to be the highest and lowest in the shoulder and elbow regions, respectively. Among the participating girls in the study, the highest and lowest reported amounts of pain related to the shoulder and neck regions, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicate a noteworthy association between "BCM" and "MSDs" (P-Value ˂0.0001), as well as "BMI" and "MSDs" (P-Value ˂0.0001). Conclusions: Shoulder pain has been found to be most common, with a notable connection between musculoskeletal issues, body mass index, gender, and educational levels of students. It is recommended that officials and parents prioritize standardizing school bags, providing designated spaces to prevent carrying unnecessary items, and ensuring students receive proper BCM training
Background: People's participation in more efficient control of the disease and public awareness ... more Background: People's participation in more efficient control of the disease and public awareness about the risk of COVID-19 affect their preventive behavior. This study examines the level of fear of COVID-19 infection in Iranian society after returning to social activities and business reopening. Methods: This Cross-Sectional study consisted of urban dwellers in Iran, and the data gathering tool was a researcher-designed questionnaire. To design the instrument, the authors interviewed experts and ordinary people to determine the key questions. Then, the questions were modified and finalized based on the experts' feedback and a reexamination by the experts after two weeks. An online version of the questionnaire was disseminated using social networks. 168 people were included in the study by the available sampling method. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics methods. Quantitative data as mean and standard deviation were reported, and the qualitative data were reported as numbers. Chi-square test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used to examine the relationship between questions related to COVID-19 infection fear and demographic variables. Data analyses were done in SPSS 20. Results: The study was carried out on 168 participants, and 78 of them were employees of different offices. The participants believed that among the ways of spreading the disease, kissing and hugging (n=142, 84.5%), shaking hands (n=127, 75.6%), contact with the saliva of an infected person (n=116, 69.0%), and spread through the air (n=60, 35.7%) had the highest frequencies. Conclusion: Fear of COVID-19 infection in the participants was at moderate and above moderate levels. The participants also hoped that the vaccine would be found and made available to the public. Policy-makers in the health sector can use the results.
BACKGROUND: Nursing is associated with many stressful situations that can lead to fatigue, reduce... more BACKGROUND: Nursing is associated with many stressful situations that can lead to fatigue, reduced efficiency, and physical and mental illness. Safety climate is one of the most important indicators of safety management performance assessment that assesses employees' attitudes towards safety issues. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between safety climate and occupational fatigue in nurses. METHOD: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Zabol University of Medical Sciences in 2019. 143 nurses were selected by the proportional sampling method and entered the study. Demographic
BACKGROUND: The staff of health and dentistry schools can play an important role in encouraging s... more BACKGROUND: The staff of health and dentistry schools can play an important role in encouraging students and their clients to adopt health and preventive behaviors. The aim of this study was to compare health-promoting behaviors in staff and students of health and dental schools in Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (ARUMS). METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2021. The research population was staff and students of health and dental schools. Staff sampling was by census and students were sampled by simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been confirmed in previous studies. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and analytical statistics tests using SPSS version 20 software. Linear regression was performed using stepwise method. RESULTS: The results showed that the mean score of the individuals was 99.2 ± 20.24. In the leveling, the behaviors of 33 people (17.55%) were appropriate, desirable and good, and the health-promoting behaviors, 154 people (82.45%), were moderate and low. The correlation between age, gender, marital status, and workplace of the individuals with health-promoting behaviors was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The output of stepwise regression analysis showed that the variables were significant and could predict the scores of health-promoting behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Health-promoting behaviors in <20% of students and staff are desirable, and in more than 80% of them are moderate and poor. Therefore, educational administrators should use these results in curriculum planning to increase health-promoting behaviors of students and staff. The score of health-promoting behaviors is related to the above-mentioned areas, but the relationship may not be linear.
BACKGROUND: Nursing is one of the most stressful occupations. Educational intervention regarding ... more BACKGROUND: Nursing is one of the most stressful occupations. Educational intervention regarding stress management can play an important role in reducing occupational stress among nurses The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of educational intervention on reducing oxidative stress caused by occupational stress in nurses: A health promotion approach in a hospital in western Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present interventional study was performed in 2019 among 92 nurses working at the Kosar Hospital located in the city of Sanandaj in the country of Iran. Occupational stress was evaluated using the Osipow Occupational Stress Questionnaire. Oxidative stress was measured by taking blood samples and measuring the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde, and catalase (CAT) using SOD, malondialdehyde (MDA), and CAT kits. Educational intervention was carried out in the second stage. Three months after the intervention, data were taken again. RESULTS: The results of the present study indicated that there was a significant difference in occupational stress between before and after the educational intervention (P < 0.05). A significant reduction in MDA (P = 0.038) and SOD (P = 0.048) was observed after educational intervention, but this was not the case for CAT (P = 0.592). There was no significant correlation between occupational stress with oxidative stress parameters before and after the educational intervention (P < 0.05). No significant difference in occupational stress was observed between men and women. Among the oxidative stress parameters under evaluation, MDA was higher among men compared to women and this was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Educational intervention regarding occupational stress is effective in reducing oxidative stress among nurses. The group meetings teach stress management to the participants and enable them to better manage their stress by utilizing their own capabilities. Thus, attention to this issue is vital in maintaining the mental and physical health of nurses and, in turn, improves the quality of care rendered.
BACKGROUND: Medical students are exposed to stresses which have irreversible consequences, such a... more BACKGROUND: Medical students are exposed to stresses which have irreversible consequences, such as suicidal ideation. The present study aimed to investigate the level of occupational stress in medical students and its relationship with the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attention among them and then provide mental health promotion approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 325 undergraduate medical students residing at the dormitory of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was determined by the census method. Osipow and Suicide Behaviors Questionnaires were used to measure job stress and suicidal ideation, respectively. The condition of entry into the study was living in the dormitory and spent at least one semester. Linear regression and logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between variables. RESULTS: The mean score of occupational stress among students with a mean age of 21 (±2.18) years was 158.84 (±27.07) and 60% (n = 180) of students had high levels of stress. There was a significant relationship between age and educational level with stress level and suicidal ideation (P < 0.05). They had the highest effect on stress (P = 0.031) and suicidal ideation (P = 0.001), respectively, among students. High level of stress was 11.829 times more likely to have suicidal thoughts than low-stress level (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Stress and suicidal ideation are much higher in students of lower semesters and lower ages than students with higher semesters. Students should learn how and with what approach to control and manage exposure to stressors. Measures such as holding stress management training courses as well as managing stressful situations are among the effective measures in improving mental health and reducing stress levels and its effects.
Background: Major injuries and death in accidents have roots in drowsiness. Sleepiness is a main ... more Background: Major injuries and death in accidents have roots in drowsiness. Sleepiness is a main result of insufficient sleep. It is vital to explore drowsiness and its level. There are various sorts of methods in the forms of subjective and objective approaches. The goal of this study was to detect the association of subjective and interpretive drowsiness with facial dynamic changes. Association of Subjective and Interpretive Drowsiness with Facial Dynamic Changes In Simulator Driving: The Steps of proposed drowsiness detection system design based on image processing in simulator driving
Purpose Global warming and air pollution are among the most important problems all over the world... more Purpose Global warming and air pollution are among the most important problems all over the world. Considering the key role of traffic officers who saliently deal with traffic management and are in full, constant and direct exposure to thermal stress and air pollution index, this study aims to investigate the simultaneous effects of these factors on the body temperature of traffic officers in the main squares of Tehran. Methods This study was conducted among 119 traffic officers who were working in 29 squares of Tehran, located near the active pollutant's stations during 2017. Samples were selected by the census method. Environmental parameters such as air temperature (dry and wet), radiation temperature, the level of air pollution in the main squares and characteristics of officers such as body temperature and the Wet-Bulb-Globe-Temperature (WBGT) index were evaluated. Data were analyzed through independent samples t-test and factorial ANOVA with a p value of p ≤ 0.05 in SPSS software. Results There was no significant relationship between air pollution and ear temperature, but there was a statistically significant difference between the wet-bulb temperature and the ear temperature (t = 26.4, P < 0.001). The interaction effect of air pollution and wet-bulb temperature on the ear temperature was also significant (F = 3.98, P = 0.048). Conclusion Exposure to heat and air pollution affects body temperature, with its greatest impact on the temperature of the ear. More studies are recommended to be conducted in these field and other factors such as demographic and environmental factors at different times of the year should be investigated. Accordingly, some interventions should be implemented to reduce the vulnerability of officers based on the findings of the research.
Purpose Global warming and air pollution are among the most important problems all over the world... more Purpose Global warming and air pollution are among the most important problems all over the world. Considering the key role of traffic officers who saliently deal with traffic management and are in full, constant and direct exposure to thermal stress and air pollution index, this study aims to investigate the simultaneous effects of these factors on the body temperature of traffic officers in the main squares of Tehran. Methods This study was conducted among 119 traffic officers who were working in 29 squares of Tehran, located near the active pollutant's stations during 2017. Samples were selected by the census method. Environmental parameters such as air temperature (dry and wet), radiation temperature, the level of air pollution in the main squares and characteristics of officers such as body temperature and the Wet-Bulb-Globe-Temperature (WBGT) index were evaluated. Data were analyzed through independent samples t-test and factorial ANOVA with a p value of p ≤ 0.05 in SPSS software. Results There was no significant relationship between air pollution and ear temperature, but there was a statistically significant difference between the wet-bulb temperature and the ear temperature (t = 26.4, P < 0.001). The interaction effect of air pollution and wet-bulb temperature on the ear temperature was also significant (F = 3.98, P = 0.048). Conclusion Exposure to heat and air pollution affects body temperature, with its greatest impact on the temperature of the ear. More studies are recommended to be conducted in these field and other factors such as demographic and environmental factors at different times of the year should be investigated. Accordingly, some interventions should be implemented to reduce the vulnerability of officers based on the findings of the research.
BACKGROUND: Promoting the well-being of students and teachers should be the goal of school mental... more BACKGROUND: Promoting the well-being of students and teachers should be the goal of school mental health programs. A large body of evidence has highlighted that there is an emerging concern regarding the increasing stresses that teachers are dealing with. Burnout is a psychophysical state that is characterized by emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and low sense of personal accomplishment (PA). We aimed to assess burnout level in teachers' population and its correlation with demographic characteristics because it not only can be affected teachers' health promotion but also student well-being promotion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present cross-sectional study, 322 high-schoolteachers from the second district of Tehran were randomly selected and were asked to complete the standard Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire to evaluate the three areas of burnout. In addition, participants were interviewed for their demographic status (IR.TUMS.MEDICINE.REC.1397.473). RESULTS: The results of this study showed that male teachers exhibit significantly lower score compared with female ones in all three indicators of burnout including EE, DP, and PA (P < 0.05). The number of children teachers and income level in men also influenced all three indices (P < 0.05). Regarding the impact of spouse's job status on burnout in men and women, PA was the only unaffected area (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, none of the demographic characteristics effected burnout domains in female teacher population. CONCLUSION: Considering the results of this study that shows the higher burnout level in male teachers and its association with several demographic characteristics such as income level and number of children, special attention should be paid to this gender to reduce possible stress and mental illness.
BACKGROUND: Safety climate is a common insight of staff that indicates individuals' attitudes tow... more BACKGROUND: Safety climate is a common insight of staff that indicates individuals' attitudes toward safety and priority of safety at work. OBJECTIVE: Nursing is a risky job where paying attention to safety is crucial. The assessment of the safety climate is one of the methods to measure the safety conditions in this occupation. The aim of this study was to assess the safety climate of rehabilitation nurses working in hospitals in Tehran. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study which was carried out on 140 rehabilitation nurses selected from all hospitals and clinics in Tehran in 2019. To collect the required data, a two-section questionnaire was used. The first section was related to demographic factors and the second part (22 statements) was to measure the safety climate using nurses' safety climate assessment questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS V16 using independent t-test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test at the 5% level. RESULT: Findings showed that the total mean of safety climate was 3.06 ± 0.56. According to the results, a significant difference was found between the positive and negative satisfaction of nurses with safety climates (P-value = 0.03), communication with nurses (P-value = 0.01) and supervisors' attitude (P-value = 0.02). Furthermore, a significant difference in safety climate between the individual with the second job and the individual without second could be observed (P-value = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the safety climate was not at an acceptable level. Thus, it is essential to introduce safety training courses (e.g. safety, work-rest balance, and so on) and to improve the safety performance at work.
BACKGROUND: Many work-related fatalities happen every year in electricity distribution companies.... more BACKGROUND: Many work-related fatalities happen every year in electricity distribution companies. This study was conducted to model accidents using the time series analysis and survey descriptive factors of injuries in an electricity distribution company in Tehran, Iran. METHODS: Data related to 2010 to 2017 were collected from the database of the safety department. Time series and trend analysis were used for data analyzing and anticipating the accidents up to 2022. RESULT: Most of the accidents occurred in summer. Workers' negligence was the reason for 75% of deaths. Employment type and type of injuries had a significant relationship (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The anticipating model indicated occupational injuries are going to have an increase in the future. A high rate of accidents in summer maybe because of the warm weather or insufficient skills in temporary workers. Temporary workers have no chance to work in a year like permanent workers, therefore acquisition experiences may be less in them. Based on the estimating model, management should pay attention to those sectors of the company where most of the risky activities take place. Also, training programs and using personal protective equipment can help to protect workers in hazardous conditions.
and to find solutions for managing the relevant health problems. METHODS: In this cross-sectional... more and to find solutions for managing the relevant health problems. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the Survey of Shift workers (SOS) questionnaire and the Personal Information Form were used to collect data related to demographics and working conditions of 1259 randomly selected nurses working at Tehran University Subsidiary Hospital as statistical population. RESULTS: According to the results, psychological disorders (95%), digestive problems (85%) and social problems (80%) were the most frequent problems among the subjects. Additionally, the satisfaction rate was higher among the volunteer nurses compared to nurses who were forced to do shift work (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The nurses volunteered for shift work had higher satisfaction rate compared to nurses forced to shift work system; moreover, they had more job satisfaction and less shift work-related complaints. Therefore, it is important to select the nurses who are volunteer for shift work system. In addition, the shift work schedule in hospitals should be set based on workload and requirements because the shift schedule can adversely influence the social and family issues of the nurses, as well as their sleep quality and body biological process.
Introduction and aim: Nowadays, the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) outbreak has become a special ... more Introduction and aim: Nowadays, the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) outbreak has become a special and important problem in human societies. Unfortunately, this disease has led to extensive damage and injuries. This study aimed to investigate and compare the feedback obtained from the level of preventive behaviors of Iranians from getting Covid-19 in 1399 and 1400. Methods: In the present descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 744 participants in the years 1399 and 1400 were included in the study by available sampling method. The data collection tool was an electronic questionnaire that was made available to users via the Internet. To describe the quantitative data, the findings were expressed as Mean ± SD, and frequency was used to describe the qualitative data. Data were recorded and analyzed using Excel software version 2016. Results: In this study, individuals stated that in 1400, they observed personal and public health to an average (18%) and less (21%). But in the study of 1399, the rate of people who have observed moderate and less personal and public health has been about 8% and 13%, respectively. Also, the number of referrals to the bank in 1400 compared to 1399 has increased significantly. In general, observance of other preventive behaviors such as observing social distance, regular washing of hands, and not holding parties and ceremonies has decreased compared to 1399. Conclusion: The results of the research findings can provide useful information for formulating policies and guidelines of the Iranian health system to show the state of preventive behavior of the general public. In general, the study indicates that people in the community in 1400 have followed the health instructions to a lesser extent than in 1399. It can be said that this important issue is rooted in people facing environmental stressors, long-term anxiety, and indifference to emerging phenomena.
Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research (JAEHR) , 2022
Introduction: The impacts of climate change can have many facets and these threats are not direct... more Introduction: The impacts of climate change can have many facets and these threats are not directly felt. Climate change causes significant political, economic and social problems in our world. Inadequate public perceptions of climate change have resulted in little global response to climate change. Objectives: This systematic review protocol examines existing perception models. Methods and Materials: First, we searched 3 databases including PubMed, Scopus, and web of science, and also Google scholar as a search engine for all documents on topic words "Climate Change" AND "Risk Perception" AND "Model" and their synonyms in the MESH. All article types in journals would be assessed. No date and language limitations were applied. The articles would be evaluated by two independent persons. Results: Results show that in recent years the number of studies on climate risk perception across countries has increased compared to the total number of scientific publications. In addition, the number of climate change risk perceptions was higher than in other models. Conclusion: Our findings showed that up till now, no systematic review for the models, features, and components of climate change perception has been done. This is the first comprehensive study to assess the models of climate change risk perception. This study will provide climate change perception models.
BACKGROUND:Chronic non-specific neck pain is the most prevalent neck pain with notable impacts on... more BACKGROUND:Chronic non-specific neck pain is the most prevalent neck pain with notable impacts on the quality of life in the elderly. OBJECTIVE:The impacts of the neck, core, and combined stabilization practices on pain, disability, and improvement of the neck range of motion in the elderly with chronic non-specific neck pain were examined. METHOD:A quasi-experimental (open label) study was carried out through a cluster sampling in two phases in Tehran-Iran in 2017. Totally, 102 patients were randomly allocated to three groups of specific neck stabilization, specific core stabilization, and combined practices through envelope method. The intervention took 12 weeks. To measure the severity of pain and neck disability, the visual analog scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), and neck pain and disability scale (NPDS) was used. A goniometer was used to measure the range of the motion. To examine data, used SPSS (v.20). RESULT:The results, confirmed a significant decrease in pain over the time in the three therapeutic groups (p = 0.000). In addition, there was a significant difference between neck, core, and combined stabilization groups. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the angle of motion in all treatment groups with different treatment duration (P = 0.000). The highest increase in the angle of motion was after 12 weeks of practice in right lateral flexion (RLF) (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION:Twelve sessions of the neck, core, and combined stabilization practices can alleviate the pain and improve the strength in the elderly with chronic non-specific neck pain. In addition, compared to two other methods, the combined method was a more efficient way to improve the range of motion in patients.
Fractures are one the most common accidents in occupational injuries and traffic accident. Genera... more Fractures are one the most common accidents in occupational injuries and traffic accident. Generally the fracture of lower limbs account almost for one third of all fractures. So the objective of this study was to study the epidemiology of lowers limb fractures in patients of Taleghani hospital in Kermanshah in 2014. In this cross sectional study, in order to achieve the goal of study, the prepared checklist was completed through using the record information of patients with lower limb fracture in the emergency and orthopedic wards of Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah. The number of 1117 subjects was surveyed through the random sampling. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed by SPSS 20 Software.The obtained data indicated that the study population consisted of 753 men (67.4%) and 364 woman (32.6%). The highest fracture was related to hip fracture. Also the most and least cause of fracture related to traffic accident (60.9%) and assault (0.5%). The result indicated that the highest frequency of lower limbs fractures were in the patient age ranged from 15-24 years. The highest frequency of lower limbs fracture were observed in the ankle, fibuls+tibia 5 and foot and the lowest frequency was related to femur region (40 cases).Generally it can be concluded that the prevention strategy should be considered aim to progress the safety of roads in. country and implementation the strict regulation for offenders and enhance the quality and safety of car as well. The coordinated activity between the different units such as police, the fire and emergency wards can be improved the services to accident injuries. Moreover, it reduce the time e of emergency reach to the accident site and done the faster vital activity to accident in. juries.
BACKGROUND: Medical students are exposed to stresses which have irreversible consequences, such a... more BACKGROUND: Medical students are exposed to stresses which have irreversible consequences, such as suicidal ideation. The present study aimed to investigate the level of occupational stress in medical students and its relationship with the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attention among them and then provide mental health promotion approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 325 undergraduate medical students residing at the dormitory of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was determined by the census method. Osipow and Suicide Behaviors Questionnaires were used to measure job stress and suicidal ideation, respectively. The condition of entry into the study was living in the dormitory and spent at least one semester. Linear regression and logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between variables. RESULTS: The mean score of occupational stress among students with a mean age of 21 (±2.18) years was 158.84 (±27.07) and 60% (n = 180) of students had high levels of stress. There was a significant relationship between age and educational level with stress level and suicidal ideation (P < 0.05). They had the highest effect on stress (P = 0.031) and suicidal ideation (P = 0.001), respectively, among students. High level of stress was 11.829 times more likely to have suicidal thoughts than low-stress level (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Stress and suicidal ideation are much higher in students of lower semesters and lower ages than students with higher semesters. Students should learn how and with what approach to control and manage exposure to stressors. Measures such as holding stress management training courses as well as managing stressful situations are among the effective measures in improving mental health and reducing stress levels and its effects.
BACKGROUND: Even in an era of automation and digitalization, Manual Material Handling (MMH) can b... more BACKGROUND: Even in an era of automation and digitalization, Manual Material Handling (MMH) can be called the most common industrial task. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) induced by manual handling tasks on the workers of a printing factory in Tehran in 2017 and then to evaluate the effectiveness of a training intervention based on health promotion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study had quasi experimental design and was conducted on 40 men. First, demographic data were collected and the Nordic questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of MSDs in workers. Then, MMH tasks were assessed using Manual Handling Assessment Chart (MAC). A short training course was designed to promote health. Finally, the same MMH tasks were re-evaluated 3 months after the training intervention. RESULTS: Among the various tasks, the highest prevalence of work-related MSDs (WMSDs) was observed in the lower back (77.5%) and shoulder (62.5%). Based on the final scores of the MAC method, the jobs that received the highest scores were cutting (individual lifting), with 22 scores and action level "immediately necessary," cutting (individual load carrying), with 15 scores with action level "urgently needed." Arranging the forms (individual lifting) received a similar score. After the training intervention, the estimated risk level reduced by 12, 9, and 6 points, respectively, reaching a safe action level, i.e., "necessary in the future." CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that educational interventions might be equally effective in low-technology work environments. More in general, the MAC method can be used to make informed planning of educational interventions against WMSDs risk in MSDs. This health promotion approach is critical for care of human recourse.
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Association of Subjective and Interpretive Drowsiness with Facial Dynamic Changes In Simulator Driving: The Steps of proposed drowsiness detection system design based on image processing in simulator driving
Methods: In the present descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 744 participants in the years 1399 and 1400 were included in the study by available sampling method. The data collection tool was an electronic questionnaire that was made available to users via the Internet. To describe the quantitative data, the findings were expressed as Mean ± SD, and frequency was used to describe the qualitative data. Data were recorded and analyzed using Excel software version 2016.
Results: In this study, individuals stated that in 1400, they observed personal and public health to an average (18%) and less (21%). But in the study of 1399, the rate of people who have observed moderate and less personal and public health has been about 8% and 13%, respectively. Also, the number of referrals to the bank in 1400 compared to 1399 has increased significantly. In general, observance of other preventive behaviors such as observing social distance, regular washing of hands, and not holding parties and ceremonies has decreased compared to 1399.
Conclusion: The results of the research findings can provide useful information for formulating policies and guidelines of the Iranian health system to show the state of preventive behavior of the general public. In general, the study indicates that people in the community in 1400 have followed the health instructions to a lesser extent than in 1399. It can be said that this important issue is rooted in people facing environmental stressors, long-term anxiety, and indifference to emerging phenomena.
Association of Subjective and Interpretive Drowsiness with Facial Dynamic Changes In Simulator Driving: The Steps of proposed drowsiness detection system design based on image processing in simulator driving
Methods: In the present descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 744 participants in the years 1399 and 1400 were included in the study by available sampling method. The data collection tool was an electronic questionnaire that was made available to users via the Internet. To describe the quantitative data, the findings were expressed as Mean ± SD, and frequency was used to describe the qualitative data. Data were recorded and analyzed using Excel software version 2016.
Results: In this study, individuals stated that in 1400, they observed personal and public health to an average (18%) and less (21%). But in the study of 1399, the rate of people who have observed moderate and less personal and public health has been about 8% and 13%, respectively. Also, the number of referrals to the bank in 1400 compared to 1399 has increased significantly. In general, observance of other preventive behaviors such as observing social distance, regular washing of hands, and not holding parties and ceremonies has decreased compared to 1399.
Conclusion: The results of the research findings can provide useful information for formulating policies and guidelines of the Iranian health system to show the state of preventive behavior of the general public. In general, the study indicates that people in the community in 1400 have followed the health instructions to a lesser extent than in 1399. It can be said that this important issue is rooted in people facing environmental stressors, long-term anxiety, and indifference to emerging phenomena.