Papers by Zinabu Assefa Alemu
Background: Globally, infectious diseases such as pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria are the leadin... more Background: Globally, infectious diseases such as pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria are the leading causes of death for children under 5. Diarrheal disease is a significant public health concern and causes the death of approximately 525,000 children under the age of 5 every year. In Ethiopia, studies revealed that the prevalence of diarrhea among children under 5 years is alarming. However, there has been a shortage of studies regarding the predictors of diarrheal disease in Geshiyaro project implementation sites in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to fill this gap. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2023. A total of 2937 participants were enrolled in this investigation. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using STATA version 16. Results: The 2-week prevalence of diarrhea among children under 5 years was 11.8%. The following factors were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the occurrence of childhood diarrhea: sex of the child (AOR: 1.6; 95% CI, 1.17-2.19), child age in a month (AOR: 0.5; 95% CI, 0.26-0.94), drinking water service (AOR: 2.6; 95% CI, 1.33-5.25), knowledge on diarrhea prevention (AOR: 1.4; 95% CI, 1.05-1.98), open defecation practice (AOR: 1.9; 95% CI, 1.33-2.74), and rotavirus vaccination (AOR: 1.8; 95% CI, 1.20-2.56). Conclusions: This study identified several factors contributing to diarrhea. Besides, it also studied and showed a larger number of children who were not receiving basic vaccines. Therefore, the government and partner organizations should implement effective interventions to increase vaccine coverage and reduce diarrhea. 1 | Introduction Diarrheal disease is a severe global public health problem that affects individuals of all ages and is the main reason for outpatient visits, hospitalizations, and the international year of life lost [1, 2]. It is a major health problem that accounts for 4% of all fatalities and 5% of health loss to disability globally [3]. Worldwide, 15% of all daily causes of child mortality are attributed to diarrheal illness [2]. More than 1.7 billion cases of diarrhea occur each year, resulting in the deaths of 525,000 This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Environmental health insights., 2024
BACkGROunD: Open defecation is a significant global challenge, impacting public health, environme... more BACkGROunD: Open defecation is a significant global challenge, impacting public health, environmental sanitation, and social well-being, especially in low-and middle-income countries like Ethiopia. It is the second-largest cause of disease burden worldwide by facilitating the spread of germs that cause diarrhea diseases. Studies examining open defecation practices are insufficient, especially in areas implementing Ethiopia&#39;s Geshiyaro project. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the status of open defecation practice and associated factors in the study area. METHOD: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2023. The total number of households included in this study was 7995. A structured questionnaire and observational checklist were used to collect data. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using STATA version 16. RESulTS: The study found that 16.5% of households practiced open defecation. The following factors were significantly associated with the occurrence of open defecation: residence (AOR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.26-1.92), education (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.49-0.72), age (AOR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.41-0.69), knowledge on diarrhea prevention (AOR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.17-1.50), marital status (AOR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.32-1.97), and awareness creation about WASH services (AOR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.71-2.25). On the other hand, no significant association was observed between the occurrence of open defecation and the household&#39;s income (AOR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.93-1.23) or the head of household sex (AOR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.78-1.12). COnCluSIOn: Open defecation remains a critical public health concern in Ethiopia&#39;s Geshiyaro project sites. Various factors influencing this practice have been identified. Targeted interventions are needed to enhance access to safe sanitation facilities and promote awareness of WASH services, aligning with SDG 3 target 3, and SDG 6 target 2.
Research Article, 2024
BACkGROunD: Open defecation is a significant global challenge, impacting public health, environme... more BACkGROunD: Open defecation is a significant global challenge, impacting public health, environmental sanitation, and social well-being, especially in low-and middle-income countries like Ethiopia. It is the second-largest cause of disease burden worldwide by facilitating the spread of germs that cause diarrhea diseases. Studies examining open defecation practices are insufficient, especially in areas implementing Ethiopia's Geshiyaro project. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the status of open defecation practice and associated factors in the study area. METHOD: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2023. The total number of households included in this study was 7995. A structured questionnaire and observational checklist were used to collect data. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using STATA version 16. RESulTS: The study found that 16.5% of households practiced open defecation. The following factors were significantly associated with the occurrence of open defecation: residence (AOR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.26-1.92), education (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.49-0.72), age (AOR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.41-0.69), knowledge on diarrhea prevention (AOR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.17-1.50), marital status (AOR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.32-1.97), and awareness creation about WASH services (AOR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.71-2.25). On the other hand, no significant association was observed between the occurrence of open defecation and the household's income (AOR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.93-1.23) or the head of household sex (AOR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.78-1.12). COnCluSIOn: Open defecation remains a critical public health concern in Ethiopia's Geshiyaro project sites. Various factors influencing this practice have been identified. Targeted interventions are needed to enhance access to safe sanitation facilities and promote awareness of WASH services, aligning with SDG 3 target 3, and SDG 6 target 2.
Health science reports, Jun 1, 2023
Background: Balancing cystic fibrosis (CF) care with demands of normal life is associated with de... more Background: Balancing cystic fibrosis (CF) care with demands of normal life is associated with decreased adherence to infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines. Methods: Adults with CF, aged 18-25 years, were invited to participate via UK CF Trust social media platforms. An online survey evaluated participants' decision-making in nine clinician-rated vignettes and assessed the perceived influence of infection-related information sources. Results: Participants (n = 87, mean 21.4 years [SD = 2.45]; 75% female) were less likely to engage in the high-risk scenarios, although demonstrated greater awareness of cross-infection than environmental risks. Associations between risk-perception and willingness to participate in five vignette-based hypothetical activities were significant (p b 0.05). Thematic analysis emphasised influences of past experience and a need to achieve good quality of life. Knowledge gaps were evident. Conclusions: People with CF make decisions that discriminate between risk-levels but are not always based on robust knowledge. They also show some inclination towards engaging in risky behaviours.
Discover water, Feb 7, 2023
Access to water and sanitation are a major issues for many countries, especially for low-and midd... more Access to water and sanitation are a major issues for many countries, especially for low-and middle-income nations like Ethiopia. The study aims to identify trends in the use of drinking water and sanitation services using Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) ladders and to assess the impact of demographic factors on that use. A time trend analysis for water and sanitation services was carried out using JMP ladders using household data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Likewise, factors affecting the coverage of water and sanitation service ladders were also determined using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. According to a recent survey, the basic drinking water service trend increased significantly from 18% in 2000 to 57% in 2019 by 217%. In contrast, surface water use declined from 31% in 2000 to 12% in 2019 by 61%. Despite the overall coverage of basic sanitation services grew by 900% (or nine times) from 1% in 2000 to 10% in 2019, the coverage of basic sanitation services decreased by 25% from 8% in 2011 to 6% in 2016. Furthermore, the practice of open defecation decreased by 67% from 81% in 2000 to 27% in 2019. In this study, the availability of drinking water and sanitation services are influenced by many demographic factors. The wealth quantile was used as an example since it has a major impact on the water and sanitation service ladders. Similarly, the age of households' heads difference significantly affects sanitation but has little effect on water service. The essential trend of water and sanitation services increased significantly. Several factors influencing the progression of water and sanitation service ladders have been discovered. As a result, households should replace the unimproved sanitation facilities with improved sanitation facilities and encourage hand-washing habits to reduce health risks associated with poor sanitation. Furthermore, the effect of demographic factors should be considered in the development of strategies to increase access to drinking water and sanitation services.
Environmental Systems Research, Oct 10, 2020
Background: This paper presents the trend analysis of temperature and the effect of climate varia... more Background: This paper presents the trend analysis of temperature and the effect of climate variation in the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The paper seeks to provide up-to-date information for the better management of climate change in the city. The analysis is based on the temperature difference in the city over two stations-Bole and Entoto. The overall purpose of this study is to investigate the possible trend of temperature variation as well as the effect of climate change in the study area. Method: The Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test and Sen's slope estimate were employed to find the nature of the temperature trend and significance level in the city. Results: It was found that the MK2/MK3 statistic (Z) value for minimum, maximum and average temperatures for Bole station are 6.21/5.99, 2.49/2.6, and 6.09/6.14 respectively. The positive Kendall's Z value shows an upward trend and implies an increasing trend over time. This indicates a significant increase in the trend at a 5% level of significance since the significance level (alpha) is greater than the computed p-value (0.05 > p-values (0.0001)). Whereas for Entoto station, the MK1 statistic (Z) results are 1.64 for minimum, while the MK2/MK3 static (Z) are 0.71/0.65 for the maximum, and 0.17/1.04 for average temperature, and this positive value shows an indicator of an increasing trend. However, the increase is not significant at the 5% significant level since the computed p-value is larger than the significant level (alpha = 0.05). Conclusions: There is a tendency of temperature increments in Bole station. This could be due to the influence of climate change which can lead to weather extremes in the capital city. Therefore, the study recommends that the variability of temperature needs further monitoring technique, and there is a need to consider the increasing temperature trend to minimize its effects on human health.
Health science reports, 2023
Background and Aims: COVID-19 vaccines are vital tools for infection prevention and control of th... more Background and Aims: COVID-19 vaccines are vital tools for infection prevention and control of the pandemic. However, coronavirus immunization requires acceptance among healthcare workforces and by the community. In Ethiopia, studies focused on determinants of vaccine acceptance, knowledge, attitude, and prevention practices (KAP) contrary to the novel coronavirus among healthcare staff are limited. Hence, closing this gap requires research. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 844 governmental healthcare workers. A stratified, simple random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Binary and multivariable logistic regression statistical models were used to analyze the data. Results: This study indicated that only 57.9% of the participants had good COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, meaning they took at least a dose of the vaccine themselves. We found that 65%, 60.9%, and 51.3% of the participants had good knowledge, prevention practices, and attitude against the pandemic. The novel coronavirus vaccine acceptance rate was 2.19 times more likely among females (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.19 with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.54-3.10) than among male participants. Further, respondents who did not report having any chronic diseases were 9.40 times higher to accept COVID-19 vaccines (AOR = 9.40 with 95% CI: 4.77, 18.53) than those who reported having a chronic condition. However, healthcare workers who had a habit of chewing khat at least once per week were 4% less likely to take the vaccine (AOR = 0.04 with 95% CI: 0.01, 0.32) than those who had no habit of chewing khat.
Environmental Systems Research, Apr 20, 2020
Background: The city of Addis Ababa is under rapid development and there are enormous constructio... more Background: The city of Addis Ababa is under rapid development and there are enormous construction activities along with rapid urbanization, and industrialization. These anthropogenic actions combined with population growth rate are affecting the water demand of the city. The overall purpose of this study is to model water supply and demand of the city and to identify potential water management strategies that supports the sustainable development goal number six (SDG6)-clean water and sanitation. Methods: We employed the Water Evaluation and Planning system (WEAP) modelling framework to analyze different scenarios for water demand and supply. The scenarios include population growth, living standard, as well as other supply and demand strategies. Results: For the modelling period, the reference scenario shows unmet water demand increases by around 48%, from 208 to 307 million cubic meter in 2015 and 2030 respectively. High population growth rate and high living standard scenarios have a great negative impact on the water supply system. Conclusions: Satisfying the future water demand of Addis Ababa will depend on the measures which are taken today. The integrated water management practices such as reuse of water and the selected future scenarios are proposed to decrease and manage the unmet water demand of the city. Hence, future predicted scenarios which is the combination of the external factors (i.e. population growth rate and living standard) and water management strategies were considered. From the analyzed scenarios, optimistic future strategies will support the management of the existing water supply and demand system of the city. Similarly, in the integrated management strategies scenario, it was assumed that measures were taken at both the demand and supply side to improve the efficiency of water in the entire chain. Thus, if the water sector professionals and other concerned bodies consider the selected scenarios, it will go a long way to solve the water shortage problem in the city, and this will also help to promote sustainable water management.
AIMS environmental science, 2021
Drought is one of the most natural hazards that cause damage to ecosystems, agricultural producti... more Drought is one of the most natural hazards that cause damage to ecosystems, agricultural production, and water resources. This study has analyzed seasonal and annual rainfall trends using monthly data series of 33 years (1983-2015) in Addis Ababa city over three stations namely; Sendafa, Bole, and Observation. Here, we examined the occurrence of historical drought trends in the study jurisdiction. The Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) were employed to find long-term drought trends as well as to examine the occurrence of drought history at a longer duration. The analysis indicated that severe drought conditions were observed for SPI and RDI indices in the year 2013 for Bole station, while medium droughts were recorded for the years 1991 and 2002 for all stations. Similarly, the RDI indices for 1996 was recorded as severe drought for the Observatory station. On the other hand, higher variability (coefficient of variation) of rainfall during winter seasons were 95.8%, 95.9%, and 77.9% for Sendafa, Bole, and Observatory stations respectively. However, the lower coefficient of variation during annual rainfall was 15.59% for Sendafa, 14.38% for Bole, and 13.98% for the Observatory station. Furthermore, the drought severity classification for the long-term drought analysis of annual precipitation shows that 3% of severe drought, 12% of moderate drought, and 85% of the normal condition were recorded in Bole station. The severe and moderate drought indices due to the reduction of rainfall, temperature change, and other factors can cause a shortage of urban water supply. Thus, the results of this study will help the water sector professionals in forecasting weather variations and for better management of urban water resources.
Research Square (Research Square), Jul 17, 2020
Health Science Reports
Background and AimsAccess to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene is a fundamental human ... more Background and AimsAccess to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene is a fundamental human right and essential to control infectious diseases. However, many countries, including Ethiopia, do not have adequate data to report on basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. Although contaminated drinking water spreads diseases like cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, and dysentery, studies on drinking water contamination risk levels in households are limited in Ethiopia. Therefore, closing this gap needs investigation.MethodsA community‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted. A total of 5350 households were included. A systematic, simple random sampling technique was used to select the participants. The information was gathered through in‐person interviews using a standardized questionnaire. Furthermore, 1070 drinking water samples were collected from household water storage.ResultsThis investigation revealed that 9.8%, 83.9%, and 4.9% of households used limited, basic, and s...
BMJ Open
ObjectiveTo determine the associations of WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program Water, Sanitation a... more ObjectiveTo determine the associations of WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Service Ladder service levels and sociodemographic factors with diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia.DesignA community-based cross-sectional study.SettingBishoftu town, Ethiopia, January–February 2022.ParticipantsA total of 1807 mothers with at least one child under 5 years were included. Sociodemographic and WASH variables were collected using a structured questionnaire. 378 drinking water samples were collected.OutcomeThe response variable was diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years.ResultsThe 2-week prevalence of diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years was 14.8%. Illiteracy (adjusted OR 3.15; 95% CI 1.54 to 6.47), occupation (0.35; 0.20 to 0.62), mother’s age (1.63; 1.15 to 2.31), family size (2.38; 1.68 to 3.39), wealth index (5.91; 3.01 to 11.59), residence type (1.98; 1.35 to 2.90), sex of the child (1.62; 1.17...
Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development
This study aimed to assess the level of JMP ladders for WASH services. A cross-sectional study wa... more This study aimed to assess the level of JMP ladders for WASH services. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Forty-four healthcare facilities were enrolled. From each healthcare facility, water samples were collected directly from water storage facilities. In addition to the interview, an observational checklist was used. Descriptive statistics and a chi-square test were conducted to analyze the data. The coverage of advanced and basic drinking water services in healthcare facilities was 4.6 and 70.4%, respectively. However, the healthcare facilities’ access to advanced and basic sanitation services was nil. Similarly, 61.4 and 88.6% of the healthcare facilities had no hygiene and waste disposal services, respectively. While 2.6, 4.5, and 75% of healthcare facilities had advanced, basic, and limited environmental cleaning services, 18.2% lacked environmental cleaning services. Water samples of 15.9, 11.4, and 6.8% of the healthcare facilities were found positive for total coliforms...
Discover sustainability, Jan 24, 2023
Access to basic water, sanitation and hygiene services is the most effective mechanism to reduce ... more Access to basic water, sanitation and hygiene services is the most effective mechanism to reduce many infectious diseases. WASH in schools related to better educational outcomes although adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene services were unavailable to millions of school-age children in Ethiopia. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the level of WASH coverage and identify factors affecting access to basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 82 school facilities. A structured questionnaire and an observational checklist were used to gather the data. Water samples were taken from the schools' water storage. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. In this study, 74.7%, 61. 3% and 37.3% of the schools had access to basic drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene services, respectively. Additionally, 21.3%, 29.4%, and 30.7% of the schools had access to limited drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene services, respectively. However, 4%, 9.3%, and 32% of the schools lacked water, sanitation, and hygiene services, respectively. We discovered that schools with male heads were 7% less likely to have access to basic hygiene services (AOR = 0.07 with 95% CI 0.01-0.5) than those with female directors. In addition, schools with hygiene and environmental health clubs had an 11.8-fold higher access rate to basic hygiene services (AOR = 11.8 with 95% CI 1.35-104) than schools without such clubs. Besides, schools that conduct WASH lessons at least once a week were 8.63 times more likely to use basic hygiene services (AOR = 8.63; 95% CI 1.18-63.22) than schools that did not. This study offers scientific evidence that could be used for sound decisions to fill the school WASH gaps. This is a unique study in determining the level of WASH coverage and identifying factors affecting access to basic hygiene services. The investigation provides some insights into how access to WASH services can be improved at the grassroots level. Federal and regional governments should implement effective interventions that assist schools to attain Sustainable Development Goal 6 by 2030. School administrators and other partner organizations should take proactive measures to enhance and maintain the WASH services.
Discover Water
Access to water and sanitation are a major issues for many countries, especially for low- and mid... more Access to water and sanitation are a major issues for many countries, especially for low- and middle-income nations like Ethiopia. The study aims to identify trends in the use of drinking water and sanitation services using Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) ladders and to assess the impact of demographic factors on that use. A time trend analysis for water and sanitation services was carried out using JMP ladders using household data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Likewise, factors affecting the coverage of water and sanitation service ladders were also determined using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. According to a recent survey, the basic drinking water service trend increased significantly from 18% in 2000 to 57% in 2019 by 217%. In contrast, surface water use declined from 31% in 2000 to 12% in 2019 by 61%. Despite the overall coverage of basic sanitation services grew by 900% (or nine times) from 1% in 2000 to 10% in 2019, the coverage of b...
Discover Food
Introduction Globally, food and waterborne diseases remain a critical public health problem, alth... more Introduction Globally, food and waterborne diseases remain a critical public health problem, although the issue is severe in low and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. This study aimed to identify factors associated with food safety practices and the drinking water quality of food establishments. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 160 food outlets were enrolled using a systematic random sampling method. A structured questionnaire and observational checklist were used to collect data. Descriptive, binary, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Drinking water samples were taken from the food establishments' drinking-water storage and were bacteriologically and chemically tested. Heat-sterilized bottles of 250 ml capacity for bacteriological and 1000 ml plastic bottles for chemical parameters were used to collect drinking-water samples. Results In this study, food establishments with female managers were 3.7 times higher in go...
Environmental Research Communications, 2021
Poor air quality is a development challenge. Urbanization and industrial development along with i... more Poor air quality is a development challenge. Urbanization and industrial development along with increased populations have brought clear socio-economic benefits to Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) but can also bring disadvantages such as decreasing air quality. A lack of reliable air quality data in East African cities makes it difficult to understand air pollution exposure and to predict future air quality trends. This work documents urban air quality and air pollution exposure in the capital cities of Kampala (Uganda), Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) and Nairobi (Kenya). We build a situational awareness of air pollution through repeated static and dynamic mobile monitoring in a range of urban locations, including urban background, roadside (pavement and building), rural background, and bus station sites, alongside vehicle-based measurements including buses and motorcycle taxis. Data suggest that the measured particulate matter mass concentrations (PM2.5, PM10) in all studied cities ...
Discover Water
Reducing inequalities in all its forms is one of the key principles of the Sustainable Developmen... more Reducing inequalities in all its forms is one of the key principles of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). However, the 2030 SDG Agenda has been a real challenge in addressing inequalities in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) services. There is a disparity in the use of WASH services in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify demographic factors affecting the use of Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) ladders for WASH services. In this study, a total of 5350 households were included. Households having heads with vocational education levels were 2.9 times higher in use of basic drinking-water services ((Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.9 with 95% CI 1.6–5.1) than household having heads who could not read and write. Besides, households living in urban areas were 21.7 times more likely to use basic drinking-water services (AOR = 21.7 with 95% CI 16–30) than in rural parts. Further, households with merchants’ heads were 2.1 times higher to use basic sanitation services (AOR = ...
Springer Nature, 2023
Access to water and sanitation are a major issues for many countries, especially for low-and midd... more Access to water and sanitation are a major issues for many countries, especially for low-and middle-income nations like Ethiopia. The study aims to identify trends in the use of drinking water and sanitation services using Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) ladders and to assess the impact of demographic factors on that use. A time trend analysis for water and sanitation services was carried out using JMP ladders using household data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Likewise, factors affecting the coverage of water and sanitation service ladders were also determined using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. According to a recent survey, the basic drinking water service trend increased significantly from 18% in 2000 to 57% in 2019 by 217%. In contrast, surface water use declined from 31% in 2000 to 12% in 2019 by 61%. Despite the overall coverage of basic sanitation services grew by 900% (or nine times) from 1% in 2000 to 10% in 2019, the coverage of basic sanitation services decreased by 25% from 8% in 2011 to 6% in 2016. Furthermore, the practice of open defecation decreased by 67% from 81% in 2000 to 27% in 2019. In this study, the availability of drinking water and sanitation services are influenced by many demographic factors. The wealth quantile was used as an example since it has a major impact on the water and sanitation service ladders. Similarly, the age of households' heads difference significantly affects sanitation but has little effect on water service. The essential trend of water and sanitation services increased significantly. Several factors influencing the progression of water and sanitation service ladders have been discovered. As a result, households should replace the unimproved sanitation facilities with improved sanitation facilities and encourage hand-washing habits to reduce health risks associated with poor sanitation. Furthermore, the effect of demographic factors should be considered in the development of strategies to increase access to drinking water and sanitation services.
Environmental Systems Research, 2020
Background The city of Addis Ababa is under rapid development and there are enormous construction... more Background The city of Addis Ababa is under rapid development and there are enormous construction activities along with rapid urbanization, and industrialization. These anthropogenic actions combined with population growth rate are affecting the water demand of the city. The overall purpose of this study is to model water supply and demand of the city and to identify potential water management strategies that supports the sustainable development goal number six (SDG6)—clean water and sanitation. Methods We employed the Water Evaluation and Planning system (WEAP) modelling framework to analyze different scenarios for water demand and supply. The scenarios include population growth, living standard, as well as other supply and demand strategies. Results For the modelling period, the reference scenario shows unmet water demand increases by around 48%, from 208 to 307 million cubic meter in 2015 and 2030 respectively. High population growth rate and high living standard scenarios have a...
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Papers by Zinabu Assefa Alemu