Papers by Masatsugu Yamazaki
Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2011
Japanese Journal of Ecology
Microbes and Environments, 2011
Soil type is one of the key factors affecting soil microbial communities. With regard to ammonia-... more Soil type is one of the key factors affecting soil microbial communities. With regard to ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), however, it has not been determined how soil type affects their community size and soil nitrification activity. Here we quantitatively analyzed the ammonia monooxygenase genes (amoA) of these ammonia oxidizers in fields with three different soil types (Low-humic Andosol [LHA], Gray Lowland Soil [GLS], and Yellow Soil [YS]) under common cropping conditions, and assessed the relationships between soil nitrification activity and the abundance of each amoA. Nitrification activity of LHA was highest, followed by that of GLS and YS; this order was consistent with that for the abundance of AOB amoA. Abundance of AOB amoA showed temporal variation, which was similar to that observed in nitrification activity, and a strong relationship (adjusted R 2 =0.742) was observed between the abundance of AOB amoA and nitrification activity. Abundance of AOA amoA also exhibited a significant relationship (adjusted R 2 =0.228) with nitrification activity, although this relationship was much weaker. Our results indicate that soil type affects the community size of AOA and AOB and the resulting nitrification activity, and that AOB are major contributors to nitrification in soils, while AOA are partially responsible.
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2001
... 587 A paddy field is a unique man-made environment where many varieties of aquatic organisms ... more ... 587 A paddy field is a unique man-made environment where many varieties of aquatic organisms occur (Miyashita 1929; Heckman 1979; Ban and Kiritani 1980; Mogi 1993). Some aquatic organisms exert a beneficial effect on rice cultivation. ...
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2002
Bacterial communities associated with crustacean (Tanycypris, Cladocera, Cyclopoida), Diptera (la... more Bacterial communities associated with crustacean (Tanycypris, Cladocera, Cyclopoida), Diptera (larvae of Cricotopus sp.), and roots of duckweed (Lemna paucicostata Hegelm) in the floodwater of a paddy field were analyzed based on the RFLP patterns of 16S rDNA. A larger number of RFLP bands was obtained from the bacterial communities in the floodwater and that associated with Cyclopoida than from the bacterial community associated with the other host organisms. The bacterial community associated with Tanycypris gave the smallest number of bands compared with the other habitats. DNA fragments common to Tanycypris, Cladocera, Cyclopoida, and Diptera and specific to the respective organisms were recognized. The RFLP pattern of the bacterial communities in the floodwater was markedly different from and more complex than those from aquatic organisms. The RFLP pattern of the bacterial community associated with Lemna roots was also specific. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis enabled to clearly separate the RFLP patterns of the bacterial communities associated with aquatic organisms from one another. The effect of sampling time on the bacterial communities was not appreciable compared to the effect of host organisms.
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2003
The purpose of this study was to analyze the seasonal variations in diversity and community struc... more The purpose of this study was to analyze the seasonal variations in diversity and community structure of aquatic organisms in paddy fields_ The varieties and the number of aquatic organisms ranging in size from 30 mm to 2 cm in the floodwater of five Japanese paddy fields were surveyed every 10 d during the growth period of rice plant. Aquatic organisms were classified mainly at the order level. As a result, forty four varieties (classified groups) of aquatic organisms were detected in the present survey. The number of varieties significantly increased and the community structure of the aquatic organisms changed after midseason drainage. Principal component analysis showed that three varieties (Volvocida, Oligotrichida, Cladocera) and four varieties (Lemnaceae, Pharyngophorida, Chaetonotida, Tnrbellaria) characterized the community structure of aquatic organisms before and after midseason drainage, respectively.
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2005
In the present study, the effect of free-air CO, enrichment (FACE) on the diversity and the commu... more In the present study, the effect of free-air CO, enrichment (FACE) on the diversity and the community structure of aquatic organisms in the floodwater of a paddy field in northern Japan was evaluated. The varieties and the number of aquatic organisms ranging from 30 pm to 2 cm were compared four times at intervals of 20 d between the FACE (699 ppm CO,) and ambient air (384ppm CO,) plots during the flooding period of rice cultivation. Aquatic organisms were classified mainly at the order level. Tbenty-eight taxonomicd groups were detected, and the number of groups in the FACE plots was significantly lower than that in the ambient plots. Zygnematales and Chaetonotida were less frequently detected in the FACE plots. The population densities of Zygnematales, and Chaetonotida also tended to be lower in the FACE plots than in the ambient plots in the late flooding period (after 50 d of flooding). No groups showed a significantly higher population density and frequency of presence in the FACE plots than in the ambient plots. The seasonal variations in the number of taxonomical groups and the community structure of aquatic organisms were less conspicuous in the FACE plots than in the ambient plots. We concluded that the FACE conditions adversely d e c t e d the communities of aquatic organisms in paddy fields.
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2012
Free-living fresh water Platyhelminthes except for the order Tricladida (planaria) are collective... more Free-living fresh water Platyhelminthes except for the order Tricladida (planaria) are collectively called microturbellaria, most species of which are less than a few millimeters in length. The ecology and the fauna of microturbellarians in rice fields has not been clarified in detail since Okugawa (1932) reported the morphological and ecological characters of all microturbellarian species that had been observed in Japan. This might be because the observation of living microturbellarians is needed for their identification. To survey phylogenetic diversity of microturbellarians in ten Japanese rice paddy fields, after DNA was extracted from all microturbellarian individuals that were collected in each field, the composition of the amplified 18S rRNA gene fragments of each sample was surveyed by clone library analysis. We also collected Stenostomum species in some of the same fields, identified them on the basis of morphological characters, and checked whether the 18S rRNA fragments of these species were contained within those of microturbellarians that were obtained by clone library analysis. Twenty-eight types of 18S rRNA gene fragments of microturbellarians were isolated on the basis of the difference in the sequence, and they were divided into seven families of microturbellarians (Stenostomidae, Catenulidae, Typhloplanidae, Dalyellidae, Gyratricidae, Macrostomidae, and Microstomidae). We identified four Stenostomum species of Stenostomidae (Stenostomum grande Child 1902, Stenostomum simplex Kepner & Carter 1931, Stenostomum tuberculosum Nuttycombe & Waters 1938, Stenostomum saliens Kepner & Carter 1931) that had never been reported in rice fields. The sequences of 18S rRNA gene fragments of Stenostomidae in the floodwater around rice plants showed the highest diversity, and they were closely related to Stenostomum leucops (Dugés 1828) O. Schmidt 1848, S. grande, S. simplex, S. tuberculosum, S. saliens, Stenostomum heebuktense Larsson & Willems 2010, and Rhynchoscolex simplex Leidy 1851. 18S rRNA gene fragments of Catenulidae and Typhloplanidae showed high diversity, and those of Microstomidae, Macrostomidae, Gyratricidae, and Dalyellidae were also retrieved. These molecular biological techniques revealed that many unidentified groups of microturbellarians inhabited rice fields.
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2010
Vol. 81 (2010) No. 2 (pp. 105–201) Original Papers Method for application of anaerobically digest... more Vol. 81 (2010) No. 2 (pp. 105–201) Original Papers Method for application of anaerobically digested cattle slurry to the field cultivation of cabbage Shinichi TOKUDA*1, Yasuo TANAKA*2, Hisao HIGASHIO*1, Kenji MURAKAMI*1, Shoko AIZAWA*1, Atsuko URAGAMI*1 and Miyuki KUNIHISA*1 *1National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, *2National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 81, 105–111, 2010) We applied anaerobically digested cattle slurry obtained from a biogas plant to a cabbage field as a nitrogen fertilizer and compared the growth of the cabbage plant and the chemical properties of the soil in the field applied with the digested slurry with those in the field applied with chemical fertilizer. Ammonia in the digested slurry volatilized easily when the digested slurry was applied to the surface of the cabbage field. On the other hand, covering the surface of the field with soils reduced remarkably ammonia volatilization as soon as the digested slurry was applied to the field. We applied two third of the digested slurry for basal fertilizer to the ditches (about 15 cm in depth) in the field and covered with soils. One third of the digested slurry was applied to the surface of the field. We did not notice the differences in the growth of the cabbage plant and some chemical properties of the soil such as inorganic nitrogen content, soil pH and available nitrogen content between the digested slurry and chemical fertilizer. We concluded that the digested slurry was available for nitrogen fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer in the cabbage cultivation. Key words: ammonia volatilization, anaerobically digested cattle slurry, cabbage, nitrogen fertilizer. Relationships between the vertical distribution of low specific gravity fraction (charred plants) and the soil age or organic C storage in the soil profile of a cumulative Andisol Keisuke MIYAZAKI*1, Yudzuru INOUE*2, Syusaku NISHIMURA*1 and Haruo SHINDO*1 *1Fac. Agric., Yamaguchi Univ., *2Center of Advanced Instrumental Analysis Kyushu Univ. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 81, 112–117, 2010) In order to gain a basic understanding about the relationships between the vertical distribution of organic carbon content of low specific gravity fraction (mainly consists of charred plants) and the soil age or organic C storage in the soil profile of a cumulative Andisol, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, Japan, forty four soil samples were successively collected from surface and buried horizons (Ap, A, AC and A/C) of the profile. The oldest horizon studied contains the tephra erupted in 12.8 cal ka. (1) Microscopic observation of the fraction less than specific gravity 1.6 g cm−3, which was isolated after HCl-HF treatment of the soil samples, indicated that the charred plant fragments, which are black or blackish brown, were the main components in this fraction (< 1.6 fraction). (2) The total organic C content of the bulk soil (SOC) and organic C content of the < 1.6 fraction (POC), ranging from 19.4 to 117 and from < 0.5 to 15.8 g kg−1 dried bulk soil, respectively, were much higher in the 2A (contains the tephra erupted in A. D. 1235) and 4A (contains the tephras erupted in 6.4 and 4.6 cal ka) horizons than in the other horizons. No constant relationships were found between the elapse of soil age and the change of POC or SOC. (3) The POC was highly correlated (r = 0.875, significant at 0.1% level) with the SOC. Similar relationship was found between the proportion of the POC to the SOC and the SOC (r = 0.802, significant at 0.1% level). The POC / SOC value was 5% or more in 17 samples from a total of 44 soils, with a maximum value of 15.2%. (4) From the findings in the present and previous studies, it was assumed that in Japanese Andisol, charred plants contribute to C storage as one of the constituents of soil organic matter. Key words: carbon storage, charred plants, cumulative Andisol, specific gravity method, vertical distribution. Cadmium phytoremediation by Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera Hiroshi KUBOTA*1, Reiko SUGAWARA*1, Nobuyuki KITAJIMA*1, Satoshi YAJIMA*1 and Shigeru TANI*2 *1Tech Devel. Div., Fujita Co., *2Nat. Inst. Rural. Engr (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 81, 118–124, 2010) New maximum levels for Cadmium in food crops set by the Codex committee make it all the more important to develop the technologies for reducing cadmium risks in farm land in Japan. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of A. halleri ssp. gemmifera for phytoremediation of cadmium in farm land. Two experiments were undertaken. 1) The relation between root volume and cadmium concentration of soil was examined by using cylindrical containers which were filled with soil containing cadmium (2.3 mg Cd kg−1) and planted. Half of planted containers were harvested and analyzed to get samples of soil and plants’ root after one month cultivation and the other half after two months. After two months cultivation the plants’ root volume was…
Fisheries Science, 2010
We examined the effects of predation by Nigorobuna Carassius auratus grandoculis larvae and fry, ... more We examined the effects of predation by Nigorobuna Carassius auratus grandoculis larvae and fry, a crucian carp endemic to Lake Biwa, Japan, on the community structure of aquatic organisms in rice fields. Six experimental plots with three different rice-straw treatments in the presence/absence of stocked larvae were prepared. In each plot, the number of aquatic organisms ranging in size from 30 μm to 5 mm in the water, as well as those from 63 μm to 5 mm in size in the surface sediments, was surveyed 6, 13, 20, 26, 34, and 41 days after the onset of irrigation. Three-day-old fish larvae were released on day 10. Undigested organisms in the gut contents of the larvae or fry were identified on days 20, 26, 34, and 41, respectively. Ten-day-old larvae mainly preyed on Cladocera, but the fry thereafter shifted to Diptera as their main prey. While Cladocera and Podocopida decreased in fish-stocked plots, Euglenales and Halteriida became more abundant there. Top-down or bottom-up effects of fish seemed to control these changes in community structure.
Ecological Research, 2004
The purpose of this study was to clarify the differences of the community structure and the diver... more The purpose of this study was to clarify the differences of the community structure and the diversity of aquatic organisms (i) among sampling sites that the distances from inlets or outlets were different each other, and (ii) between the floodwater and the irrigation water during the crop season in a paddy field. The irrigation water was sampled from one inlet. The taxonomical groups and the number of aquatic organisms ranging in size from 30 mm to 2 cm in the floodwater and the irrigation water were surveyed approximately every 10 days during the growth period of the rice plant. Aquatic organisms were classified mainly at the order level. Thirty-eight taxonomical groups of aquatic organisms were found in the floodwater, while 18 groups were found in the irrigation water. We were not able to find the differences of the community structure of aquatic organisms among the sites. In the floodwater, the number of taxonomical group increased and the community structure changed during the late flooding period (over 50 days after the onset of flooding) at any site, while those in the irrigation water hardly changed. Although the community structure of aquatic organisms differed between the floodwater and the irrigation water throughout the flooding period, the differences became especially bigger during the late flooding period. Principal component analysis showed that three groups (Pennales, Dinoflagellida, Choreotrichida) characterized the community structure in the irrigation water. Their population densities tended to be the highest at the site near inlets and the lowest at the site far from inlets.
Edaphologia, 2004
The spatial distribution of aquatic organisms ranging in size from 30 pm to 2 cm in a paddy field... more The spatial distribution of aquatic organisms ranging in size from 30 pm to 2 cm in a paddy field was investigated during the waterlogged period. We collected the samples about every ten days from three habitats (the water column, the water-sediment interface, and the water around rice plants), and counted the number of aquatic organlsms that were identified mainly at the order level. As a result, thirty-four varieties (ciassified groups) of aquatic organisms. were found. In particular, the population densities of sixteen varieties significantgy differed among the tl}Iee habitats (the two-way A)gOVA, p<O.05). The number of varieties of aquatic organisms also significantly differed among the three habitats (the two-way ANOVA, p<O,05). The number of varieties was higher at the water-sediment interface before the midseason drainage, whereas it was higher in the water around rice plants after the midseason drainage. Authors used principal component analysis to show the differences in the community structure of aquatic organisms among the three different habitats. Although thc community structure did not differ between the water column and the water around rice plants before the midseason drainage, it differed between them after the midseason drainage. Two varieties of phytoplankton (Volvocida and Euglenida) characterized the community structure of aquatic organisms in the water column and the water around rice plants before the midseason drainage, while two yaneties of ph.ytoplankton (Zygnematales and Dinoflagellida) and three varieties of heterotrophic organisms (Prorodentida, Turbellana, and Chaetonotida) characterized the community structures in the water column and the water around rice piants after the midseason drainage, respectively. The community structure in the water-sediment interface differed from those found at the other habitats throughout the flooding period, Three varieties of ohreEearnOi:li ehiinC tO'hregawnA:eMt-SsgllliemMeanttOlnat'erHaacPelPtaXida, and Podocopida) characterized the community structure of aquatic
Fish stock visualizes biological interactions of paddy field community-as a basis to clarify the ... more Fish stock visualizes biological interactions of paddy field community-as a basis to clarify the multiple functions
…, 2002
... environment where many varieties of aquatic organisms are found (Miyashita, 1929; Heckman, 19... more ... environment where many varieties of aquatic organisms are found (Miyashita, 1929; Heckman, 1979; Ban and Kiritani, 1980; Mogi, 1993). ... Arata Katayama, and Dr. Susumu Asakawa, Nagoya University, and Dr. Koki Toyota, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, for ...
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2004
Farming using “aigamo” (rice-duck; crossbred of wild and domestic duck) is one of the popular org... more Farming using “aigamo” (rice-duck; crossbred of wild and domestic duck) is one of the popular organic farming methods for paddy rice in Japan. The diversity and community structure of aquatic organisms under rice-duck farming were investigated and compared with those under conventional farming. Adjacent paddy fields with these different farming methods were selected at two sites. The taxonomical groups and
Uploads
Papers by Masatsugu Yamazaki