<i>Celaenorrhinus consanguineus</i> Leech, 1891 (Fig 4D) <i>Celaenorrhinus cons... more <i>Celaenorrhinus consanguineus</i> Leech, 1891 (Fig 4D) <i>Celaenorrhinus consanguinea</i> Leech, 1891: 61 (Type locality: Omeishan, Sichuan); Leech, 1893: 570; Seitz, 1927: 1036; Evans, 1949: 94. <i>Celaenorrhinus consanguineous</i>: Chou, 1994: 703; Wang, 2005:98; Yuan <i>et al</i>. 2015: 153; Wu &amp; Hsu, 2017: 1299. <b>Material examined</b>. 1 male, altitude 1806 m, 25. VI. 2018, Chawalong village, Xizang Autonomous Region, P. R. China, leg. Chenglong Cao (SCAU). <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Celaenorrhinus consanguineus</i> is characterized by broken median band on forewing, with the spot in space CuA 1 larger and produced toward termen, and underside of both wings lacking yellowish patterns at base. Male genitalia (Fig 5D): valva deeply concave forming two long processes. <b>Distribution.</b> China (Tibet *, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hubei, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan).
A new species of the genus Neopseustis Meyrick, 1909, Neopseustis chentangensis S.Y. Huang & Chen... more A new species of the genus Neopseustis Meyrick, 1909, Neopseustis chentangensis S.Y. Huang & Chen sp. nov., which was confirmed by both morphological and molecular methods, is described from Xizang, China. This is currently the westernmost species in Asia of the primitive lepidopteran family Neopseustidae. The new species is externally reminiscent of N. moxiensis Chen & Owada, 2009; however, it can be easily distinguished from the latter by comparison of the male genitalia and is further distinguished by the large genetic distance in DNA barcodes (COI). The adult and genitalia of the new and similar species have been illustrated. Utilizing our new data, a new classification of the genus is provided, with its members subdivided into four species groups: the meyricki-group, the moxiensis-group, the bicornuta-group, and the chentangensis-group, which are supported by both molecular and morphological evidence. A checklist of the genus and a key to the species groups are also provided.
FIGURES 1−24. Adults of Scobura species: 1−4. S. cephaloides kinka Evans (Hainan), male (1–2), fe... more FIGURES 1−24. Adults of Scobura species: 1−4. S. cephaloides kinka Evans (Hainan), male (1–2), female (3–4); 5–6. S. isota (Swinhoe), male (Yunnan); 7−8. S. evansi Devyatkin, male (Guangdong); 9–12. S. coniata Hering (Guangdong), male (9–10), female (11, 12); 13–14. S. lyso (Evans), male (Zhejiang); 15–18. S. hainana (Gu & Wang) comb. nov. (Guangdong), male (15−16), female (17−18); 19−20. S. parawoolletti sp. nov., male (Hainan, holotype); 21–22. S. woolletti (Riley), male (Borneo); 23−24. S. stellata sp. nov., male (Guangdong, holotype). Odd number, upperside; even number, underside; scale bar, 10 mm.
2017 International Conference on Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA), 2017
Thanks to the advances in deep learning techniques and the increasing size of training data, grou... more Thanks to the advances in deep learning techniques and the increasing size of training data, ground- breaking progress on image classification has recently been achieved. However, focusing on distinguishing usually hundreds of sub-categories belonging to the same basic-level category, fine- grained recognition of unusual natural object categories (e.g., a special type of insect) still remains challenging and needs to be solved. Due to mainly lack of sufficient annotated data, the state-of-the-art image classification approaches cannot well adapt to address the fine-grained challenges. In this paper, we study the problem of fine-grained butterfly recognition by introducing a new large-scale benchmark, which includes 82 butterfly categories. Moreover, we perform empirical study of the existing state-of-the-art image classification approaches and adopt ResNet as a new baseline. Extensive experiments under empirical settings demonstrate the superiority of the proposed baseline.
FIGURE 4. Male adults of newly recorded Hesperiidae from Tibet. A, Ochlodes brahma; B, Barca bico... more FIGURE 4. Male adults of newly recorded Hesperiidae from Tibet. A, Ochlodes brahma; B, Barca bicolor; C, Aeromachus propinquus; D, Celaenorrhinus consanguineus; E, Pedesta bivitta; F, Baoris penicillata chapmani. A, B, C, right, upperside; left, underside; D, E, F, right, underside, left upperside. Scale bar=1 cm.
A new species of the genus Neopseustis Meyrick, 1909, Neopseustis chentangensis S.Y. Huang & Chen... more A new species of the genus Neopseustis Meyrick, 1909, Neopseustis chentangensis S.Y. Huang & Chen sp. nov., which was confirmed by both morphological and molecular methods, is described from Xizang, China. This is currently the westernmost species in Asia of the primitive lepidopteran family Neopseustidae. The new species is externally reminiscent of N. moxiensis Chen & Owada, 2009; however, it can be easily distinguished from the latter by comparison of the male genitalia and is further distinguished by the large genetic distance in DNA barcodes (COI). The adult and genitalia of the new and similar species have been illustrated. Utilizing our new data, a new classification of the genus is provided, with its members subdivided into four species groups: the meyricki-group, the moxiensis-group, the bicornuta-group, and the chentangensis-group, which are supported by both molecular and morphological evidence. A checklist of the genus and a key to the species groups are also provided.
The maculosus group of the genus Celaenorrhinus from China is reviewed, in which 7 species are tr... more The maculosus group of the genus Celaenorrhinus from China is reviewed, in which 7 species are treated. Taiwanese maculosus taiwanus is reinstated to full species rank. The hitherto unknown female of C. kuznetsovi, as well as the female genitalia of C. maculosus and C. major are described. Adults and genitalia are illustrated, and a brief description of each species is given. A Key to the Chinese species of the maculosus group is provided.
BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access t... more BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.
Members of the skipper tribe Baorini generally resemble each other and are characterized by dark ... more Members of the skipper tribe Baorini generally resemble each other and are characterized by dark brown wings with hyaline white spots. These shared characteristics have caused difficulties with revealing the relationships among genera and species in the group, and some conflicting taxonomic views remain unresolved. The present study aims to infer a more comprehensive phylogeny of the tribe using molecular data, to test the monophyly of the tribe as well as the genera it includes in order to clarify their taxonomic status, and finally to revise the current classification of the group. In order to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree, the mitochondrial COI-COII and 16S genes as well as the nuclear EF-1α and 28S genes were analyzed using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. The analysis included 67 specimens of 41 species, and we confirmed the monophyly of Baorini, and revealed that 14 genera are well supported. The genus Borbo is separated into three clades: Borbo, Pseudo...
The specimens of the family Hesperiidae collected from Tibet during 2016–2018 are identified usin... more The specimens of the family Hesperiidae collected from Tibet during 2016–2018 are identified using morphology. COI sequences of 76 individuals are newly obtained. The result of our morphological study is congruent with COI gene analyses. Maximum likehood (ML) and Bayesina inferences (BI) analyses reveal that individuals identified morphologically as the same species cluster cohesively. The minimum interspecific genetic distance is 1.7% between Halpe aucma and H. filda, and the genetic distance between conspecific individuals ranged from 0 to 0.2% for the genus Halpe. A total of 51 species are recognized, and six of them, Celaenorrhinus consanguineus Leech, 1891, Barca bicolor (Oberthür, 1896), Aeromachus propinquus Alphéraky, 1897, Pedesta bivitta (Oberthür, 1886), Baoris penicillata chapmani Evans, 1937, and Ochlodes brahma Moore, 1878, are reported from Tibet for the first time, and the last species is new to China.
Thirteen species belonging to seven genera of the tribe Nygmiini are recognized from Nanling Nati... more Thirteen species belonging to seven genera of the tribe Nygmiini are recognized from Nanling National Nature Reserve, Guangdong province, China. A new species, Arna bicostata sp. nov., is described, and two species are transferred as new combinations: Artaxa angulata comb. nov. and Toxoproctis croceola comb. nov.. Adults and their genitalia are illustrated.
The systematic positions of two hesperiid genera, Apostictopterus and Barca (Lepidoptera: Hesperi... more The systematic positions of two hesperiid genera, Apostictopterus and Barca (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), remain ambiguous. We sequenced and annotated the two mitogenomes of Apostictopterus fuliginosus and Barca bicolor and inferred the phylogenetic positions of the two genera within the Hesperiidae based on the available mitogenomes. The lengths of the two circular mitogenomes of A. fuliginosus and B. bicolor are 15,417 and 15,574 base pairs (bp), respectively. These two mitogenomes show similar AT skew, GC skew, codon usage and nucleotide bias of AT: the GC skew of the two species is negative, and the AT skew of A. fuliginosus is negative, while the AT skew of B. bicolor is slightly positive. The largest intergenic spacer is located at the same position between trnQ and ND2 in A. fuliginosus (73 bp) and B. bicolor (72 bp). Thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs) start with ATN codons except for COI, which starts with CGA. The control regions of both mitogenomes possess a long tandem repeat, which is 30 bp long in A. fuliginosus, and 18 bp in B. bicolor. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods were employed to infer the phylogenetic relationships, which suggested that A. fuliginosus and B. bicolor belong in the subfamily Hesperiinae. Skipper butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) include approximately 4,000 species in 567 genera worldwide 1 and account for a fifth of the world's butterfly fauna 2. Despite considerable efforts in recent years 3-5 , the higher-level phylogenetic relationships within the family Hesperiidae are still unsatisfactorily resolved. The taxonomic affinities of many genera are not conclusive, even at the subfamily level 6 , including Apostictopterus and Barca. The taxonomic positions of the two monotypic genera Apostictopterus and Barca have been controversial. They were assigned to the Heteropterus group of the subfamily Hesperiinae close to the Astictopterus group in Evans's classification 7 , while Chou 8 assigned Apostictopterus to the tribe Astictopterini and Barca to the tribe Heteropterini. Since Higgins 9 , the Heteropterus group of Evans has widely been regarded as Heteropterinae at the subfamily level. In previous studies 1,10 , these two genera were both treated as members of the subfamily Heteropterinae. However, on the basis of morphological evidence, Warren et al. 6 were more likely to place them in Hesperiinae. The difficulty of morphologically based phylogenetic systematics has been shown, whereas molecular phylogeny has been contributing to the development of a more stable classification. Since mitochondria are characterised by maternal inheritance, a rapid evolutionary rate, and little or no genetic recombination, they have been extensively used in the field of genetics and evolutionary biology 11-14. Insect mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are typically compact circular molecules of 15-18 kb containing 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) 15,16. In addition, the mitogenome mostly contains a control region (an AT-rich region due to a high A + T content) that has a longer sequence than the other regions and embraces essential regulatory elements for transcription and replication 16-20. However, this
<i>Celaenorrhinus consanguineus</i> Leech, 1891 (Fig 4D) <i>Celaenorrhinus cons... more <i>Celaenorrhinus consanguineus</i> Leech, 1891 (Fig 4D) <i>Celaenorrhinus consanguinea</i> Leech, 1891: 61 (Type locality: Omeishan, Sichuan); Leech, 1893: 570; Seitz, 1927: 1036; Evans, 1949: 94. <i>Celaenorrhinus consanguineous</i>: Chou, 1994: 703; Wang, 2005:98; Yuan <i>et al</i>. 2015: 153; Wu &amp; Hsu, 2017: 1299. <b>Material examined</b>. 1 male, altitude 1806 m, 25. VI. 2018, Chawalong village, Xizang Autonomous Region, P. R. China, leg. Chenglong Cao (SCAU). <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Celaenorrhinus consanguineus</i> is characterized by broken median band on forewing, with the spot in space CuA 1 larger and produced toward termen, and underside of both wings lacking yellowish patterns at base. Male genitalia (Fig 5D): valva deeply concave forming two long processes. <b>Distribution.</b> China (Tibet *, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hubei, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan).
A new species of the genus Neopseustis Meyrick, 1909, Neopseustis chentangensis S.Y. Huang & Chen... more A new species of the genus Neopseustis Meyrick, 1909, Neopseustis chentangensis S.Y. Huang & Chen sp. nov., which was confirmed by both morphological and molecular methods, is described from Xizang, China. This is currently the westernmost species in Asia of the primitive lepidopteran family Neopseustidae. The new species is externally reminiscent of N. moxiensis Chen & Owada, 2009; however, it can be easily distinguished from the latter by comparison of the male genitalia and is further distinguished by the large genetic distance in DNA barcodes (COI). The adult and genitalia of the new and similar species have been illustrated. Utilizing our new data, a new classification of the genus is provided, with its members subdivided into four species groups: the meyricki-group, the moxiensis-group, the bicornuta-group, and the chentangensis-group, which are supported by both molecular and morphological evidence. A checklist of the genus and a key to the species groups are also provided.
FIGURES 1−24. Adults of Scobura species: 1−4. S. cephaloides kinka Evans (Hainan), male (1–2), fe... more FIGURES 1−24. Adults of Scobura species: 1−4. S. cephaloides kinka Evans (Hainan), male (1–2), female (3–4); 5–6. S. isota (Swinhoe), male (Yunnan); 7−8. S. evansi Devyatkin, male (Guangdong); 9–12. S. coniata Hering (Guangdong), male (9–10), female (11, 12); 13–14. S. lyso (Evans), male (Zhejiang); 15–18. S. hainana (Gu & Wang) comb. nov. (Guangdong), male (15−16), female (17−18); 19−20. S. parawoolletti sp. nov., male (Hainan, holotype); 21–22. S. woolletti (Riley), male (Borneo); 23−24. S. stellata sp. nov., male (Guangdong, holotype). Odd number, upperside; even number, underside; scale bar, 10 mm.
2017 International Conference on Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA), 2017
Thanks to the advances in deep learning techniques and the increasing size of training data, grou... more Thanks to the advances in deep learning techniques and the increasing size of training data, ground- breaking progress on image classification has recently been achieved. However, focusing on distinguishing usually hundreds of sub-categories belonging to the same basic-level category, fine- grained recognition of unusual natural object categories (e.g., a special type of insect) still remains challenging and needs to be solved. Due to mainly lack of sufficient annotated data, the state-of-the-art image classification approaches cannot well adapt to address the fine-grained challenges. In this paper, we study the problem of fine-grained butterfly recognition by introducing a new large-scale benchmark, which includes 82 butterfly categories. Moreover, we perform empirical study of the existing state-of-the-art image classification approaches and adopt ResNet as a new baseline. Extensive experiments under empirical settings demonstrate the superiority of the proposed baseline.
FIGURE 4. Male adults of newly recorded Hesperiidae from Tibet. A, Ochlodes brahma; B, Barca bico... more FIGURE 4. Male adults of newly recorded Hesperiidae from Tibet. A, Ochlodes brahma; B, Barca bicolor; C, Aeromachus propinquus; D, Celaenorrhinus consanguineus; E, Pedesta bivitta; F, Baoris penicillata chapmani. A, B, C, right, upperside; left, underside; D, E, F, right, underside, left upperside. Scale bar=1 cm.
A new species of the genus Neopseustis Meyrick, 1909, Neopseustis chentangensis S.Y. Huang & Chen... more A new species of the genus Neopseustis Meyrick, 1909, Neopseustis chentangensis S.Y. Huang & Chen sp. nov., which was confirmed by both morphological and molecular methods, is described from Xizang, China. This is currently the westernmost species in Asia of the primitive lepidopteran family Neopseustidae. The new species is externally reminiscent of N. moxiensis Chen & Owada, 2009; however, it can be easily distinguished from the latter by comparison of the male genitalia and is further distinguished by the large genetic distance in DNA barcodes (COI). The adult and genitalia of the new and similar species have been illustrated. Utilizing our new data, a new classification of the genus is provided, with its members subdivided into four species groups: the meyricki-group, the moxiensis-group, the bicornuta-group, and the chentangensis-group, which are supported by both molecular and morphological evidence. A checklist of the genus and a key to the species groups are also provided.
The maculosus group of the genus Celaenorrhinus from China is reviewed, in which 7 species are tr... more The maculosus group of the genus Celaenorrhinus from China is reviewed, in which 7 species are treated. Taiwanese maculosus taiwanus is reinstated to full species rank. The hitherto unknown female of C. kuznetsovi, as well as the female genitalia of C. maculosus and C. major are described. Adults and genitalia are illustrated, and a brief description of each species is given. A Key to the Chinese species of the maculosus group is provided.
BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access t... more BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.
Members of the skipper tribe Baorini generally resemble each other and are characterized by dark ... more Members of the skipper tribe Baorini generally resemble each other and are characterized by dark brown wings with hyaline white spots. These shared characteristics have caused difficulties with revealing the relationships among genera and species in the group, and some conflicting taxonomic views remain unresolved. The present study aims to infer a more comprehensive phylogeny of the tribe using molecular data, to test the monophyly of the tribe as well as the genera it includes in order to clarify their taxonomic status, and finally to revise the current classification of the group. In order to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree, the mitochondrial COI-COII and 16S genes as well as the nuclear EF-1α and 28S genes were analyzed using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. The analysis included 67 specimens of 41 species, and we confirmed the monophyly of Baorini, and revealed that 14 genera are well supported. The genus Borbo is separated into three clades: Borbo, Pseudo...
The specimens of the family Hesperiidae collected from Tibet during 2016–2018 are identified usin... more The specimens of the family Hesperiidae collected from Tibet during 2016–2018 are identified using morphology. COI sequences of 76 individuals are newly obtained. The result of our morphological study is congruent with COI gene analyses. Maximum likehood (ML) and Bayesina inferences (BI) analyses reveal that individuals identified morphologically as the same species cluster cohesively. The minimum interspecific genetic distance is 1.7% between Halpe aucma and H. filda, and the genetic distance between conspecific individuals ranged from 0 to 0.2% for the genus Halpe. A total of 51 species are recognized, and six of them, Celaenorrhinus consanguineus Leech, 1891, Barca bicolor (Oberthür, 1896), Aeromachus propinquus Alphéraky, 1897, Pedesta bivitta (Oberthür, 1886), Baoris penicillata chapmani Evans, 1937, and Ochlodes brahma Moore, 1878, are reported from Tibet for the first time, and the last species is new to China.
Thirteen species belonging to seven genera of the tribe Nygmiini are recognized from Nanling Nati... more Thirteen species belonging to seven genera of the tribe Nygmiini are recognized from Nanling National Nature Reserve, Guangdong province, China. A new species, Arna bicostata sp. nov., is described, and two species are transferred as new combinations: Artaxa angulata comb. nov. and Toxoproctis croceola comb. nov.. Adults and their genitalia are illustrated.
The systematic positions of two hesperiid genera, Apostictopterus and Barca (Lepidoptera: Hesperi... more The systematic positions of two hesperiid genera, Apostictopterus and Barca (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), remain ambiguous. We sequenced and annotated the two mitogenomes of Apostictopterus fuliginosus and Barca bicolor and inferred the phylogenetic positions of the two genera within the Hesperiidae based on the available mitogenomes. The lengths of the two circular mitogenomes of A. fuliginosus and B. bicolor are 15,417 and 15,574 base pairs (bp), respectively. These two mitogenomes show similar AT skew, GC skew, codon usage and nucleotide bias of AT: the GC skew of the two species is negative, and the AT skew of A. fuliginosus is negative, while the AT skew of B. bicolor is slightly positive. The largest intergenic spacer is located at the same position between trnQ and ND2 in A. fuliginosus (73 bp) and B. bicolor (72 bp). Thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs) start with ATN codons except for COI, which starts with CGA. The control regions of both mitogenomes possess a long tandem repeat, which is 30 bp long in A. fuliginosus, and 18 bp in B. bicolor. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods were employed to infer the phylogenetic relationships, which suggested that A. fuliginosus and B. bicolor belong in the subfamily Hesperiinae. Skipper butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) include approximately 4,000 species in 567 genera worldwide 1 and account for a fifth of the world's butterfly fauna 2. Despite considerable efforts in recent years 3-5 , the higher-level phylogenetic relationships within the family Hesperiidae are still unsatisfactorily resolved. The taxonomic affinities of many genera are not conclusive, even at the subfamily level 6 , including Apostictopterus and Barca. The taxonomic positions of the two monotypic genera Apostictopterus and Barca have been controversial. They were assigned to the Heteropterus group of the subfamily Hesperiinae close to the Astictopterus group in Evans's classification 7 , while Chou 8 assigned Apostictopterus to the tribe Astictopterini and Barca to the tribe Heteropterini. Since Higgins 9 , the Heteropterus group of Evans has widely been regarded as Heteropterinae at the subfamily level. In previous studies 1,10 , these two genera were both treated as members of the subfamily Heteropterinae. However, on the basis of morphological evidence, Warren et al. 6 were more likely to place them in Hesperiinae. The difficulty of morphologically based phylogenetic systematics has been shown, whereas molecular phylogeny has been contributing to the development of a more stable classification. Since mitochondria are characterised by maternal inheritance, a rapid evolutionary rate, and little or no genetic recombination, they have been extensively used in the field of genetics and evolutionary biology 11-14. Insect mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are typically compact circular molecules of 15-18 kb containing 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) 15,16. In addition, the mitogenome mostly contains a control region (an AT-rich region due to a high A + T content) that has a longer sequence than the other regions and embraces essential regulatory elements for transcription and replication 16-20. However, this
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