In this study, the families, taxes and population of the Druze living in Jabal-i Lebanon under th... more In this study, the families, taxes and population of the Druze living in Jabal-i Lebanon under the Ottoman rule in the 19th century, who had a say in the administration of the region, are analyzed. Lebanon and its surroundings, which were annexed to Ottoman territory in the 16th century, were divided into various geographical regions over time. There were different districts in Mount Lebanon where the Druze lived in dense or sparse populations. In these districts, the Druze sometimes formed a minority and sometimes the majority of the regional population. In Mount Lebanon, which had a special importance and privilege under Ottoman rule the Druze occupied a different position from other ethnic groups. The Druze, who adopted Ottoman rule, generally remained loyal to the state and fulfilled their service and tax obligations. The Druze's services include being administrators in the region and paying their taxes regularly to the Ottoman state. Some influential Druze families in Jabal al-Lebanon were also involved in the administrative structure. The Ottoman tax system consisted of taxes levied on income from agricultural and commercial activities. In addition, the jizya tax, which provided an important source of income for the Ottoman treasury, was also collected from non-Muslim subjects. Since the Druze were considered non-Muslim subjects, they were liable for this tax. This region, which had a privileged positionin the Ottoman administrative structure, was governed by governors appointed from the center, and with the arrangements made in later periods, İmportant Druze families also took part in the administrative structure. The emirate system implemented in the region brought some Druze families to the forefront. These families played an important role in shaping the political and economic life of Mount Lebanon.
The Tanzimat (Imperial Reform Edict), which was declared in 1839, was the beginning of a series o... more The Tanzimat (Imperial Reform Edict), which was declared in 1839, was the beginning of a series of reforms to modernize the Ottoman Empire. The Islahat Edict (The Reform Edict), on the other hand, was proclaimed in 1856 to grant certain privileges to minorities and non-Muslims in the social structure of the Ottoman Empire. These two edicts aimed to ensure equal rights for Muslim and non-Muslim citizens in the Ottoman Empire and accelerate the reform movements. As a province of the Ottoman Empire, Mount Lebanon felt the impact of the Tanzimat and Islahat Edicts. With the edicts, reforms were implemented in Mount Lebanon, especially in the fields of education, trade and justice. The Islahat Edict, in contrast, expanded the rights of non-Muslim citizens in the Mount Lebanon region and was an important step towards eliminating discriminatory laws. However, the social situation in Jabal al-Lebanon was not entirely stable. In particular, the major Druze revolt of 1860 and attacks on Christians negatively affected the reform movements in the region. Nevertheless, the impact of the Tanzimat and Islahat Edict on Mount Lebanon is considered an important step in the modernization process of the Ottoman State. The aim of these edicts was to unify all communities living under Ottoman rule. However, the edicts were not very successful in the Mount Lebanon region as they were throughout the country.
Bağdat olmak üzere dört kısma ayrılmıştır. Osmanlı hâkimiyetindeki Cebel-i Lübnan Suriye'ye batıd... more Bağdat olmak üzere dört kısma ayrılmıştır. Osmanlı hâkimiyetindeki Cebel-i Lübnan Suriye'ye batıdan, kuzeydoğudan ve güneybatıdan komşu olmuştur. Cebel-i Lübnan'ının kuzeyinde Beyrut vilayetine bağlı Trablusşam, doğusunda Baalbek, güneyde Sayda, batısında ise Beyrut ile Akdeniz bulunmaktaydı. Akdeniz'e kıyısı olması dışında Beyrut gibi önemli ticaret merkezinin de burada bulunması iktisadi hayatı canlı tutmuştur. Sosyolojik açıdan bakıldığında bölge milletler ve dinler mozaiğini içinde barındıran bir yapıya sahip olmuştur. Bölgenin ilk sakinleri Araplar, Süryaniler ve Finikeliler olduğu bilinmektedir. Sonradan bu bölgeye Haçlılar, Romalılar ve Türkler zamanla gelmeye başlamışlardır. 19. yüzyılda bölgeye Arap, Türk, Laz, Çerkes, Dürzi, Nusayri, Rum, Katolik, Protestan, Ermeni ve benzeri millet ve dini grup yerleşmeye başlamıştır. Cebel-i Lübnan bölgesi Osmanlı idaresinde oldukça önemli ayrıcalıklara sahip olmuştur. Bu bölge ayrıcalıklara sahip olurken, bölgeye yakın olan Cebel-i Nusayri eski önemini yitirmeye başlamıştır. Osmanlı idaresinde bölgeye tanınan ayrıcalıklar dış müdahalelerin artmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Cebel-i Lübnan ve Dürziler Osmanlı Devleti'nin yönetiminde ayrı bir imtiyaza sahip olmuştur. Geleneksel Osmanlı idari teşkilatının aksine farklı yönetim anlayışı hem bu bölgeye hem de yerel halk için uygulanmıştır. Cebel-i Lübnan'daki Dürziler Osmanlı'nın son döneminde bazı sorunların yaşanmasına sebep olmuştur.
DEMOKRAT PARTİ MERSİN MİLLETVEKİLİ YAKUP KARABULUT’UN HAYATI VE TBMM’DEKİ FAALİYETLERİ, 2018
Bu calisma, Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisinin XI. Doneminde Demokrat Partiden Mersin ili icin mille... more Bu calisma, Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisinin XI. Doneminde Demokrat Partiden Mersin ili icin milletvekili secilen Yakup Karabulut’un ozgecmisini ve siyasi faaliyetlerini icermektedir. Calismada Yakup Karabulut’un 1957 secimlerinde milletvekili secilmesi ve ardindan siyasi hayatinin basladigina deginilmistir. Yakup Bey’in siyasi hayatinin 27 Mayis 1960 Askeri Darbesi ile son bulmasi ve ardindan Yassi Ada Mahkemesinde yargilanmasi bize 1957-1960 yillari arasindaki siyasi hayati bircok yonden inceleme imkâni sunmaktadir. Arastirma yapilan calismanin konusu hakkinda arsiv kayitlari ve TBMM meclis tutanaklari taranarak elde edilen belgeler dâhilinde Yakup Bey’in ozgecmisi ve siyasi faaliyetleri aciklanmaya calisilmistir. Calisma sonunda, Yakup Karabulut’un cesitli konularda meclise takrir(onerge), kanun teklifi sundugu gibi meclis gundeminde gorusulen konular hakkinda soz alip konusma yaptigi da tespit edilmistir. Darbe sonrasi Anayasayi Ihlal davasindan yargilanarak ceza aldigi ve Yassi ...
In this study, the families, taxes and population of the Druze living in Jabal-i Lebanon under th... more In this study, the families, taxes and population of the Druze living in Jabal-i Lebanon under the Ottoman rule in the 19th century, who had a say in the administration of the region, are analyzed. Lebanon and its surroundings, which were annexed to Ottoman territory in the 16th century, were divided into various geographical regions over time. There were different districts in Mount Lebanon where the Druze lived in dense or sparse populations. In these districts, the Druze sometimes formed a minority and sometimes the majority of the regional population. In Mount Lebanon, which had a special importance and privilege under Ottoman rule the Druze occupied a different position from other ethnic groups. The Druze, who adopted Ottoman rule, generally remained loyal to the state and fulfilled their service and tax obligations. The Druze's services include being administrators in the region and paying their taxes regularly to the Ottoman state. Some influential Druze families in Jabal al-Lebanon were also involved in the administrative structure. The Ottoman tax system consisted of taxes levied on income from agricultural and commercial activities. In addition, the jizya tax, which provided an important source of income for the Ottoman treasury, was also collected from non-Muslim subjects. Since the Druze were considered non-Muslim subjects, they were liable for this tax. This region, which had a privileged positionin the Ottoman administrative structure, was governed by governors appointed from the center, and with the arrangements made in later periods, İmportant Druze families also took part in the administrative structure. The emirate system implemented in the region brought some Druze families to the forefront. These families played an important role in shaping the political and economic life of Mount Lebanon.
The Tanzimat (Imperial Reform Edict), which was declared in 1839, was the beginning of a series o... more The Tanzimat (Imperial Reform Edict), which was declared in 1839, was the beginning of a series of reforms to modernize the Ottoman Empire. The Islahat Edict (The Reform Edict), on the other hand, was proclaimed in 1856 to grant certain privileges to minorities and non-Muslims in the social structure of the Ottoman Empire. These two edicts aimed to ensure equal rights for Muslim and non-Muslim citizens in the Ottoman Empire and accelerate the reform movements. As a province of the Ottoman Empire, Mount Lebanon felt the impact of the Tanzimat and Islahat Edicts. With the edicts, reforms were implemented in Mount Lebanon, especially in the fields of education, trade and justice. The Islahat Edict, in contrast, expanded the rights of non-Muslim citizens in the Mount Lebanon region and was an important step towards eliminating discriminatory laws. However, the social situation in Jabal al-Lebanon was not entirely stable. In particular, the major Druze revolt of 1860 and attacks on Christians negatively affected the reform movements in the region. Nevertheless, the impact of the Tanzimat and Islahat Edict on Mount Lebanon is considered an important step in the modernization process of the Ottoman State. The aim of these edicts was to unify all communities living under Ottoman rule. However, the edicts were not very successful in the Mount Lebanon region as they were throughout the country.
Bağdat olmak üzere dört kısma ayrılmıştır. Osmanlı hâkimiyetindeki Cebel-i Lübnan Suriye'ye batıd... more Bağdat olmak üzere dört kısma ayrılmıştır. Osmanlı hâkimiyetindeki Cebel-i Lübnan Suriye'ye batıdan, kuzeydoğudan ve güneybatıdan komşu olmuştur. Cebel-i Lübnan'ının kuzeyinde Beyrut vilayetine bağlı Trablusşam, doğusunda Baalbek, güneyde Sayda, batısında ise Beyrut ile Akdeniz bulunmaktaydı. Akdeniz'e kıyısı olması dışında Beyrut gibi önemli ticaret merkezinin de burada bulunması iktisadi hayatı canlı tutmuştur. Sosyolojik açıdan bakıldığında bölge milletler ve dinler mozaiğini içinde barındıran bir yapıya sahip olmuştur. Bölgenin ilk sakinleri Araplar, Süryaniler ve Finikeliler olduğu bilinmektedir. Sonradan bu bölgeye Haçlılar, Romalılar ve Türkler zamanla gelmeye başlamışlardır. 19. yüzyılda bölgeye Arap, Türk, Laz, Çerkes, Dürzi, Nusayri, Rum, Katolik, Protestan, Ermeni ve benzeri millet ve dini grup yerleşmeye başlamıştır. Cebel-i Lübnan bölgesi Osmanlı idaresinde oldukça önemli ayrıcalıklara sahip olmuştur. Bu bölge ayrıcalıklara sahip olurken, bölgeye yakın olan Cebel-i Nusayri eski önemini yitirmeye başlamıştır. Osmanlı idaresinde bölgeye tanınan ayrıcalıklar dış müdahalelerin artmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Cebel-i Lübnan ve Dürziler Osmanlı Devleti'nin yönetiminde ayrı bir imtiyaza sahip olmuştur. Geleneksel Osmanlı idari teşkilatının aksine farklı yönetim anlayışı hem bu bölgeye hem de yerel halk için uygulanmıştır. Cebel-i Lübnan'daki Dürziler Osmanlı'nın son döneminde bazı sorunların yaşanmasına sebep olmuştur.
DEMOKRAT PARTİ MERSİN MİLLETVEKİLİ YAKUP KARABULUT’UN HAYATI VE TBMM’DEKİ FAALİYETLERİ, 2018
Bu calisma, Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisinin XI. Doneminde Demokrat Partiden Mersin ili icin mille... more Bu calisma, Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisinin XI. Doneminde Demokrat Partiden Mersin ili icin milletvekili secilen Yakup Karabulut’un ozgecmisini ve siyasi faaliyetlerini icermektedir. Calismada Yakup Karabulut’un 1957 secimlerinde milletvekili secilmesi ve ardindan siyasi hayatinin basladigina deginilmistir. Yakup Bey’in siyasi hayatinin 27 Mayis 1960 Askeri Darbesi ile son bulmasi ve ardindan Yassi Ada Mahkemesinde yargilanmasi bize 1957-1960 yillari arasindaki siyasi hayati bircok yonden inceleme imkâni sunmaktadir. Arastirma yapilan calismanin konusu hakkinda arsiv kayitlari ve TBMM meclis tutanaklari taranarak elde edilen belgeler dâhilinde Yakup Bey’in ozgecmisi ve siyasi faaliyetleri aciklanmaya calisilmistir. Calisma sonunda, Yakup Karabulut’un cesitli konularda meclise takrir(onerge), kanun teklifi sundugu gibi meclis gundeminde gorusulen konular hakkinda soz alip konusma yaptigi da tespit edilmistir. Darbe sonrasi Anayasayi Ihlal davasindan yargilanarak ceza aldigi ve Yassi ...
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