The mathematical content of the interaction term of quantum electrodynamics is examined under the... more The mathematical content of the interaction term of quantum electrodynamics is examined under the following assumption: It is presumed that the apparent degrees-of-freedom of the photon field reflect the kinematical degrees-of-freedom of the two-particle state space of massive fermions, rather than independent degrees-of-freedom of the photon field. This assumption is verified by reproducing the numerical value of the fine-structure constant.
The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming ... more The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming separable product states onto entangled two-electron states. In this projection operator the empirical value of the fine-structure constant α acts as a normalization factor. When the structure of the two-particle state space is known, a theoretical value of the normalization factor can be calculated. For an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group, the calculated normalization factor matches Wyler's semi-empirical formula for the fine-structure constant α. The empirical value of α, therefore, provides experimental evidence that the state space of two interacting electrons belongs to an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group.
In-Process Optical Metrology for Precision Machining, 1987
A precise, non-contact measuring of structures, thickness and form deviation is of decisive impor... more A precise, non-contact measuring of structures, thickness and form deviation is of decisive importance for modern production methods. A measuring unit is described which senses the structures to be measured with a 1 μm Laser Focus employing the principle of dynamic focusing. An automatic focusing device with a precision of <2 nm provides constant 'contact' with the surface and the required lens movement is transformed into an analog displacement signal. Maximum vertical steps of up to 600 μm can be assessed. The highest measuring frequency is >600 Hz. In addition to a short introduction to the measuring principle, special emphasis is laid on practical applications in the sectors of glass material, roughness standard samples, diamond turned surfaces and soft materials.
A two-phase-flow model for the expansion of an artificial metal vapour cloud in the upper atmosph... more A two-phase-flow model for the expansion of an artificial metal vapour cloud in the upper atmosphere is considered, which may account for the very high expansion velocity and the shell structure of some experimental clouds.
The S-matrix of e-e-scattering contains a projection operator that projects incoming separable pr... more The S-matrix of e-e-scattering contains a projection operator that projects incoming separable product states onto entangled two-electron states. In this projection operator the fine-structure constant alpha acts as a weight factor. When the structure of a two-particle state space is known, then the weight factor can be calculated. The weight factor, calculated for an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincare group, is shown to coincide with the empirical value of alpha. The value of alpha, therefore, provides experimental evidence that the state space of two interacting electrons has the simple structure of an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincare group. To enable the standard Fock space formalism to handle irreducible two-particle representations, Dirac's equation is modified by a perturbative term, usually motivated by the principle of gauge invariance. This term has the form of the electromagnetic vector potential. Therefore, the electromagnet...
Basic concepts of theoretical particle physics, including quantum mechanics and Poincaré invarian... more Basic concepts of theoretical particle physics, including quantum mechanics and Poincaré invariance, the leptonic mass spectrum and the proton mass, can be derived, without reference to first principles, from intrinsic properties of the simplest elements of information represented by binary data. What we comprehend as physical reality is, therefore, a reflection of mathematically determined logical structures, built from elements of binary data.
Noether's Theorem has gained outstanding importance in theoretical particle physics, because ... more Noether's Theorem has gained outstanding importance in theoretical particle physics, because it leads to strong conservation laws, such as the conservation of momentum and of angular momentum. Closely related to this theorem, but unnoticed so far, is a law that requires the exchange of momentum between two particles that are described by an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincare group. The exchange of momentum determines an interaction. On closer inspection, this interaction is identified as the electromagnetic interaction. This sheds new light on the particle interactions described by the Standard Model and, in particular, on the perturbation algorithm of quantum electrodynamics.
ABSTRACT Basic concepts and numerical relations of theoretical particle physics, including quantu... more ABSTRACT Basic concepts and numerical relations of theoretical particle physics, including quantum mechanics and Poincaré invariance, the electromagnetic and the gravitational interaction, the leptonic mass spectrum and the proton mass, can be derived, without reference to first principles, from intrinsic properties of the simplest elements of information, represented by binary information. What we comprehend as physical reality is, therefore, a reflection of mathematically determined logical structures of information.
Quantum Theory and Symmetries with Lie Theory and Its Applications in Physics Volume 2, 2018
Noether's theorem has gained outstanding importance in theoretical particle physics, because it l... more Noether's theorem has gained outstanding importance in theoretical particle physics, because it leads to basic conservation laws, such as the conservation of momentum and of angular momentum. Closely related to this theorem, but unnoticed so far, is a complementary law, which requires the (virtual) exchange of momentum between the particles of an isolated multi-particle system. This exchange of momentum determines an interaction. For a two-particle system defined by an irreducible representation of the Poincaré group, this interaction is identified as the electromagnetic interaction. This sheds new light on the particle interactions described by the Standard Model. It resolves long-standing questions about the value of the electromagnetic coupling constant, and about divergent integrals in quantum electrodynamics. Keywords Noether's theorem • Multi-particle systems • Poincaré group Momentum entanglement • Electromagnetic interaction • Fine-structure constant W. Smilga (B) Isardamm 135d,
The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming ... more The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming separable product states onto entangled two-electron states. In this projection operator the empirical value of the fine-structure constant α acts as a normalization factor. When the structure of the two-particle state space is known, a theoretical value of the normalization factor can be calculated. For an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group, the calculated normalization factor matches Wyler's semi-empirical formula for the fine-structure constant α. The empirical value of α, therefore, provides experimental evidence that the state space of two interacting electrons belongs to an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group.
I present a new group-theoretical approach to the interaction mechanism of elementary particle ph... more I present a new group-theoretical approach to the interaction mechanism of elementary particle physics. Within an irreducible unitary two-particle representation of the Poincare group, the commutation relations of the Poincare group require that the two-particle states be momentum entangled. As in gauge theories, momentum entanglement defines a correlation between two particles that can be described as an interaction provided by the exchange of virtual (gauge) quanta. The coupling constant of this interaction is uniquely determined by the structure of the irreducible two-particle state space. For two massive spin one-half particles, the coupling constant matches the empirical value of the electromagnetic coupling constant.
Noether's theorem has gained outstanding importance in theoretical particle physics, because ... more Noether's theorem has gained outstanding importance in theoretical particle physics, because it leads to basic conservation laws, such as the conservation of momentum and of angular momentum. Closely related to this theorem, but unnoticed so far, is a complementary law, which requires the (virtual) exchange of momentum between the particles of a closed multi-particle system. This exchange of momentum determines an interaction. For a two-particle system defined by an irreducible representation of the Poincare group, this interaction is identified as the electromagnetic interaction. This sheds new light on the particle interactions described by the Standard Model. It resolves long-standing questions about the value of the electromagnetic coupling constant, and about divergent integrals in quantum electrodynamics.
Linear and angular momenta are well-known examples of conserved quantities. Therefore, it seems s... more Linear and angular momenta are well-known examples of conserved quantities. Therefore, it seems strange that the perturbation algorithm of quantum electrodynamics explicitly ensures the conservation of the linear momentum at each vertex by appropriate δ functions but does not make similar provisions for the angular momentum. I address the specific role of the orbital angular momentum in relativistic multi-particle systems and explain how the conserved angular momentum determines the basic structures of quantum electrodynamics and quantum gravity.
I present a new group-theoretical approach to the interaction mechanism of elementary particle ph... more I present a new group-theoretical approach to the interaction mechanism of elementary particle physics. Within an irreducible unitary two-particle representation of the Poincaré group, the commutation relations of the Poincaré group require that the two-particle states be momentum entangled. As in gauge theories, momentum entanglement defines a correlation between two particles that can be described as an interaction provided by the exchange of virtual (gauge) quanta. The coupling constant of this interaction is uniquely determined by the structure of the irreducible two-particle state space. For two massive spin one-half particles, the coupling constant matches the empirical value of the electromagnetic coupling constant.
I present a new group-theoretical approach to the interaction mechanism of elementary particle ph... more I present a new group-theoretical approach to the interaction mechanism of elementary particle physics. Within an irreducible unitary two-particle representation of the Poincaré group, the commutation relations of the Poincaré group require that the two-particle states be momentum entangled. As in gauge theories, momentum entanglement defines a correlation between two particles that can be described as an interaction provided by the exchange of virtual (gauge) quanta. The coupling constant of this interaction is uniquely determined by the structure of the irreducible two-particle state space. For two massive spin one-half particles, the coupling constant matches the empirical value of the electromagnetic coupling constant.
I describe a constructive foundation for Quantum Mechanics, based on the discreteness of the degr... more I describe a constructive foundation for Quantum Mechanics, based on the discreteness of the degrees of freedom of quantum objects and on the Principle of Relativity. Taking Einstein's historical construction of Special Relativity as a model, the construction is carried out in close contact with a simple quantum mechanical Gedanken experiment. This leads to the standard axioms of Quantum Mechanics. The quantum mechanical description is identified as a tool that allows describing objects with discrete degrees of freedom in space-time covariant with respect to coordinate transformations. An inherent property of this description is a quantum mechanical interaction mechanism. The construction gives detailed answers to controversial questions, such as the measurement problem, the informational content of the wave function, and the completeness of Quantum Mechanics.
Basic concepts of theoretical particle physics, including quantum mechanics and Poincaré invarian... more Basic concepts of theoretical particle physics, including quantum mechanics and Poincaré invariance, the leptonic mass spectrum and the proton mass, can be derived, without reference to first principles, from intrinsic properties of the simplest elements of information represented by binary data. What we comprehend as physical reality is, therefore, a reflection of mathematically determined logical structures, built from elements of binary data.
In relativistic quantum mechanics, elementary particles are described by irreducible unitary repr... more In relativistic quantum mechanics, elementary particles are described by irreducible unitary representations of the Poincaré group. The same applies to the center-of-mass kinematics of a multi-particle system that is not subject to external forces. As shown in a previous article, for spin-1/2 particles, irreducibility leads to a correlation between the particles that has the structure of the electromagnetic interaction, as described by the perturbation algorithm of quantum electrodynamics. The present article examines the consequences of irreducibility for a multi-particle system of spinless particles. In this case, irreducibility causes a gravitational force, which in the classical limit is described by the field equations of conformal gravity. The strength of this force has the same order of magnitude as the strength of the empirical gravitational force.
The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming ... more The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming separable product states onto entangled two-electron states. In this projection operator the empirical value of the fine-structure constant α acts as a normalization factor. When the structure of the two-particle state space is known, a theoretical value of the normalization factor can be calculated. For an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group, the calculated normalization factor matches Wyler's semi-empirical formula for the fine-structure constant α. The empirical value of α, therefore, provides experimental evidence that the state space of two interacting electrons belongs to an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group.
The mathematical content of the interaction term of quantum electrodynamics is examined under the... more The mathematical content of the interaction term of quantum electrodynamics is examined under the following assumption: It is presumed that the apparent degrees-of-freedom of the photon field reflect the kinematical degrees-of-freedom of the two-particle state space of massive fermions, rather than independent degrees-of-freedom of the photon field. This assumption is verified by reproducing the numerical value of the fine-structure constant.
The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming ... more The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming separable product states onto entangled two-electron states. In this projection operator the empirical value of the fine-structure constant α acts as a normalization factor. When the structure of the two-particle state space is known, a theoretical value of the normalization factor can be calculated. For an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group, the calculated normalization factor matches Wyler's semi-empirical formula for the fine-structure constant α. The empirical value of α, therefore, provides experimental evidence that the state space of two interacting electrons belongs to an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group.
In-Process Optical Metrology for Precision Machining, 1987
A precise, non-contact measuring of structures, thickness and form deviation is of decisive impor... more A precise, non-contact measuring of structures, thickness and form deviation is of decisive importance for modern production methods. A measuring unit is described which senses the structures to be measured with a 1 μm Laser Focus employing the principle of dynamic focusing. An automatic focusing device with a precision of <2 nm provides constant 'contact' with the surface and the required lens movement is transformed into an analog displacement signal. Maximum vertical steps of up to 600 μm can be assessed. The highest measuring frequency is >600 Hz. In addition to a short introduction to the measuring principle, special emphasis is laid on practical applications in the sectors of glass material, roughness standard samples, diamond turned surfaces and soft materials.
A two-phase-flow model for the expansion of an artificial metal vapour cloud in the upper atmosph... more A two-phase-flow model for the expansion of an artificial metal vapour cloud in the upper atmosphere is considered, which may account for the very high expansion velocity and the shell structure of some experimental clouds.
The S-matrix of e-e-scattering contains a projection operator that projects incoming separable pr... more The S-matrix of e-e-scattering contains a projection operator that projects incoming separable product states onto entangled two-electron states. In this projection operator the fine-structure constant alpha acts as a weight factor. When the structure of a two-particle state space is known, then the weight factor can be calculated. The weight factor, calculated for an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincare group, is shown to coincide with the empirical value of alpha. The value of alpha, therefore, provides experimental evidence that the state space of two interacting electrons has the simple structure of an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincare group. To enable the standard Fock space formalism to handle irreducible two-particle representations, Dirac's equation is modified by a perturbative term, usually motivated by the principle of gauge invariance. This term has the form of the electromagnetic vector potential. Therefore, the electromagnet...
Basic concepts of theoretical particle physics, including quantum mechanics and Poincaré invarian... more Basic concepts of theoretical particle physics, including quantum mechanics and Poincaré invariance, the leptonic mass spectrum and the proton mass, can be derived, without reference to first principles, from intrinsic properties of the simplest elements of information represented by binary data. What we comprehend as physical reality is, therefore, a reflection of mathematically determined logical structures, built from elements of binary data.
Noether's Theorem has gained outstanding importance in theoretical particle physics, because ... more Noether's Theorem has gained outstanding importance in theoretical particle physics, because it leads to strong conservation laws, such as the conservation of momentum and of angular momentum. Closely related to this theorem, but unnoticed so far, is a law that requires the exchange of momentum between two particles that are described by an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincare group. The exchange of momentum determines an interaction. On closer inspection, this interaction is identified as the electromagnetic interaction. This sheds new light on the particle interactions described by the Standard Model and, in particular, on the perturbation algorithm of quantum electrodynamics.
ABSTRACT Basic concepts and numerical relations of theoretical particle physics, including quantu... more ABSTRACT Basic concepts and numerical relations of theoretical particle physics, including quantum mechanics and Poincaré invariance, the electromagnetic and the gravitational interaction, the leptonic mass spectrum and the proton mass, can be derived, without reference to first principles, from intrinsic properties of the simplest elements of information, represented by binary information. What we comprehend as physical reality is, therefore, a reflection of mathematically determined logical structures of information.
Quantum Theory and Symmetries with Lie Theory and Its Applications in Physics Volume 2, 2018
Noether's theorem has gained outstanding importance in theoretical particle physics, because it l... more Noether's theorem has gained outstanding importance in theoretical particle physics, because it leads to basic conservation laws, such as the conservation of momentum and of angular momentum. Closely related to this theorem, but unnoticed so far, is a complementary law, which requires the (virtual) exchange of momentum between the particles of an isolated multi-particle system. This exchange of momentum determines an interaction. For a two-particle system defined by an irreducible representation of the Poincaré group, this interaction is identified as the electromagnetic interaction. This sheds new light on the particle interactions described by the Standard Model. It resolves long-standing questions about the value of the electromagnetic coupling constant, and about divergent integrals in quantum electrodynamics. Keywords Noether's theorem • Multi-particle systems • Poincaré group Momentum entanglement • Electromagnetic interaction • Fine-structure constant W. Smilga (B) Isardamm 135d,
The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming ... more The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming separable product states onto entangled two-electron states. In this projection operator the empirical value of the fine-structure constant α acts as a normalization factor. When the structure of the two-particle state space is known, a theoretical value of the normalization factor can be calculated. For an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group, the calculated normalization factor matches Wyler's semi-empirical formula for the fine-structure constant α. The empirical value of α, therefore, provides experimental evidence that the state space of two interacting electrons belongs to an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group.
I present a new group-theoretical approach to the interaction mechanism of elementary particle ph... more I present a new group-theoretical approach to the interaction mechanism of elementary particle physics. Within an irreducible unitary two-particle representation of the Poincare group, the commutation relations of the Poincare group require that the two-particle states be momentum entangled. As in gauge theories, momentum entanglement defines a correlation between two particles that can be described as an interaction provided by the exchange of virtual (gauge) quanta. The coupling constant of this interaction is uniquely determined by the structure of the irreducible two-particle state space. For two massive spin one-half particles, the coupling constant matches the empirical value of the electromagnetic coupling constant.
Noether's theorem has gained outstanding importance in theoretical particle physics, because ... more Noether's theorem has gained outstanding importance in theoretical particle physics, because it leads to basic conservation laws, such as the conservation of momentum and of angular momentum. Closely related to this theorem, but unnoticed so far, is a complementary law, which requires the (virtual) exchange of momentum between the particles of a closed multi-particle system. This exchange of momentum determines an interaction. For a two-particle system defined by an irreducible representation of the Poincare group, this interaction is identified as the electromagnetic interaction. This sheds new light on the particle interactions described by the Standard Model. It resolves long-standing questions about the value of the electromagnetic coupling constant, and about divergent integrals in quantum electrodynamics.
Linear and angular momenta are well-known examples of conserved quantities. Therefore, it seems s... more Linear and angular momenta are well-known examples of conserved quantities. Therefore, it seems strange that the perturbation algorithm of quantum electrodynamics explicitly ensures the conservation of the linear momentum at each vertex by appropriate δ functions but does not make similar provisions for the angular momentum. I address the specific role of the orbital angular momentum in relativistic multi-particle systems and explain how the conserved angular momentum determines the basic structures of quantum electrodynamics and quantum gravity.
I present a new group-theoretical approach to the interaction mechanism of elementary particle ph... more I present a new group-theoretical approach to the interaction mechanism of elementary particle physics. Within an irreducible unitary two-particle representation of the Poincaré group, the commutation relations of the Poincaré group require that the two-particle states be momentum entangled. As in gauge theories, momentum entanglement defines a correlation between two particles that can be described as an interaction provided by the exchange of virtual (gauge) quanta. The coupling constant of this interaction is uniquely determined by the structure of the irreducible two-particle state space. For two massive spin one-half particles, the coupling constant matches the empirical value of the electromagnetic coupling constant.
I present a new group-theoretical approach to the interaction mechanism of elementary particle ph... more I present a new group-theoretical approach to the interaction mechanism of elementary particle physics. Within an irreducible unitary two-particle representation of the Poincaré group, the commutation relations of the Poincaré group require that the two-particle states be momentum entangled. As in gauge theories, momentum entanglement defines a correlation between two particles that can be described as an interaction provided by the exchange of virtual (gauge) quanta. The coupling constant of this interaction is uniquely determined by the structure of the irreducible two-particle state space. For two massive spin one-half particles, the coupling constant matches the empirical value of the electromagnetic coupling constant.
I describe a constructive foundation for Quantum Mechanics, based on the discreteness of the degr... more I describe a constructive foundation for Quantum Mechanics, based on the discreteness of the degrees of freedom of quantum objects and on the Principle of Relativity. Taking Einstein's historical construction of Special Relativity as a model, the construction is carried out in close contact with a simple quantum mechanical Gedanken experiment. This leads to the standard axioms of Quantum Mechanics. The quantum mechanical description is identified as a tool that allows describing objects with discrete degrees of freedom in space-time covariant with respect to coordinate transformations. An inherent property of this description is a quantum mechanical interaction mechanism. The construction gives detailed answers to controversial questions, such as the measurement problem, the informational content of the wave function, and the completeness of Quantum Mechanics.
Basic concepts of theoretical particle physics, including quantum mechanics and Poincaré invarian... more Basic concepts of theoretical particle physics, including quantum mechanics and Poincaré invariance, the leptonic mass spectrum and the proton mass, can be derived, without reference to first principles, from intrinsic properties of the simplest elements of information represented by binary data. What we comprehend as physical reality is, therefore, a reflection of mathematically determined logical structures, built from elements of binary data.
In relativistic quantum mechanics, elementary particles are described by irreducible unitary repr... more In relativistic quantum mechanics, elementary particles are described by irreducible unitary representations of the Poincaré group. The same applies to the center-of-mass kinematics of a multi-particle system that is not subject to external forces. As shown in a previous article, for spin-1/2 particles, irreducibility leads to a correlation between the particles that has the structure of the electromagnetic interaction, as described by the perturbation algorithm of quantum electrodynamics. The present article examines the consequences of irreducibility for a multi-particle system of spinless particles. In this case, irreducibility causes a gravitational force, which in the classical limit is described by the field equations of conformal gravity. The strength of this force has the same order of magnitude as the strength of the empirical gravitational force.
The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming ... more The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming separable product states onto entangled two-electron states. In this projection operator the empirical value of the fine-structure constant α acts as a normalization factor. When the structure of the two-particle state space is known, a theoretical value of the normalization factor can be calculated. For an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group, the calculated normalization factor matches Wyler's semi-empirical formula for the fine-structure constant α. The empirical value of α, therefore, provides experimental evidence that the state space of two interacting electrons belongs to an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group.
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Papers by Walter Smilga