he objective of this study is explore in depth public finance issues and their impact on decentra... more he objective of this study is explore in depth public finance issues and their impact on decentralized service delivery at the regional and woreda level in Amhara region. The study is carried out as part of the federal and some regional case studies designed to examine effectiveness of public finances of sub-national governments. This study was expected to (i) review the institutional arrangement for managing public finances at the regional level including policies, budgetary institutions, systems and processes; (ii) assess the level, trend, and composition of public spending (both functional and economic classification) in per capita terms over the past five years and identify key achievements and limitations; (iii) assess the level, trend, and, composition of revenue at the regional level and examine the financing framework, including ways to increase local revenue generation capacity; (iv) assess the role of external aid in supporting decentralized service delivery and the sustainability of the program in absence of external aid; (v) review the planning and budgeting process as well as the quality of PFM system; and (vi) data permitting, establish the link between the level of spending and the outputs and outcomes for selected sectors. The study used standard public financial process review methodologies used for undertaking PEFA assessments. The report reviewed the various studies, plans and performance reports of the various sectors in the regions between EFY 1997 and 2001. In addition, key informant interviews were carried out at bureaus levels and woreda offices of education, health, water, agriculture and rural development, finance and economic development, revenue, General Auditor, rural road and woreda administrations. Four woredas were selected in consultation with BoFED, two of them (Libo Kemkem and Enesse Sarmidir) are food insecure while the other two (Dera and Hule Eju Enesse) are food secure. Finally, the review accessed and analyzed both Woreda and BoFED budget and expenditure. The main findings and recommendations of this report in presented as follows.
Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, 2016
Trypanosoma evansi causes a trypanosomosis known as 'surra'. It affects a large number of wild an... more Trypanosoma evansi causes a trypanosomosis known as 'surra'. It affects a large number of wild and domesticated animal species in the world. The principal host species varies geographically, but camels are particularly affected. It is an arthropod-borne disease; several species of haematophagous flies, including Tabanids and Stomoxys, are implicated in transferring infection as mechanical vectors. In Brazil, vampire bats are also involved in a unique type of biological transmission. The general clinical signs of T. evansi infection are not sufficiently pathognomonic for diagnosis. Laboratory methods for detecting the parasite are required. In early infection, when the parasitaemia is high, examination of wet blood films, stained blood smears or lymph node materials can reveal the trypanosomes from blood or lymph samples. In more chronic cases, when the parasitaemia is low, examination of thick blood smears, as well as inoculation of laboratory rodents are required. Several primer pairs targeting the subgenus or the species-specific (T. evansi) parasitic DNA sequences are available for diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA probe. Serological tests using specific antibody responses and a variety of antibody detection tests have been introduced for laboratory and field uses. The most relevant are immunofluorescence test (IFAT), enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi). T. evansi, like other pathogenic trypanosomes induce a generalized immune-suppression of both humoral antibody response and T-cell mediated immune responses. As a result, in the long term, the host's immune responses fail and it succumbs to either the overwhelming parasite load or to secondary infection, consequently leading to occurrence of the trypanosome-induced immunopathology.
A study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 to determine fenbendazole and ivermectin r... more A study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 to determine fenbendazole and ivermectin resistance status of intestinal nematodes of cart horses in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Forty-five strongyle infected animals were used for this study. The animals were randomly allocated into three groups (15 horses per group). Group I was treated with fenbendazole and Group II with ivermectin and Group III was left untreated. Faecal samples were collected from each cart horse before and after treatment. Accordingly, the reduction in the mean fecal egg count at fourteen days of treatment for ivermectin and fenbendazole was 97.25% and 79.4%, respectively. It was significantly different in net egg count between treatment and control groups after treatment. From the study, resistance level was determined for fenbendazole and suspected for ivermectin. In addition, a questionnaire survey was also conducted on 90 selected cart owners to assess their perception on anthelmintics. In the survey, ...
Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, 2016
Trypanosoma evansi causes a trypanosomosis known as ‘surra’. It affects a large number of wild an... more Trypanosoma evansi causes a trypanosomosis known as ‘surra’. It affects a large number of wild and domesticated animal species in the world. The principal host species varies geographically, but camels are particularly affected. It is an arthropod-borne disease; several species of haematophagous flies, including Tabanids and Stomoxys, are implicated in transferring infection as mechanical vectors. In Brazil, vampire bats are also involved in a unique type of biological transmission. The general clinical signs of T. evansi infection are not sufficiently pathognomonic for diagnosis. Laboratory methods for detecting the parasite are required. In early infection, when the parasitaemia is high, examination of wet blood films, stained blood smears or lymph node materials can reveal the trypanosomes from blood or lymph samples. In more chronic cases, when the parasitaemia is low, examination of thick blood smears, as well as inoculation of laboratory rodents are required. Several primer pa...
he objective of this study is explore in depth public finance issues and their impact on decentra... more he objective of this study is explore in depth public finance issues and their impact on decentralized service delivery at the regional and woreda level in Amhara region. The study is carried out as part of the federal and some regional case studies designed to examine effectiveness of public finances of sub-national governments. This study was expected to (i) review the institutional arrangement for managing public finances at the regional level including policies, budgetary institutions, systems and processes; (ii) assess the level, trend, and composition of public spending (both functional and economic classification) in per capita terms over the past five years and identify key achievements and limitations; (iii) assess the level, trend, and, composition of revenue at the regional level and examine the financing framework, including ways to increase local revenue generation capacity; (iv) assess the role of external aid in supporting decentralized service delivery and the sustainability of the program in absence of external aid; (v) review the planning and budgeting process as well as the quality of PFM system; and (vi) data permitting, establish the link between the level of spending and the outputs and outcomes for selected sectors. The study used standard public financial process review methodologies used for undertaking PEFA assessments. The report reviewed the various studies, plans and performance reports of the various sectors in the regions between EFY 1997 and 2001. In addition, key informant interviews were carried out at bureaus levels and woreda offices of education, health, water, agriculture and rural development, finance and economic development, revenue, General Auditor, rural road and woreda administrations. Four woredas were selected in consultation with BoFED, two of them (Libo Kemkem and Enesse Sarmidir) are food insecure while the other two (Dera and Hule Eju Enesse) are food secure. Finally, the review accessed and analyzed both Woreda and BoFED budget and expenditure. The main findings and recommendations of this report in presented as follows.
Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, 2016
Trypanosoma evansi causes a trypanosomosis known as 'surra'. It affects a large number of wild an... more Trypanosoma evansi causes a trypanosomosis known as 'surra'. It affects a large number of wild and domesticated animal species in the world. The principal host species varies geographically, but camels are particularly affected. It is an arthropod-borne disease; several species of haematophagous flies, including Tabanids and Stomoxys, are implicated in transferring infection as mechanical vectors. In Brazil, vampire bats are also involved in a unique type of biological transmission. The general clinical signs of T. evansi infection are not sufficiently pathognomonic for diagnosis. Laboratory methods for detecting the parasite are required. In early infection, when the parasitaemia is high, examination of wet blood films, stained blood smears or lymph node materials can reveal the trypanosomes from blood or lymph samples. In more chronic cases, when the parasitaemia is low, examination of thick blood smears, as well as inoculation of laboratory rodents are required. Several primer pairs targeting the subgenus or the species-specific (T. evansi) parasitic DNA sequences are available for diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA probe. Serological tests using specific antibody responses and a variety of antibody detection tests have been introduced for laboratory and field uses. The most relevant are immunofluorescence test (IFAT), enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi). T. evansi, like other pathogenic trypanosomes induce a generalized immune-suppression of both humoral antibody response and T-cell mediated immune responses. As a result, in the long term, the host's immune responses fail and it succumbs to either the overwhelming parasite load or to secondary infection, consequently leading to occurrence of the trypanosome-induced immunopathology.
A study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 to determine fenbendazole and ivermectin r... more A study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 to determine fenbendazole and ivermectin resistance status of intestinal nematodes of cart horses in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Forty-five strongyle infected animals were used for this study. The animals were randomly allocated into three groups (15 horses per group). Group I was treated with fenbendazole and Group II with ivermectin and Group III was left untreated. Faecal samples were collected from each cart horse before and after treatment. Accordingly, the reduction in the mean fecal egg count at fourteen days of treatment for ivermectin and fenbendazole was 97.25% and 79.4%, respectively. It was significantly different in net egg count between treatment and control groups after treatment. From the study, resistance level was determined for fenbendazole and suspected for ivermectin. In addition, a questionnaire survey was also conducted on 90 selected cart owners to assess their perception on anthelmintics. In the survey, ...
Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, 2016
Trypanosoma evansi causes a trypanosomosis known as ‘surra’. It affects a large number of wild an... more Trypanosoma evansi causes a trypanosomosis known as ‘surra’. It affects a large number of wild and domesticated animal species in the world. The principal host species varies geographically, but camels are particularly affected. It is an arthropod-borne disease; several species of haematophagous flies, including Tabanids and Stomoxys, are implicated in transferring infection as mechanical vectors. In Brazil, vampire bats are also involved in a unique type of biological transmission. The general clinical signs of T. evansi infection are not sufficiently pathognomonic for diagnosis. Laboratory methods for detecting the parasite are required. In early infection, when the parasitaemia is high, examination of wet blood films, stained blood smears or lymph node materials can reveal the trypanosomes from blood or lymph samples. In more chronic cases, when the parasitaemia is low, examination of thick blood smears, as well as inoculation of laboratory rodents are required. Several primer pa...
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