Papers by William Ming Liu
Recommended Citation Childs, Jonique R.; Sánchez, Jennifer; and Liu, William M. (2021) "Movi... more Recommended Citation Childs, Jonique R.; Sánchez, Jennifer; and Liu, William M. (2021) "Moving from Racist to Antiracist Practices: Using Lewin’s Field Theory to Examine Career Help-Seeking Behaviors and Intentions of Black First-Generation Students Attending Predominantly White Institutions," Journal of College Access: Vol. 6 : Iss. 3 , Article 5. Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jca/vol6/iss3/5
Members of the APA Task Force on Socioeconomic Status would like to express their appreciation to... more Members of the APA Task Force on Socioeconomic Status would like to express their appreciation to the individuals who shared their expertise and provided input as this report was being developed.The following individuals, all experts in the areas of SES and social class, responded to the task force's invitation to review and comment on drafts of the report:
Journal for Social Action in Counseling & Psychology, 2008
Even though many applied psychology programs embrace a philosophy of social justice, faculty memb... more Even though many applied psychology programs embrace a philosophy of social justice, faculty members and trainers are often faced with the practical struggle of implementing a social justice training agenda. This article discusses both the theoretical and practical aspects of implementing a social justice training agenda in applied psychology programs.
This paper outlines a theory for understanding social class in men's lives, and argues that pover... more This paper outlines a theory for understanding social class in men's lives, and argues that poverty and depression are a function of social class and internalized classism. It begins by defining poverty, then explains the Social Class Worldview Model, which is a subjective social class model, and the Modern Classism Theory, which allows clinicians to integrate social class experiences such as poverty or job loss into diagnosis and treatment. Efforts to help and assist men in poverty cannot focus solely on the income, education, and occupational issues in men's lives. Instead there has to be a focus on the social class worldview in order to address the intrapsychic and affective factors related to social class transitions. Counselors need to understand what underlies men's depression in these situations, how internalized classism functions to exacerbate depression, and how men may mask depression in problematic behaviors. In poverty remediation, men need to be helped to develop strategies that are congruent with their economic culture and to understand the array of expectations around them. (Contains 33 references.) (JDM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Poverty and Depression 1
Latinos and Asian Pacific Americans (APAs) are increasing in numbers throughout the United States... more Latinos and Asian Pacific Americans (APAs) are increasing in numbers throughout the United States. This study reports on a survey administered to 350 APA and 119 Latino American students entering a large east coast university. Significant differences between APA and Latino students emerged: (1) APA students were less likely than Latino students to believe that they had leadership skills; (2) APA students were more open to seeking help for emotional-social concerns and were more interested in becoming involved through campus organizations than were Latino students; (3) Latino Americans were more comfortable working with others on group projects than were APA students; and (4) APA students tended to have racially similar friends and anticipated being lonely their first year in college. Some similarities across racial groups were also evident and included students who were interested in seeking counseling for problems with alcohol were likely join a fraternity or sorority. Likewise, st...
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2000
This article describes the development and initial validation of the Multicultural Environmental ... more This article describes the development and initial validation of the Multicultural Environmental Inventory (MEI). The MEI is an instrument designed to measure an individual's perceptions about the degree to which graduate counseling programs address multicultural issues within ...
Professional psychology, research and practice, 2010
Professional psychologists who work with gay men have noted that traditional masculine ideals pla... more Professional psychologists who work with gay men have noted that traditional masculine ideals play a prominent role in the gay community whereby some endorse these traditional ideals and stigmatize effeminate behavior by other gay men. One hypothesis is that this behavior reflects negative feelings about being gay. This article examined this hypothesis by reporting the results of an online survey of 622 self-identified gay men. Participants completed the Gender Role Conflict Scale, Lesbian and Gay Identity Scale, the Social Desirability Scale, and questions related to the importance of masculinity. Results showed that most participants valued the public appearance of masculinity; and they ideally wished to be more masculine than they felt they were (Cohen's d = 0.42). A multiple regression analysis showed that the degree to which they valued masculinity and were concerned with violating masculine ideals was positively related with negative feelings about being gay (Cohen's f...
The Counseling Psychologist, 2002
Multicultural competence is a burgeoning area of research in counseling psychology. However, ther... more Multicultural competence is a burgeoning area of research in counseling psychology. However, there has been little focus on understanding multicultural competence from the perspective of clients. This study used qualitative interviews and grounded theory to develop a model of clients’ perspectives of multicultural counseling. The resulting model suggested that clients’ experiences of multicultural counseling were contingent on their self-identified needs and on how well they felt the counselor met these needs. Moreover, clients appeared to actively manage and moderate the extent to which culture was broached in counseling based on a host of conditions including counseling relationship, salience of identity, counselor behavior, and expectations of counseling, to name a few. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 2010
Contrary to the "model minority" myth, growing research indicates that the rates of mental health... more Contrary to the "model minority" myth, growing research indicates that the rates of mental health problems among Asian Americans may be higher than initially assumed. This study seeks to add to the scant knowledge regarding the mental health of Asian American men by examining the role of masculine norms, coping and cultural values in predicting depression among this population (N=149). Results reveal that Asian American men who used avoidant coping strategies and endorsed the masculine norm Dominance reported higher levels of depressive symptoms. In contrast, endorsing Winning masculine norms was associated to lower levels of depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that adherence to masculine norms and avoidant coping strategies play a salient role in the mental health of Asian American men. Keywords Asian American men; masculine norms; depression; avoidant coping; Asian values Asian Americans are often perceived as the "model minority" due to this group's relatively high academic and economic achievement (Wong, & Hagin, 2006). This stereotype obscures the need to examine mental health problems such as depression among this population. This gap in the knowledge base is especially alarming because emerging research indicates that mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety are increasingly salient problems observed among
Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 2002
Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 2007
Social class, classism, and privilege and their relationship to counseling have been given insuff... more Social class, classism, and privilege and their relationship to counseling have been given insufficient attention. This article defines and explores White middle‐class privilege; it proffers support for its integration in a multicultural competency, as well as its intersection with race and other dimensions of multiculturalism and privilege. Implications for counseling practice plus a clinical case study illustrate the issues.La clase social, el clasismo y el privilegio, así como su relación con la consejería, no han sido tratados con suficiente atención. Este artículo define y explora el privilegio de la clase media Blanca; sugiere apoyar su integración en una competencia multicultural, además de su intersección con la raza y otras dimensiones del multiculturalismo y el privilegio. Las implicaciones para la práctica de la consejería más el estudio de un caso clínico ilustran estan cuestiones.
Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 2011
We used Consensual Qualitative Research Methodology to analyze responses from 14 African American... more We used Consensual Qualitative Research Methodology to analyze responses from 14 African American men (Mdn Age = 25 years-old) in graduate school at a predominantly-White university in the Midwestern region of the United Sates regarding how they acquired awareness of their socialclass status; how social class was related to their sense of masculinity; how social class was related to race and skin tone; and the role that education and a romantic partner could play in upward mobility. School peers were the main source for their early awareness of social class. Many believed that discrimination maintains social class stratification that disadvantages racial minorities and that one's race will always trump any personal characteristics-including having light-complected skin and an advanced degree. Finally many overcame several obstacles during their educational career, and most believed that a romantic relationship with a woman from a privileged background could facilitate upward mobility. Psychological scientists and practitioners are encouraged to consider the role that social class plays when examining men's well-being.
The Routledge International Handbook of Race, Culture and Mental Health, 2020
The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 2020
APA handbook of giftedness and talent., 2018
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2019
Scholars have underscored the importance of cultural processes within therapy groups, but there i... more Scholars have underscored the importance of cultural processes within therapy groups, but there is a paucity of empirical research on this topic. Recently, the multicultural orientation framework was applied to group therapy to address this limitation and empirically test the role of cultural comfort, cultural humility, and cultural opportunities in a group context. Despite this advancement, a more nuanced understanding of the differential effects of cultural processes based on group members' race/ethnicity status is needed. Informed by theory and research on White fragility, this study sought to test the differential relationship between cultural comfort and cultural concealment, as well as cultural comfort and improvement, for 97 Racial-Ethnic Minority (REM) and 109 White members of 49 therapy groups. As hypothesized, REM status significantly moderated the association between cultural comfort and clients' cultural concealment and improvement, such that cultural comfort was negatively associated with cultural concealment and positively associated with improvement in group therapy for REM clients but not White clients. Results and implications are discussed within a fragility framework. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Oxford Handbooks Online, 2013
Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2014
Handbook of School Counseling
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Papers by William Ming Liu