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Gudisa Bereda

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Mr. Bereda is a distinguished pharmacist at the All Africa leprosy, Tuberculosis and Rehabilitation Training Center, Addis Ababa, 1000, Ethiopia. His ongoing research interests are chronic diseases (especially endocrinology and cardiovascular), emergency medicine, and infectious diseases. He is a reviewer of several scientific journals, and has published more than 100 per-reviewed articles.

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National & Kapodistrian University of Athens

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Faculty Of Engineering 1

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Papers by Gudisa Bereda

Clients Satisfaction Regarding the Pharmaceutical Care Services Delivered in Community Pharmacies in Mettu Town, Southwestern, Ethiopia: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study,2021

Juniper online journal of public health, Jul 30, 2021

What the Body Does to A Drug: Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics may be defined as the study of the dynamic movements of foreign chemicals (xenob... more Pharmacokinetics may be defined as the study of the dynamic movements of foreign chemicals (xenobiotics) during their passage through the body and as such encompass the kinetics of absorption, distribution, biotransformation/metabolism and excretion. Absorption is the process that brings a drug from the administration, e.g., tablet, capsule, into the systemic circulation. Bioavailability is the fraction of the originally administered drug that arrives in systemic circulation and depends on the properties of the substance and the mode of administration. It can be a direct reflection of medication absorption. Distribution describes how a substance is spread throughout the body. This varies based on the biochemical properties of the drug as well as the physiology of the individual taking that medication. In the body, a drug may be protein-bound or free. Only free drug can act at its pharmacologically active sites, e.g., receptors, cross into other fluid compartments, or be eliminated. Metabolism is the processing of the drug by the body into subsequent compounds. Excretion is the process by which the drug is eliminated from the body. The pharmacokinetic term half-life (t1/2) refers to the time taken for half the initial dose of medicine administered to be eliminated from the body. After three to five half-lives the drug is considered undetectable and unable to exert a pharmacodynamic effect.

Pathophysiology and Management of Bacterial Meningitis in Pediatrics

Advances in pharmacology and clinical trials, 2022

Bacterial meningitis in children and infants is correlated with substantial morbidity and mortali... more Bacterial meningitis in children and infants is correlated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Bacterial meningitis is one of the most frequent central nervous system infections, which is prevalent in low-income countries. There are three types of neonatal meningitis such as early-onset meningitis (from 0-6 days); late-onset meningitis (from 7-29 days) and extremely late-onset meningitis (from 30-90 days). The intense inflammation within the subarachnoid space noted in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid, and the resulting neurological damage, are not the direct result of the pathogenic bacteria but rather of activation of the host's inflammatory pathways by the microorganisms or their products. All children who are suspected of having meningitis should have their cerebrospinal fluid examined unless lumbar puncture is contraindicated. The critical elements of managing pediatric meningitis involve prompt initiation of therapy, use of the appropriate antimicrobial with correct dosing and duration, attention to expected complications, and appropriate follow-up. In neonates, the primary empiric regimen used conventionally has been ampicillin and gentamycin. For infants whose cerebrospinal fluid is suspicious for bacterial meningitis, ampicillin (300 mg/kg per day divided every 6 hrs) and cefotaxime (200 to 300 mg/kg per day divided every 6 hrs) is appropriate.

COVID-19 is associated with high blood glucose levels: Diabetic neuropathy during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Research Square (Research Square), Jan 10, 2023

Background: The nerves in the legs and feet are most frequently damaged by diabetic neuropathy. T... more Background: The nerves in the legs and feet are most frequently damaged by diabetic neuropathy. The COVID-19 infection is associated with a high risk of neuropathy symptoms. Case Presentation: On July 12, 2022, a 58-year-old black female retiree with signi cant symptoms of numbness and muscle weakness in the hands and legs was brought into the emergency room. 17 years prior, she received a type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis. Metformin 1.5 g twice a day and glibenclamide 10 mg twice a day were part of her therapy regimen. When she was admitted to the emergency room, she described a one-day history of shortness of breath, frequent urination, excessive thirst, hyperglycemia, excessive appetite, fever, headache, and dehydration. A chest X-ray showed bilateral diffuse, patchy airspace opacities that could be caused by multifocal pneumonia or viral pneumonia. She started receiving 1000 mL of uid resuscitation (0.9% normal saline) as soon as she was moved to the critical care unit, along with a drip-in insulin infusion. Conclusion: Diabetes, infections like COVID-19, poor vitamin levels, and other factors can all contribute to diabetic neuropathies. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are much more likely to experience severe morbidity and death from coronavirus disease-19. Symptoms of diabetic neuropathy continued for months after a COVID-19 infection test resulted in a positive result.

Typhoid fever in a rare form caused by eating overripe pineapple: A Case Report and Literature Review

Research Square (Research Square), Dec 28, 2022

Typhoid fever is an acute infection caused by Salmonella typhi, especially when it is waterborne ... more Typhoid fever is an acute infection caused by Salmonella typhi, especially when it is waterborne or foodborne. Overripe pineapple causes typhoid fever because overripe pineapple is a desirable host for the survival of Salmonella typhi. The importance of typhoid fever as a public health burden is reduced by early detection and appropriate antibiotic treatment. A 26-year-old black African male health care worker was admitted to the clinic on July 21, 2022, with a signi cant chief complaint of headache, loss of appetite, and watery diarrhea. The admitted patient presented with a two-day history of hyperthermia, headache, loss of appetite, and watery diarrhea, as well as back pain, joint weakness, and insomnia. The H antigen titer was positive, which was 1: 189 greater than the normal range and showed the past history of Salmonella typhi infection. The O antigen titer value detected was a false negative result because it was done before the 7-day onset of fever. On admission, cipro oxacillin 500 mg was given orally twice a day for seven days to treat typhoid by inhibiting the deoxyribonucleic acid replication of Salmonella typhi by preventing Salmonella typhi deoxyribonucleic acid topoisomerase and deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase. Typhoid fever pathogenesis is based on pathogenic factors, infecting species, and host immunity. By using the agglutination biochemical test, the Widal test was able to identify the patient's bloodstream as carrying the salmonella typhi bacteria that causes typhoid fever. Due to contaminated food or unsafe drinking water sources, typhoid fever is associated with travel to developing nations.

Risk Factors, Complications and Management of Diabetes Mellitus

American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research

Diabetes mellitus can be a complex disorder described by chronic progressive metabolic disorder a... more Diabetes mellitus can be a complex disorder described by chronic progressive metabolic disorder and chronic hyperglycemia arising from dysregulation of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Verapamil is a class of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, which prevents the second phase of glucose stimulated insulin release by inhibiting the intake of calcium into the cytosol of beta cells and also prevents sulfonylurea and glucagon-induced insulin release. The complications of diabetes mellitus are categorized as microvascular (nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy) or macrovascular (cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease). Diabetic nephropathy is a microvascular complication described by elevated urinary albumin excretion (proteinuria) or lowered kidney glomerular filtration rate in both types of diabetic mellitus. The objective of diabetes mellitus management is to inhibit the mortality and to delay the onset of disease complications and to hinder its progression by improving patients' blood sugar level and controlling the risk of cardiovascular disease. Metformin enhances liver, muscle & adipose tissues sensitivity to the insulin and elevate peripheral glucose utilization and also prevents gluconeogenesis and obviates glucose absorption from gastrointestinal tract.

How is Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection differentiated from hypokalemic periodic paralysis? a case report

Annals of Medicine & Surgery

Diabetic Foot Ulcer: An Overview, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, And Treatment

Current Research in Diabetes & Obesity Journal

Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the major health challenges that can decrease the quality of life, ... more Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the major health challenges that can decrease the quality of life, lengthen hospitalization and entails more cost to the patient. Diabetic foot disease outcome fifteen percent of the diabetic patients and person with diabetes are fifteen times more probably to undergo lower extremity amputation than their non-diabetic counterpart. Risk factors for ulceration are specific or systemic contributions such as uncontrolled hyperglycemia, duration of diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, blindness or visual loss, chronic renal disease, advanced age and local issues such as peripheral neuropathy, structural foot deformity, trauma and incorrectly suited shoes, callus, history of prior ulcer amputation, delayed elevated pressures, limited joint mobility. The initial goals of treatment for diabetic foot ulcer are to acquire wound closure as expeditiously as possible. Debridement includes remove of dead, injured, or exposed tissue, which improves the healing potential of the remaining healthy tissues. The principle of antibiotic management is depending on evidence provided by reports on bacteriological culture and sensitivity from distinctive centers worldwide. Use of anti-infective/antibiotics must be guided by proper cultures.

Management of drug resistant tuberculosis: isoniazid resistant, rifampicin resistant, multi drug resistant, and extensively drug resistant

Journal of lung, pulmonary & respiratory research, Jun 28, 2022

A patient had drug-resistant TB; if the strain cause the disease is resistant to 1 or more of the... more

Dual insulin resistance causes: how frequently type 2 diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 infection caused diabetic ketoacidosis? a case report

Annals of Medicine & Surgery

Background and importance: Infection with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worsens insulin res... more Background and importance: Infection with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worsens insulin resistance and causes diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Patients with COVID-19 infection who develop DKA run the risk of worse outcomes. In both diabetic and nondiabetic patients, the COVID-19 infection may hasten the development of ketoacidosis, which could have negative effects on the fetus. Case presentation: A 61-year-old retired Black African female was taken into the emergency room on 22 April 2022, with significant complaints of frequent midnight urination, shortness of breath, blurry vision, and tingling in her hands and feet. On a chest radiography, bilateral diffuse, patchy airspace opacities that might be due to multifocal pneumonia or viral pneumonia were seen. The severe acute respiratory syndrome infection was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR testing from nasopharyngeal swabs. She received intravenous fluids and an intravenous insulin infusion and monitored her bloo...

Alcohol intake during pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome

International Journal of Pregnancy & Child Birth

Alcohol intake during pregnancy is a major public health challenge because of the numerous delete... more Alcohol intake during pregnancy is a major public health challenge because of the numerous deleterious effects on a developing fetus. A range of contextual and structural factors such as poverty, histories of trauma and violence, physical and mental health concerns, sociocultural and economic vulnerabilities, and child welfare involvement are influences the utilization of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Binge drinking; which means an intake of greater or equal to 5 drinks on a single occasion is the most hazardous pattern of alcohol drinking that can cause high blood alcohol concentration and injuries the unborn fetus by passing across the placenta. Fetal alcohol syndrome can be described by a specific pattern of abnormal facial features, growth retardation, and central nervous system abnormalities which frequently result in behavioral and/or cognitive disabilities. Teratogenic effects of fetal alcohol exposure may lead to actual and potential challenges, instantly after birth...

Definition, Causes, Pathophysiology, and Management of Hypothyroidism

Mathews Journal of Pharmaceutical Science

Management of tuberculosis during pregnancy: first line anti-tuberculosis drug

Journal of Lung, Pulmonary & Respiratory Research

Tuberculosis is a widespread, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, commo... more Tuberculosis is a widespread, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, commonly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis not only responsible for an important proportion of the global burden of disease, but it is also an important contributor to maternal mortality, with the disease being among the three leading causes of death among women aged fifteen to forty five years. The main goals of tuberculosis treatment are to cure the patients, to prevent maternal and perinatal complications and to minimize the possibility of transmission of the bacillus to healthy individuals. First-line anti-tuberculosis treatment for medicine-sensitive tuberculosis can be highly effective; however, in absence of well-controlled studies in pregnant women, first-line tuberculosis medications have been listed as United States Food and Drug Administration pregnancy category C (ie, no adequate well-controlled human studies have been performed, but benefits may be acceptable despite poten...

Case report: a rare presentation of typhoid fever due to eating over-ripened pineapple

Annals of Medicine & Surgery

Background and Importance: Typhoid fever is an acute infection caused by Salmonella typhi, especi... more Background and Importance: Typhoid fever is an acute infection caused by Salmonella typhi, especially when it is waterborne or foodborne. Overripe pineapple causes typhoid fever because overripe pineapple is a desirable host for the survival of S. typhi. The importance of typhoid fever as a public health burden is reduced by early detection and appropriate antibiotic treatment. Case Presentation: A 26-year-old black African male health care worker was admitted to the clinic on 21 July 2022, with a significant chief complaint of headache, loss of appetite, and watery diarrhea. The admitted patient presented with a 2-day history of hyperthermia, headache, loss of appetite, and watery diarrhea, as well as back pain, joint weakness, and insomnia. The H antigen titer was positive, which was 1 : 189 greater than the normal range and showed the past history of S. typhi infection. The O antigen titer value detected was a false negative result because it was done before the 7-day onset of fe...

Clinical manifestations, complications and management of chickenpox infection in pediatric

International Journal of Pregnancy & Child Birth

Chickenpox can be defined as a highly communicable viral infection caused by varicella zoster vir... more Chickenpox can be defined as a highly communicable viral infection caused by varicella zoster virus; most frequently influences pediatric in five to nine yrs old. The commonly occurred signs and symptoms of chickenpox are comprises vesicular rash appears on the scalp, face and trunk, and then disseminates distally to limbs (centrifugal distribution). The most common complications of chickenpox are bacterial soft-tissue infection, pneumonia, and encephalitis. Encephalitis is a most commonly occurred central nervous system complications expose the pediatric to other problems or death. The main goal chickenpox infection management in children is to alleviate the symptoms such as skin infections, fever, itching etc and making the children confortable. Adequate intravenous acyclovir administration is crucial for successful management of chickenpox, but it must be administered within twenty-four hrs. after the onset of the disease. Management of chickenpox with oral acyclovir given within...

Case report of newly diagnosed prerenal acute kidney injury in a COVID-19 infection

Research Square (Research Square), Dec 12, 2022

Many COVID-19 patients develop gastrointestinal problems, which greatly increase uid loss and cau... more Many COVID-19 patients develop gastrointestinal problems, which greatly increase uid loss and cause severe dehydration in the patient, resulting in prerenal acute kidney injury. On September 2, 2022, a middle-aged black African male carpenter (age 60) was admitted to the hospital with a three-day dry cough and di culty breathing. When he arrived at the emergency room, he had two days' worth of weight loss, cold intolerance, stress, fever, and blood in his urine. A sinus tachycardia was discovered on his electrocardiogram, with an ST-segment of 0.06 seconds and a heart rate of 110 beats per minute. Routine reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (COVID-19) testing was done in the emergency room; the results were positive. He received a bolus of 2 L of lactated ringer upon admission to an intensive care unit, followed by 400 mL/hour of maintenance lactated ringer. He was anuric for the rst day. On the second day after the initial 24 hours, his urine production climbed to 800 mL over 12 hours. To reduce hospital-acquired infections, he was given a broad-spectrum antibiotic such as 500 mg of azithromycin once a day for ve days and 1 g of intravenous ceftriaxone daily for three days in a row.

Some epileptic patients have an increased risk of dying sooner. Poor adherence-related epilepsy control

Research Square (Research Square), Jan 10, 2023

Background: Recurrent, spontaneous epileptic convulsions are the hallmark of epilepsy, a chronic ... more Background: Recurrent, spontaneous epileptic convulsions are the hallmark of epilepsy, a chronic illness. The likelihood of having an uncontrolled seizure was predicted by non-adherence to antiepileptic medicines (AEDs), the number of seizures that occurred before taking AEDs, and a head injury. Case Presentation: On February 22, 2022, a self-employed, 26-year-old black male adult was taken to the medical ward with a seven-day history of recurring aberrant bodily movements. He had previously been treated with 100 mg of phenobarbitone for his epilepsy two years prior. On admission, he had a ve-day history of anxiety, memory problems, diarrhea, sporadic fever, crying during the episode, uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs, and partial loss of consciousness, in addition to a seven-day history of recurrent abnormal body movements. During his physical examination, an electroencephalogram showed that his brain was electrically active in an abnormal way. A computed tomography scan showed no lesions were present. A Glasgow Coma Scale reading of 10/15 was obtained during a neurological examination to assess his level of consciousness. When he arrived, he was given 10 mg of intravenous diazepam and three doses of 100 mg of oral phenobarbitone every eight hours. Conclusion: Epilepsy affects people of all ages, ethnicities, sexes, levels of education, socioeconomic status, and social classes worldwide. Despite receiving the greatest care, seizure control may still be impacted by triggers or lifestyle choices.

Effects Of Coca-Cola for Meat Digestion

Journal of Adolescent and Addiction Research

Cola-Cola is a carbonated soft drink manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company. The main Cola-Cola in... more Cola-Cola is a carbonated soft drink manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company. The main Cola-Cola ingredients involve sugar (which can be sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup), carbonated water, caffeine, low or no calorie sweeteners, phosphoric acid, carbon dioxide, and natural flavorings (which include coca leaf extract). The dark color of Coca-Cola is made by using candy (caramel) colour, and is sweetened with sugar and high-fructose corn syrup. Cola-Cola beverage consumption will give the meat a candy (caramel) flavour, while a cream soda will give it a taste of vanilla bean. If potential hydrogen is 7 it is neutral, whereas if it potential hydrogen is less than 7 it is acidic and if potential hydrogen is greater than 7 it is basic.

Hypertensive Urgency and Anterior Epistaxis Caused by Antihypertensive Medication Noncompliance: A Case Report

Open Access Emergency Medicine

Background and Aims: A sudden increase in blood pressure without serious, life-threatening sympto... more Background and Aims: A sudden increase in blood pressure without serious, life-threatening symptoms or indications of immediate target organ damage is referred to as "hypertensive urgency." This case study revealed the rare direct cause of epistaxis and the direct cause of hypertensive urgency in an elderly man due to antihypertensive medication noncompliance. Case Presentation: A black male farmer, age 63, was brought to the emergency room on June 1st, 2022, with chief complaints of breathing difficulties, epistaxis, and disorientation. The patient was hospitalized after exhibiting symptoms of breathlessness, malaise, nausea, and vomiting. Magnetic resonance imaging, an echocardiogram, and a computed tomography scan of the brain are all clear. For the treatment of epistaxis, he received 1g of tranexamic acid intravenously three times a day for two days. He received intravenous labetalol, which was effective in treating his hypertensive urgency and rebound hypertension, utilizing repeated dosages of 5-20 mg. The patient's intravenous labetalol and previous enalapril were switched to captopril 25 mg orally three times a day for one month after starting drugs per os. Discussion: The patient's hypertensive urgency is directly caused by forgetting to take his blood pressure medication and by not adhering to his previous antihypertensive drugs as prescribed. In this study, the patient's hypertension had been uncontrolled for the previous six months despite his treatment plan. Unaware that he had missed two doses of his antihypertensive medication, he was admitted to the emergency room with progressive anterior nose bleeding that persisted for four hours. The patient's elevated arterial blood pressure is what's causing the patient's nose to bleed.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Precipitating Factors, Pathophysiology, and Management

Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Clients Satisfaction Regarding the Pharmaceutical Care Services Delivered in Community Pharmacies in Mettu Town, Southwestern, Ethiopia: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study,2021

Juniper online journal of public health, Jul 30, 2021

What the Body Does to A Drug: Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics may be defined as the study of the dynamic movements of foreign chemicals (xenob... more Pharmacokinetics may be defined as the study of the dynamic movements of foreign chemicals (xenobiotics) during their passage through the body and as such encompass the kinetics of absorption, distribution, biotransformation/metabolism and excretion. Absorption is the process that brings a drug from the administration, e.g., tablet, capsule, into the systemic circulation. Bioavailability is the fraction of the originally administered drug that arrives in systemic circulation and depends on the properties of the substance and the mode of administration. It can be a direct reflection of medication absorption. Distribution describes how a substance is spread throughout the body. This varies based on the biochemical properties of the drug as well as the physiology of the individual taking that medication. In the body, a drug may be protein-bound or free. Only free drug can act at its pharmacologically active sites, e.g., receptors, cross into other fluid compartments, or be eliminated. Metabolism is the processing of the drug by the body into subsequent compounds. Excretion is the process by which the drug is eliminated from the body. The pharmacokinetic term half-life (t1/2) refers to the time taken for half the initial dose of medicine administered to be eliminated from the body. After three to five half-lives the drug is considered undetectable and unable to exert a pharmacodynamic effect.

Pathophysiology and Management of Bacterial Meningitis in Pediatrics

Advances in pharmacology and clinical trials, 2022

Bacterial meningitis in children and infants is correlated with substantial morbidity and mortali... more Bacterial meningitis in children and infants is correlated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Bacterial meningitis is one of the most frequent central nervous system infections, which is prevalent in low-income countries. There are three types of neonatal meningitis such as early-onset meningitis (from 0-6 days); late-onset meningitis (from 7-29 days) and extremely late-onset meningitis (from 30-90 days). The intense inflammation within the subarachnoid space noted in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid, and the resulting neurological damage, are not the direct result of the pathogenic bacteria but rather of activation of the host's inflammatory pathways by the microorganisms or their products. All children who are suspected of having meningitis should have their cerebrospinal fluid examined unless lumbar puncture is contraindicated. The critical elements of managing pediatric meningitis involve prompt initiation of therapy, use of the appropriate antimicrobial with correct dosing and duration, attention to expected complications, and appropriate follow-up. In neonates, the primary empiric regimen used conventionally has been ampicillin and gentamycin. For infants whose cerebrospinal fluid is suspicious for bacterial meningitis, ampicillin (300 mg/kg per day divided every 6 hrs) and cefotaxime (200 to 300 mg/kg per day divided every 6 hrs) is appropriate.

COVID-19 is associated with high blood glucose levels: Diabetic neuropathy during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Research Square (Research Square), Jan 10, 2023

Background: The nerves in the legs and feet are most frequently damaged by diabetic neuropathy. T... more Background: The nerves in the legs and feet are most frequently damaged by diabetic neuropathy. The COVID-19 infection is associated with a high risk of neuropathy symptoms. Case Presentation: On July 12, 2022, a 58-year-old black female retiree with signi cant symptoms of numbness and muscle weakness in the hands and legs was brought into the emergency room. 17 years prior, she received a type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis. Metformin 1.5 g twice a day and glibenclamide 10 mg twice a day were part of her therapy regimen. When she was admitted to the emergency room, she described a one-day history of shortness of breath, frequent urination, excessive thirst, hyperglycemia, excessive appetite, fever, headache, and dehydration. A chest X-ray showed bilateral diffuse, patchy airspace opacities that could be caused by multifocal pneumonia or viral pneumonia. She started receiving 1000 mL of uid resuscitation (0.9% normal saline) as soon as she was moved to the critical care unit, along with a drip-in insulin infusion. Conclusion: Diabetes, infections like COVID-19, poor vitamin levels, and other factors can all contribute to diabetic neuropathies. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are much more likely to experience severe morbidity and death from coronavirus disease-19. Symptoms of diabetic neuropathy continued for months after a COVID-19 infection test resulted in a positive result.

Typhoid fever in a rare form caused by eating overripe pineapple: A Case Report and Literature Review

Research Square (Research Square), Dec 28, 2022

Typhoid fever is an acute infection caused by Salmonella typhi, especially when it is waterborne ... more Typhoid fever is an acute infection caused by Salmonella typhi, especially when it is waterborne or foodborne. Overripe pineapple causes typhoid fever because overripe pineapple is a desirable host for the survival of Salmonella typhi. The importance of typhoid fever as a public health burden is reduced by early detection and appropriate antibiotic treatment. A 26-year-old black African male health care worker was admitted to the clinic on July 21, 2022, with a signi cant chief complaint of headache, loss of appetite, and watery diarrhea. The admitted patient presented with a two-day history of hyperthermia, headache, loss of appetite, and watery diarrhea, as well as back pain, joint weakness, and insomnia. The H antigen titer was positive, which was 1: 189 greater than the normal range and showed the past history of Salmonella typhi infection. The O antigen titer value detected was a false negative result because it was done before the 7-day onset of fever. On admission, cipro oxacillin 500 mg was given orally twice a day for seven days to treat typhoid by inhibiting the deoxyribonucleic acid replication of Salmonella typhi by preventing Salmonella typhi deoxyribonucleic acid topoisomerase and deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase. Typhoid fever pathogenesis is based on pathogenic factors, infecting species, and host immunity. By using the agglutination biochemical test, the Widal test was able to identify the patient's bloodstream as carrying the salmonella typhi bacteria that causes typhoid fever. Due to contaminated food or unsafe drinking water sources, typhoid fever is associated with travel to developing nations.

Risk Factors, Complications and Management of Diabetes Mellitus

American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research

Diabetes mellitus can be a complex disorder described by chronic progressive metabolic disorder a... more Diabetes mellitus can be a complex disorder described by chronic progressive metabolic disorder and chronic hyperglycemia arising from dysregulation of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Verapamil is a class of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, which prevents the second phase of glucose stimulated insulin release by inhibiting the intake of calcium into the cytosol of beta cells and also prevents sulfonylurea and glucagon-induced insulin release. The complications of diabetes mellitus are categorized as microvascular (nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy) or macrovascular (cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease). Diabetic nephropathy is a microvascular complication described by elevated urinary albumin excretion (proteinuria) or lowered kidney glomerular filtration rate in both types of diabetic mellitus. The objective of diabetes mellitus management is to inhibit the mortality and to delay the onset of disease complications and to hinder its progression by improving patients' blood sugar level and controlling the risk of cardiovascular disease. Metformin enhances liver, muscle & adipose tissues sensitivity to the insulin and elevate peripheral glucose utilization and also prevents gluconeogenesis and obviates glucose absorption from gastrointestinal tract.

How is Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection differentiated from hypokalemic periodic paralysis? a case report

Annals of Medicine & Surgery

Diabetic Foot Ulcer: An Overview, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, And Treatment

Current Research in Diabetes & Obesity Journal

Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the major health challenges that can decrease the quality of life, ... more Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the major health challenges that can decrease the quality of life, lengthen hospitalization and entails more cost to the patient. Diabetic foot disease outcome fifteen percent of the diabetic patients and person with diabetes are fifteen times more probably to undergo lower extremity amputation than their non-diabetic counterpart. Risk factors for ulceration are specific or systemic contributions such as uncontrolled hyperglycemia, duration of diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, blindness or visual loss, chronic renal disease, advanced age and local issues such as peripheral neuropathy, structural foot deformity, trauma and incorrectly suited shoes, callus, history of prior ulcer amputation, delayed elevated pressures, limited joint mobility. The initial goals of treatment for diabetic foot ulcer are to acquire wound closure as expeditiously as possible. Debridement includes remove of dead, injured, or exposed tissue, which improves the healing potential of the remaining healthy tissues. The principle of antibiotic management is depending on evidence provided by reports on bacteriological culture and sensitivity from distinctive centers worldwide. Use of anti-infective/antibiotics must be guided by proper cultures.

Management of drug resistant tuberculosis: isoniazid resistant, rifampicin resistant, multi drug resistant, and extensively drug resistant

Journal of lung, pulmonary & respiratory research, Jun 28, 2022

A patient had drug-resistant TB; if the strain cause the disease is resistant to 1 or more of the... more

Dual insulin resistance causes: how frequently type 2 diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 infection caused diabetic ketoacidosis? a case report

Annals of Medicine & Surgery

Background and importance: Infection with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worsens insulin res... more Background and importance: Infection with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worsens insulin resistance and causes diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Patients with COVID-19 infection who develop DKA run the risk of worse outcomes. In both diabetic and nondiabetic patients, the COVID-19 infection may hasten the development of ketoacidosis, which could have negative effects on the fetus. Case presentation: A 61-year-old retired Black African female was taken into the emergency room on 22 April 2022, with significant complaints of frequent midnight urination, shortness of breath, blurry vision, and tingling in her hands and feet. On a chest radiography, bilateral diffuse, patchy airspace opacities that might be due to multifocal pneumonia or viral pneumonia were seen. The severe acute respiratory syndrome infection was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR testing from nasopharyngeal swabs. She received intravenous fluids and an intravenous insulin infusion and monitored her bloo...

Alcohol intake during pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome

International Journal of Pregnancy & Child Birth

Alcohol intake during pregnancy is a major public health challenge because of the numerous delete... more Alcohol intake during pregnancy is a major public health challenge because of the numerous deleterious effects on a developing fetus. A range of contextual and structural factors such as poverty, histories of trauma and violence, physical and mental health concerns, sociocultural and economic vulnerabilities, and child welfare involvement are influences the utilization of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Binge drinking; which means an intake of greater or equal to 5 drinks on a single occasion is the most hazardous pattern of alcohol drinking that can cause high blood alcohol concentration and injuries the unborn fetus by passing across the placenta. Fetal alcohol syndrome can be described by a specific pattern of abnormal facial features, growth retardation, and central nervous system abnormalities which frequently result in behavioral and/or cognitive disabilities. Teratogenic effects of fetal alcohol exposure may lead to actual and potential challenges, instantly after birth...

Definition, Causes, Pathophysiology, and Management of Hypothyroidism

Mathews Journal of Pharmaceutical Science

Management of tuberculosis during pregnancy: first line anti-tuberculosis drug

Journal of Lung, Pulmonary & Respiratory Research

Tuberculosis is a widespread, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, commo... more Tuberculosis is a widespread, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, commonly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis not only responsible for an important proportion of the global burden of disease, but it is also an important contributor to maternal mortality, with the disease being among the three leading causes of death among women aged fifteen to forty five years. The main goals of tuberculosis treatment are to cure the patients, to prevent maternal and perinatal complications and to minimize the possibility of transmission of the bacillus to healthy individuals. First-line anti-tuberculosis treatment for medicine-sensitive tuberculosis can be highly effective; however, in absence of well-controlled studies in pregnant women, first-line tuberculosis medications have been listed as United States Food and Drug Administration pregnancy category C (ie, no adequate well-controlled human studies have been performed, but benefits may be acceptable despite poten...

Case report: a rare presentation of typhoid fever due to eating over-ripened pineapple

Annals of Medicine & Surgery

Background and Importance: Typhoid fever is an acute infection caused by Salmonella typhi, especi... more Background and Importance: Typhoid fever is an acute infection caused by Salmonella typhi, especially when it is waterborne or foodborne. Overripe pineapple causes typhoid fever because overripe pineapple is a desirable host for the survival of S. typhi. The importance of typhoid fever as a public health burden is reduced by early detection and appropriate antibiotic treatment. Case Presentation: A 26-year-old black African male health care worker was admitted to the clinic on 21 July 2022, with a significant chief complaint of headache, loss of appetite, and watery diarrhea. The admitted patient presented with a 2-day history of hyperthermia, headache, loss of appetite, and watery diarrhea, as well as back pain, joint weakness, and insomnia. The H antigen titer was positive, which was 1 : 189 greater than the normal range and showed the past history of S. typhi infection. The O antigen titer value detected was a false negative result because it was done before the 7-day onset of fe...

Clinical manifestations, complications and management of chickenpox infection in pediatric

International Journal of Pregnancy & Child Birth

Chickenpox can be defined as a highly communicable viral infection caused by varicella zoster vir... more Chickenpox can be defined as a highly communicable viral infection caused by varicella zoster virus; most frequently influences pediatric in five to nine yrs old. The commonly occurred signs and symptoms of chickenpox are comprises vesicular rash appears on the scalp, face and trunk, and then disseminates distally to limbs (centrifugal distribution). The most common complications of chickenpox are bacterial soft-tissue infection, pneumonia, and encephalitis. Encephalitis is a most commonly occurred central nervous system complications expose the pediatric to other problems or death. The main goal chickenpox infection management in children is to alleviate the symptoms such as skin infections, fever, itching etc and making the children confortable. Adequate intravenous acyclovir administration is crucial for successful management of chickenpox, but it must be administered within twenty-four hrs. after the onset of the disease. Management of chickenpox with oral acyclovir given within...

Case report of newly diagnosed prerenal acute kidney injury in a COVID-19 infection

Research Square (Research Square), Dec 12, 2022

Many COVID-19 patients develop gastrointestinal problems, which greatly increase uid loss and cau... more Many COVID-19 patients develop gastrointestinal problems, which greatly increase uid loss and cause severe dehydration in the patient, resulting in prerenal acute kidney injury. On September 2, 2022, a middle-aged black African male carpenter (age 60) was admitted to the hospital with a three-day dry cough and di culty breathing. When he arrived at the emergency room, he had two days' worth of weight loss, cold intolerance, stress, fever, and blood in his urine. A sinus tachycardia was discovered on his electrocardiogram, with an ST-segment of 0.06 seconds and a heart rate of 110 beats per minute. Routine reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (COVID-19) testing was done in the emergency room; the results were positive. He received a bolus of 2 L of lactated ringer upon admission to an intensive care unit, followed by 400 mL/hour of maintenance lactated ringer. He was anuric for the rst day. On the second day after the initial 24 hours, his urine production climbed to 800 mL over 12 hours. To reduce hospital-acquired infections, he was given a broad-spectrum antibiotic such as 500 mg of azithromycin once a day for ve days and 1 g of intravenous ceftriaxone daily for three days in a row.

Some epileptic patients have an increased risk of dying sooner. Poor adherence-related epilepsy control

Research Square (Research Square), Jan 10, 2023

Background: Recurrent, spontaneous epileptic convulsions are the hallmark of epilepsy, a chronic ... more Background: Recurrent, spontaneous epileptic convulsions are the hallmark of epilepsy, a chronic illness. The likelihood of having an uncontrolled seizure was predicted by non-adherence to antiepileptic medicines (AEDs), the number of seizures that occurred before taking AEDs, and a head injury. Case Presentation: On February 22, 2022, a self-employed, 26-year-old black male adult was taken to the medical ward with a seven-day history of recurring aberrant bodily movements. He had previously been treated with 100 mg of phenobarbitone for his epilepsy two years prior. On admission, he had a ve-day history of anxiety, memory problems, diarrhea, sporadic fever, crying during the episode, uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs, and partial loss of consciousness, in addition to a seven-day history of recurrent abnormal body movements. During his physical examination, an electroencephalogram showed that his brain was electrically active in an abnormal way. A computed tomography scan showed no lesions were present. A Glasgow Coma Scale reading of 10/15 was obtained during a neurological examination to assess his level of consciousness. When he arrived, he was given 10 mg of intravenous diazepam and three doses of 100 mg of oral phenobarbitone every eight hours. Conclusion: Epilepsy affects people of all ages, ethnicities, sexes, levels of education, socioeconomic status, and social classes worldwide. Despite receiving the greatest care, seizure control may still be impacted by triggers or lifestyle choices.

Effects Of Coca-Cola for Meat Digestion

Journal of Adolescent and Addiction Research

Cola-Cola is a carbonated soft drink manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company. The main Cola-Cola in... more Cola-Cola is a carbonated soft drink manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company. The main Cola-Cola ingredients involve sugar (which can be sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup), carbonated water, caffeine, low or no calorie sweeteners, phosphoric acid, carbon dioxide, and natural flavorings (which include coca leaf extract). The dark color of Coca-Cola is made by using candy (caramel) colour, and is sweetened with sugar and high-fructose corn syrup. Cola-Cola beverage consumption will give the meat a candy (caramel) flavour, while a cream soda will give it a taste of vanilla bean. If potential hydrogen is 7 it is neutral, whereas if it potential hydrogen is less than 7 it is acidic and if potential hydrogen is greater than 7 it is basic.

Hypertensive Urgency and Anterior Epistaxis Caused by Antihypertensive Medication Noncompliance: A Case Report

Open Access Emergency Medicine

Background and Aims: A sudden increase in blood pressure without serious, life-threatening sympto... more Background and Aims: A sudden increase in blood pressure without serious, life-threatening symptoms or indications of immediate target organ damage is referred to as "hypertensive urgency." This case study revealed the rare direct cause of epistaxis and the direct cause of hypertensive urgency in an elderly man due to antihypertensive medication noncompliance. Case Presentation: A black male farmer, age 63, was brought to the emergency room on June 1st, 2022, with chief complaints of breathing difficulties, epistaxis, and disorientation. The patient was hospitalized after exhibiting symptoms of breathlessness, malaise, nausea, and vomiting. Magnetic resonance imaging, an echocardiogram, and a computed tomography scan of the brain are all clear. For the treatment of epistaxis, he received 1g of tranexamic acid intravenously three times a day for two days. He received intravenous labetalol, which was effective in treating his hypertensive urgency and rebound hypertension, utilizing repeated dosages of 5-20 mg. The patient's intravenous labetalol and previous enalapril were switched to captopril 25 mg orally three times a day for one month after starting drugs per os. Discussion: The patient's hypertensive urgency is directly caused by forgetting to take his blood pressure medication and by not adhering to his previous antihypertensive drugs as prescribed. In this study, the patient's hypertension had been uncontrolled for the previous six months despite his treatment plan. Unaware that he had missed two doses of his antihypertensive medication, he was admitted to the emergency room with progressive anterior nose bleeding that persisted for four hours. The patient's elevated arterial blood pressure is what's causing the patient's nose to bleed.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Precipitating Factors, Pathophysiology, and Management

Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Brief overview of diabete mellitus

Dmngt, 2021

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia in which ... more Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia in which glucose is underutilized due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. As of 2014, an estimated 387 million people had diabetes mellitus worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia in which glucose is underutilized due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. As of 2014, an estimated 387 million people had diabetes mellitus worldwide. Objective: To encapsulate the definitions, classifications, prevalence, risk factors, diagnostics procedure, goal of management, lifestyle modifications, treatment, and complications of diabetic mellitus. Review: The authors used 89 different published articles for the accomplishment of this review article. Google search engine was used for accessing published articles from databases like Google Scholar, Research Gate, PubMed, NCBI, NDSS, PMID, PMCID, Cochrane Database and Clindamed international library. Findings: A role for excess glucagon cannot be underestimated; indeed, type 2 diabetes is an islet paracrinopathy in which the reciprocal relationship between the glucagon-secreting alpha cell and the insulin-secreting beta cell is lost, leading to hyperglucagonemia and hence the consequent hyperglycemia. Protease inhibitors may bind to as yet uncharacterized target proteins that regulate lipid metabolism, leading to elevated circulating fatty acids that could interfere with insulin signaling or enter the fatty acid cycle and compete with glucose cycle intermediates. Biguanides which reduce gluconeogenesis in the liver include metformin. The burden of diabetes is even higher in developing countries and in Ethiopia; systematic review result showed that prevalence of diabetes mellitus is between 2% and 6.5%. Conclusion: Diabetes is chronic disease occurred due to increased blood glucose level because of the body cannot produce at all or secrets in sufficient insulin hormone or not use it effectively. The common risk factors for occurrence of complications were gender, long duration with diabetes, poor and inadequate glycemic control, negative attitude towards diabetes, poor treatment adherence, and poor knowledge about the disease and its management.

Enthusiasm to Acceptance of Sars-COV-2 Vaccine among Health Care Workers in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. An Online Based Cross-Sectional Study, 2021

Scimedcentral, 2021

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to continue to impose enormous burdens of morbidity... more Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to continue to impose enormous burdens of morbidity and mortality while severely disrupting societies and economies worldwide. Vaccines are a key strategy to stop the escalation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccines are the effective way to control and prevent a several diseases, save lives, and reducing current health emergency, as well as increasing the immunity of the population. Objective: To find out eagerness to acceptance of SARS-COV-2 vaccine among health care workers in Oromia regional state, Ethiopia: An online-based cross-sectional study Methods: An online based cross sectional study design was carried out from April 18/2021 to June 19/2021.Data was collected through employing online questioner, and then the collected data were coded and analyzed by statistical packages for social sciences 25.0 version statistical software. The statistical significance was set at a p-value ≤0.05. Findings: The current study revealed that 178(42.2%) of health care workers intended to receive the SARS-COV-2 vaccines. The results of this study showed that the majority of participants don't believe that SARS-COV-2 vaccine is effective and safe (n=279.66.1%),and couldn't save lives (n=228,54.1%).

Drug usage pattern and potential teratogenesity risk among pregnant women attending maternal and child health clinic of Mettu Karl Referral Hospital, South Western, Ethiopia: a cross sectional study, 2021 Volume 7 Issue 4 -2021

Medcrave, 2021

Introduction: Physiological alterations during pregnancy as well as the bio-conversion of compoun... more Introduction: Physiological alterations during pregnancy as well as the bio-conversion of compounds can significantly influence the teratogenic effects of drugs and chemicals by affecting absorption, body distribution, the active form(s), and excretion of the compound. Certain medications may cause harm to the foetus due to their potential teratogenic effects and the physiological adjustments occurring in the mother during pregnancy. Prescription of drug used by pregnant women should be viewed as one of a public health issue. This study aware health care workers on harmful drugs prescription to pregnant women and helps in understanding the type of medication used during pregnancy and safety of drugs used during pregnancy, thereupon this study was ascertain drug usage pattern and potential teratogenicity risk among pregnant women attending maternal and child health clinic of Mettu Karl Referral Hospital. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study design was carried out from April 13/2021 to June 15/2021. Data was collected through employing semi-structured questioner, and then the collected data was cleared, coded and analyzed by statistical packages for social sciences 25.0 version statistical software. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data. P value <0.05 was considered as a cut point for statistical significance in the final model. Results: A total of 156 participants were interviewed of whom, 81(51.9%) pregnant women were age between 20-35 years old and a majority 113(72.4%) of them were married. Among medical condition majority 40(25.6%) of the participants had peptic ulcer disease and 26(16.7%) urinary tract infections followed by 20(12.8%) acute illness and 12(7.7%) hyperemesis. Among the total drug prescribed for pregnant women 30(19.2%) FDA category C was the common followed by 29 (186%) FDA category B and 26(16.7%) FDA category D. Only 10(6.4%) of prescribed drug were FDA category X. Pregnant women whose age >35 years (AOR=4.05, 95%CI:1.274-1.903; p=0.001), urban residents (AOR=2.72, 95%CI:2.524-3.927; p=0.035), and pregnant women during second trimester (AOR=1.79, 95%CI:3.926-9.406; p=0.013) were significantly associated with MCH follow up. Conclusion and recommendation: From the drug prescribed, majority of pregnant women were taken antibiotics followed by 18(11.5%) NSAID, iron sulfate, and proton pump inhibitors. Among the dosage form, above half of the participants were taken the tablet dosage form followed by capsule and gels dosage form. Health care workers should have to brought good care for pregnant women, since they perhaps vulnerable to drug teratogenesity.

Pregabalin Induced Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone (SIADH) Secretion: A Case Report

Pulsus, 2021

Background: Epilepsy is a chronic disorder or group of chronic disorder in which the indispensabl... more Background: Epilepsy is a chronic disorder or group of chronic disorder in which the indispensable feature is recurrence of seizures that are typically unprovoked and usually unpredictable. Non-adherence of epileptic patients to anti-epileptic medication often leads to an increased risk of seizures and worsening of disease, death and increased health care costs. Objective: To ascertain determination of the factors leading to non-adherence with anti-epileptic medication in psychiatric ambulatory follow up patients Mettu Karl Referral Hospital. Methods: A prospective cross sectional study design was carried out from March 02/2021 to May 03/2021.Data was collected through employing check list and semi-structured questioner, and then the collected data was cleared, coded and analyzed by statistical packages for social sciences 25.0 version statistical software. A p-value of less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of poor adherence to AED therapy was documented in 63.1%. The majority of patients with poor adherence to AEDs were unable to read and write 51(45.9%).According to MMAPS-8 score, 65(58.6%), 21(18.9%), and 25(22.5%) of the participants had a score of low adherence, medium adherence and high adherence respectively. Factors like duration of treatment above 5 years, patient age between 25-44 years old, divorced marital status,

Evaluation of Patients Pharmaceutical Care Needs Unmet and Its Contributing Factors in Medical Ward of Bedelle General Hospital, South Western, Ethiopia: A Prospective Observational Study

Enliven, 2021

Background: Pharmaceutical care is the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of a... more Background: Pharmaceutical care is the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcome that improve a patient's quality of life. Drug related problems are relatively common in hospitalized patients and can result in patient morbidity and mortality, and increased costs besides their alarming rise among patients who are in medical ward chronic disease. Objective: To determine evaluation of patient pharmaceutical care needs not meet and its contributing factors in medical ward of Bedelle General Hospital. Methods: A hospital based prospective observational study design was carried out from April 12/2021 to June 19/2021.Relevant social-demographic information, clinical characteristics were recorded in face-to-face interviews by using semi-structured questioner, and then the collected data was coded and analyzed by statistical packages for social sciences 25.0 version statistical software. Logistic regression was used to look for significant associations, and P value <0.05 was used to declare association. Results: The overall prevalence of drug therapy problems among medical ward was 81(52.6%).A total of 154 patients were included. Of which, 47(61.8 %) of them were age <50 years. From 312 disease type identified the majority of participants had cardiovascular disorders 76(24.5%), and renal disorders 64(20.5%). From the 1146 drugs identified ceftriaxone 203(17.7%) was the most commonly encountered in the medical wards followed by enal april 117(11.3%).Ineffective drug therapy 20(24.7%) was highly occurred type of drug therapy problems followed need for additional treatment 15(18.5%). Poly pharmacy ≥ 5 medications, ≥5 days, length of hospital stay, comorbidities, and drug interaction were variables which significantly associated with presence of drug therapy problem. Conclusion and Recommendation: The overall prevalence of drug therapy problems among medical ward was high. Hospital and ministry of Health should have established drug therapy guideline to minimize the occurrence of drug therapy problems and to establish pharmaceutical care services for better patient care.