International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education, 2021
In African communities, grassroots peace-building and social cohesion programs have a long histor... more In African communities, grassroots peace-building and social cohesion programs have a long history. Nevertheless, within "mainstream" peacebuilding discourses and practices, it was the post-Cold War local orientation in peacebuilding, expressed in the idea of peacebuilding from below, that gave greater prominence to these initiatives (Nganje, 2021).Lederach(1997) sees peace-building as "a comprehensive concept that encompasses, produces and maintains the full range of processes, strategies and phases necessary to transform conflict into more sustainable, peaceful relations" (p. 20). Peacebuilding is a complex, long-term process that aims to resolve relationship, institutional and social problems across a wide variety of processes that co-create a peace infrastructure (Lederach, 1997, p. 22).
International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education, 2021
This study conceptualizes grassroots organizations as basic autonomous non-profit support network... more This study conceptualizes grassroots organizations as basic autonomous non-profit support networks formed, owned and led by local people in the urban informal settlements.The organizations" members design the approach towards achieving their aims and objectives while being open to collaborate with other organizationsthat may supplement their resources needed to execute their projects and programs. According to there has been a growing network of grassroots organizations in the urban informal settlements that have made major progresses in improving the wellbeing of the dwellers in such settlements. Despite these good intentions, grassroots organizations are faced with a myriad of challenges that oftentimes militate against the attainment of their objectives, especially in cultivating community peace and cohesion. This study sought to establish the challenges undermining the efforts of grassroots organizations in promoting community peace and cohesion and the opportunities that exist which if utilized can alleviate the situation. This study was grounded on Allport"s (1954) intergroup contact theory, developed from the works of and William (1947), who proposed that contact between members of different groups could help reduce prejudice and improve social relations. This theory presents four conditions under which contact between erstwhile warring groups yields a reduction in prejudice. These are equal status among groups within the situation, active attainment of common objectives by the group, cooperation among group members and an explicit and unambiguous support for intergroup contact by institutional authority, law or customs. Building on the conditions, Stephan and Stephan (1992), argue that prejudice and conflict are intractable characteristics of the contemporary society and Abstract: Evidence suggests that grassroots organizations have been at the forefront of attempting to establish stability and harmony in Kibra informal settlement. However, the grassroots-led interventions have not been successful in eliminating recurrent violence and tensions in the informal settlement. This study therefore sought to examine the challenges undermining the effort of grassroots organizations towards community peace and cohesion in Kibra informal settlements, Kenya.The study was grounded on the intergroup contact, functionalism and conflict transformation theories to explain the relationship between grassroots organizations and the development of peace and cohesion in Kibra informal settlement. Using a descriptive research design, the study purposively sampled three areas in the informal settlement namely Sarang'ombe, LainiSaba and Kibra because they are the locations that make up the informal settlement. 13 grassroots organizations active in peace and community cohesion activities in the informal settlement were sampled for the study. A sample size of 384 was obtained from the target population comprising of heads of households, government agencies and grassroots organizations. Data was collected using interviews, Focus Group Discussions and questionnaires. The study established that the grassroots organizations working in peace and community cohesion in Kibra informal settlement lacked proper government support, an enabling framework for mainstreaming their operations and sustainable funding streams to support the organizations' programs and activities. The study recommends the development of a policy framework that mainstreams the work of the grassroots organizations. Other opportunities would include consultative dialogues that seek to identify sustainable programs that address the root causes of the recurrent conflicts.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the politics around revenue sharing dilemma which affects... more The purpose of this paper is to analyze the politics around revenue sharing dilemma which affects ecotourism development in Serengeti-Mara ecosystem between Kenya and Tanzania. Ecotourism is a form of tourism that is geared towards conservation of tourist destinations as opposed to traditional tourism of profit maximization from tourism activities by key stakeholders. The EAC Regional Tourism policy forms the foundation of ecotourism development in this transboundary ecosystem. Despite existence of this agreement, ecotourism development has been negatively affected by the politics of revenue sharing accrued from tourism activities among key players on both sides of the border. The study used questionnaire, interviews and focused group discussion to collect primary data while secondary data were collected using journals, documents, acts, legislations, sessional papers and conventions/protocols on tourism. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The qualitative data were analysed by consolidating emerging themes from the key informant interviews and topic analysis. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. Data were presented in form of tables, pie charts and narrations. The results indicate issues of revenue sharing are yet to be sorted which has affected ecotourism in terms of tourist flow and conservation of this tourist destination. Findings demonstrate that Maasai Mara National Reserve receives 290,000 against Serengeti 116,000 foreign tourists annually. But a look at international receipts show that Serengeti revenue collection is more than Mara's. Thus, lack of concrete structures on how to increase revenue generation and sharing within the EAC tourism policy has led to political and economic competition in this transboundary ecosystem. There is need for review of the EAC tourism policy such that the political and economic competition between the two nation-states is removed.
International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education, 2021
In African communities, grassroots peace-building and social cohesion programs have a long histor... more In African communities, grassroots peace-building and social cohesion programs have a long history. Nevertheless, within "mainstream" peacebuilding discourses and practices, it was the post-Cold War local orientation in peacebuilding, expressed in the idea of peacebuilding from below, that gave greater prominence to these initiatives (Nganje, 2021).Lederach(1997) sees peace-building as "a comprehensive concept that encompasses, produces and maintains the full range of processes, strategies and phases necessary to transform conflict into more sustainable, peaceful relations" (p. 20). Peacebuilding is a complex, long-term process that aims to resolve relationship, institutional and social problems across a wide variety of processes that co-create a peace infrastructure (Lederach, 1997, p. 22).
International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education, 2021
This study conceptualizes grassroots organizations as basic autonomous non-profit support network... more This study conceptualizes grassroots organizations as basic autonomous non-profit support networks formed, owned and led by local people in the urban informal settlements.The organizations" members design the approach towards achieving their aims and objectives while being open to collaborate with other organizationsthat may supplement their resources needed to execute their projects and programs. According to there has been a growing network of grassroots organizations in the urban informal settlements that have made major progresses in improving the wellbeing of the dwellers in such settlements. Despite these good intentions, grassroots organizations are faced with a myriad of challenges that oftentimes militate against the attainment of their objectives, especially in cultivating community peace and cohesion. This study sought to establish the challenges undermining the efforts of grassroots organizations in promoting community peace and cohesion and the opportunities that exist which if utilized can alleviate the situation. This study was grounded on Allport"s (1954) intergroup contact theory, developed from the works of and William (1947), who proposed that contact between members of different groups could help reduce prejudice and improve social relations. This theory presents four conditions under which contact between erstwhile warring groups yields a reduction in prejudice. These are equal status among groups within the situation, active attainment of common objectives by the group, cooperation among group members and an explicit and unambiguous support for intergroup contact by institutional authority, law or customs. Building on the conditions, Stephan and Stephan (1992), argue that prejudice and conflict are intractable characteristics of the contemporary society and Abstract: Evidence suggests that grassroots organizations have been at the forefront of attempting to establish stability and harmony in Kibra informal settlement. However, the grassroots-led interventions have not been successful in eliminating recurrent violence and tensions in the informal settlement. This study therefore sought to examine the challenges undermining the effort of grassroots organizations towards community peace and cohesion in Kibra informal settlements, Kenya.The study was grounded on the intergroup contact, functionalism and conflict transformation theories to explain the relationship between grassroots organizations and the development of peace and cohesion in Kibra informal settlement. Using a descriptive research design, the study purposively sampled three areas in the informal settlement namely Sarang'ombe, LainiSaba and Kibra because they are the locations that make up the informal settlement. 13 grassroots organizations active in peace and community cohesion activities in the informal settlement were sampled for the study. A sample size of 384 was obtained from the target population comprising of heads of households, government agencies and grassroots organizations. Data was collected using interviews, Focus Group Discussions and questionnaires. The study established that the grassroots organizations working in peace and community cohesion in Kibra informal settlement lacked proper government support, an enabling framework for mainstreaming their operations and sustainable funding streams to support the organizations' programs and activities. The study recommends the development of a policy framework that mainstreams the work of the grassroots organizations. Other opportunities would include consultative dialogues that seek to identify sustainable programs that address the root causes of the recurrent conflicts.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the politics around revenue sharing dilemma which affects... more The purpose of this paper is to analyze the politics around revenue sharing dilemma which affects ecotourism development in Serengeti-Mara ecosystem between Kenya and Tanzania. Ecotourism is a form of tourism that is geared towards conservation of tourist destinations as opposed to traditional tourism of profit maximization from tourism activities by key stakeholders. The EAC Regional Tourism policy forms the foundation of ecotourism development in this transboundary ecosystem. Despite existence of this agreement, ecotourism development has been negatively affected by the politics of revenue sharing accrued from tourism activities among key players on both sides of the border. The study used questionnaire, interviews and focused group discussion to collect primary data while secondary data were collected using journals, documents, acts, legislations, sessional papers and conventions/protocols on tourism. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The qualitative data were analysed by consolidating emerging themes from the key informant interviews and topic analysis. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. Data were presented in form of tables, pie charts and narrations. The results indicate issues of revenue sharing are yet to be sorted which has affected ecotourism in terms of tourist flow and conservation of this tourist destination. Findings demonstrate that Maasai Mara National Reserve receives 290,000 against Serengeti 116,000 foreign tourists annually. But a look at international receipts show that Serengeti revenue collection is more than Mara's. Thus, lack of concrete structures on how to increase revenue generation and sharing within the EAC tourism policy has led to political and economic competition in this transboundary ecosystem. There is need for review of the EAC tourism policy such that the political and economic competition between the two nation-states is removed.
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