Internet makes everyone a publisher and everyone a librarian. Anyone can both produce and ret... more Internet makes everyone a publisher and everyone a librarian. Anyone can both produce and retrieve an unknown amount of information. Media audience directly participates in live program. The internet has enabled journalists to reach out to their audience 24 hours a day.
Internet makes everyone a publisher and everyone a librarian. Anyone can both produce and ret... more Internet makes everyone a publisher and everyone a librarian. Anyone can both produce and retrieve an unknown amount of information. Media audience directly participates in live program. The internet has enabled journalists to reach out to their audience 24 hours a day.
Internet makes everyone a publisher and everyone a librarian. Anyone can both produce and ret... more Internet makes everyone a publisher and everyone a librarian. Anyone can both produce and retrieve an unknown amount of information. Media audience directly participates in live program. The internet has enabled journalists to reach out to their audience 24 hours a day.
The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between government expenditure (at agg... more The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between government expenditure (at aggregate as well as disaggregate level) and economic growth for Pakistan. The study further aims to find causal relationship for existence of applicability of Wagner’s or Keynesian hypothesis. Engle and Granger (1987) two step procedure and Granger causality test (1969) are employed for time series data for the period 1976 to 2015. Results suggest that only expenditure on social, economic and education services have proposed long-run association with economic growth in five of basic versions of Wagner’s law for Pakistan. The causality tests are showing mix results regarding existence of applicability of Wagner’s or Keynesian hypothesis. Expenditure on current subsidies, expenditure on defence, current expenditure and developmental expenditure are in favor of Wagner’s law in most of the cases, where causality runs from economic growth to government expenditure. Results of expenditure on soc...
Allah (swt) has elevated man to the highest position in all creation, and bestwed upon him the bo... more Allah (swt) has elevated man to the highest position in all creation, and bestwed upon him the bounty of reason and knowledge. An in depth study of knowledge itself reveals that, there are two forms and ranks of knowledge in the universe; one is the divinely revealed instintintive level of awareness about reality, and the other is the earned and learned behavoiur based upon knowledge, that is gained through urge, effort and experience. Human beings, apart from the innate divine blessing of knowledge, learns through sense experience, reason and intuitive thinking. The higher form of knowledge is divinely transmission through revelation to the Prophets. The heavenly revealed knowledge has been preserved by human being in the form of Sacred Books; especially a body of knowledge about reality in the form of religion, namely in the Holy Bible and the Holy Qur’an.
The era of big textual corpora and machine learning technologies have paved the way for researche... more The era of big textual corpora and machine learning technologies have paved the way for researchers in numerous data mining fields. Among them, causality mining (CM) from textual data has become a significant area of concern and has more attention from researchers. Causality (cause-effect relations) serves as an essential category of relationships, which plays a significant role in question answering, future events predication, discourse comprehension, decision making, future scenario generation, medical text mining, behavior prediction, and textual prediction entailment. While, decades of development techniques for CM are still prone to performance enhancement, especially for ambiguous and implicitly expressed causalities. The ineffectiveness of the early attempts is mainly due to small, ambiguous, heterogeneous, and domain-specific datasets constructed by manually linguistic and syntactic rules. Many researchers have deployed shallow machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) te...
Coordination polymers are promising cathode materials for rechargeable alkaline batteries. Theref... more Coordination polymers are promising cathode materials for rechargeable alkaline batteries. Therefore, the precise modulation by chemical structure and in-depth structure transform study of these cathodes are necessary. In this article, two model coordination polymer battery cathodes were designed to demonstrate the dynamic structure-performance relationship. We studied the electrochemical performance of two kinds of nickel-based coordination polymers, comprising a planar 2D cyanide bridged networks and a 3D cyanide bridged networks pillared by pyrazine molecules, respectively. The 2D coordination polymer showed serious voltage degradation with poor rate capability while 3D coordination polymer exhibited stable voltage output coupled with high rate at various current densities. The investigation revealed the underlining relationship of plateau voltage degradation and hydrolysis process of electrodes. It was reflected that the pyrazine pillar molecules in 3D coordination polymer could suppress the hydrolysis and lead to the in-situ formation of partial hydrolyzed structure with excellent electrochemical kinetics, which exhibited obvious smaller peak separation (27 mV compared with 149 mV) and hence almost two-fold increase in capacity retention (31.9% to 50.0%) and energy density retention (18.2% to 35.9%) at 10 A g -1 .
Rapid isolation of patients suspected of having COVID-19 at screening Training of all employees t... more Rapid isolation of patients suspected of having COVID-19 at screening Training of all employees to follow infection control protocols and to use PPE Centralization of PPE supplies to prevent shortages, distributed on the basis of clinical need Restricted travel for staff for all domestic and international work-related activities Use of videoconferencing for hospital and/or health system staff meetings Note.-COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, PPE = personal protective equipment.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY, 2014
Wireless networks play a crucial role in the communication systems nowadays. Wireless networks ar... more Wireless networks play a crucial role in the communication systems nowadays. Wireless networks are being increasingly used in the communication among devices of the most varied types and sizes. User mobility, affordability, flexibility and ease of use are few of many reasons for making them very appealing to new applications and more users everyday. A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is composed of sensor nodes spread over the field to sense the data. The sensed data must be gathered & transmitted to Base Station (BS) for end user queries. The used sensor nodes being in- expensive having low computation power & limited energy so are not as much reliable as their expensive macro sensor counter parts but their size and cost enable hundred to thousand of micro sensors to achieve high quality fault tolerant system. In an environment where in each round all sensor nodes have to send data to base station; it is required to effectively utilize energy of sensor nodes so as to increase the life...
Several studies have been carried out regarding the awareness and usage of cannabis around the wo... more Several studies have been carried out regarding the awareness and usage of cannabis around the world, especially in developed countries. Pakistan ranks amongst the top nations in regards to cannabis consumption. However, the amount of literature shedding light on people's perception, knowledge and practices are scarce. Therefore, the authors sought to establish a baseline study to ignite the discussion on the possibility of cannabis' induction in the medical field in Pakistan, and additionally provide a foundation for further research. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of understanding and consumption practices in Karachi with respondents from different socioeconomic backgrounds, age groups and gender regarding cannabis use and assessing the awareness of the general population. The null hypothesis is that the usage of cannabis does not have a significant correlation with age, gender, or socioeconomic status of a population. We conducted a crosssectional study in November 2018 using convenience sampling and interviewed 518 individuals for their gender, age, and socioeconomic status, to determine their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cannabis usage. The participants were questioned about their knowledge and its source. Attitudes were judged using three and five-point Likert scales while questions regarding practices centered upon the past and current usage of cannabis. One-way analysis of variance and chi-square tests were used as the primary statistical tests. Out of the 518 people who responded, more than half of the respondents were males (n ¼ 340, 65.6%). The majority was familiar with the use of cannabis (n ¼ 514, 99.2%), and the different ways in which it is consumed (n ¼ 435, 84%). About one-third of the participants happened to consume cannabis (n ¼ 168, 32.4%), and a quarter mentioned recreational use/curiosity as the principal reason (n ¼ 134, 25.9%). Majority of the respondents agreed KEYWORDS
Porous crystalline materials such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have gained tremendous po... more Porous crystalline materials such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have gained tremendous popularity in multidisciplinary areas of science and technology.
Protein methylation has an important role in the regulation of chromatin, gene expression and reg... more Protein methylation has an important role in the regulation of chromatin, gene expression and regulation. The protein methyl transferases are genetically altered in various human cancers. The enzymes that remove histone methylation have led to increased awareness of protein interactions as potential drug targets. Specifically, Lysine Specific Demethylases (LSD) removes methylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) and H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) through formaldehyde-generating oxidation. It has been reported that LSD1 and its downstream targets are involved in tumor-cell growth and metastasis. Functional studies of LSD1 indicate that it regulates activation and inhibition of gene transcription in the nucleus. Here we made a discussion about the summary of histone lysine demethylase and their functions in various human cancers.
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, Mar 1, 2018
A renal artery pseudoaneurysm is a rare but important complication that can occur after renal tra... more A renal artery pseudoaneurysm is a rare but important complication that can occur after renal trauma, renal biopsy, percutaneous nephrostomy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and partial nephrectomy. The incidence of this potentially life-threatening complication is less than 1%, but is likely to increase with the increasing popularity of endoscopic renal procedures. We present a case of a 30-year female who underwent right PCNL for a right renal pelvic stone. Two weeks later, she presented with massive hematuria. Renal angiography revealed psuedoanurysm of interlobar artery which was successfully treated with coil embolization.
Wavelength conversion and traffic grooming in WDM networks have been one of the most researched a... more Wavelength conversion and traffic grooming in WDM networks have been one of the most researched areas and technologies of importance in optical networking. Network performance improves noticeably by reducing wavelength continuity constraint (using wavelength converters) and by improving the wavelength switching options (using traffic grooming), thereby reducing the network blocking probabilities and improving network performance. Through this thesis work we have analyzed the effect of increasing number of wavelength converters and grooming devices over the network performance. Deciding the amount and location of these devices to be used in a network is equally important. For this, we have used different placement schemes on our proposed network model and assumptions. Our work has been done through the simulations of different device placement scenarios and the results have been analyzed using blocking probability as the performance metric. We have reviewed the performance of wavelength converters with different grooming devices. Our reviews and work, correctly predict the behavior of results as demonstrated by the results of other referred literatures.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, May 9, 2015
To report a new and efficient method for the regeneration of carbonyl compounds from their oximes... more To report a new and efficient method for the regeneration of carbonyl compounds from their oximes and phenylhydrazones by employing transition metal complexes under mild conditions. Methods: Different oxime and phenylhydrazone complexes have been examined for this regeneration process and found effective. Results: A new method for the cleavage of oximes and phenylhydrazone into their corresponding carbonyl compounds has been done successfully. Conclusion: The present method is of practical significance as it is rapid, high yielding, involves simple work-up under the very mild condition, and it applicable to both aldehydes and ketones. Thus, it is believed that the present method appears to be viable alternative to existing procedures.
The present case study is focused on performance evaluation of a Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane ba... more The present case study is focused on performance evaluation of a Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane based pilot plant to treat the ground/surface drinking water sources polluted by flood, rivers and/or canals. The RO plant was designed, fabricated and then operated with polluted water. Two feed water samples having a TDS of 2.000 mg · L−1 and 10.000 mg · L−1 respectively, were taken and analyzed for physical, chemical and microbiological contaminants. The RO plant was run once through over a span of 100 hrs at an operating pressure of 15 bar. TDS rejections were found to be more than 94% while permeate flux was measured to be 25.82 L · m−2 · hr−1 to 40.55 L · m−2 · hr−1. Results show that RO plant has a potential to remove physical, chemical and microbiological contaminants like Total Coliform and E. Coli in one step.
Drought is the major abiotic stress constraining the production of maize (Zea mays L.) in the ari... more Drought is the major abiotic stress constraining the production of maize (Zea mays L.) in the arid and semi-arid areas. Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) with improved performance from the 6th selection cycles were evaluated against drought stress at early growth stages and genetic distance was determined through random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Significant variation was observed in the rate of water loss (RWL) at 30, 90 and 150 min after excision, relative water content (RWC) and membrane stability among the RILs. In comparison with check variety Azam, 7 RILs maintained a low RWL, 2 had higher RWC and 6 RILs had higher membrane stability, thus showing a higher degree of adaptation to drought stress. The preliminary results showed polymorphism among the drought sensitive and tolerant RILs. The RILs were clustered into three groups on the basis of amplification pattern obtained with 60 RAPD markers. Variation in the genetic makeup of the tolerant RILs was evident from their clustering in different groups, though most were clustered in group III. Furthermore, one RAPD marker could identify maize genotypes, maintaining low RWL from the excised leaves. We are in the process of sequencing the amplified product of this primer and transforming it into sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers for a more reliable marker assisted selection.
Internet makes everyone a publisher and everyone a librarian. Anyone can both produce and ret... more Internet makes everyone a publisher and everyone a librarian. Anyone can both produce and retrieve an unknown amount of information. Media audience directly participates in live program. The internet has enabled journalists to reach out to their audience 24 hours a day.
Internet makes everyone a publisher and everyone a librarian. Anyone can both produce and ret... more Internet makes everyone a publisher and everyone a librarian. Anyone can both produce and retrieve an unknown amount of information. Media audience directly participates in live program. The internet has enabled journalists to reach out to their audience 24 hours a day.
Internet makes everyone a publisher and everyone a librarian. Anyone can both produce and ret... more Internet makes everyone a publisher and everyone a librarian. Anyone can both produce and retrieve an unknown amount of information. Media audience directly participates in live program. The internet has enabled journalists to reach out to their audience 24 hours a day.
The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between government expenditure (at agg... more The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between government expenditure (at aggregate as well as disaggregate level) and economic growth for Pakistan. The study further aims to find causal relationship for existence of applicability of Wagner’s or Keynesian hypothesis. Engle and Granger (1987) two step procedure and Granger causality test (1969) are employed for time series data for the period 1976 to 2015. Results suggest that only expenditure on social, economic and education services have proposed long-run association with economic growth in five of basic versions of Wagner’s law for Pakistan. The causality tests are showing mix results regarding existence of applicability of Wagner’s or Keynesian hypothesis. Expenditure on current subsidies, expenditure on defence, current expenditure and developmental expenditure are in favor of Wagner’s law in most of the cases, where causality runs from economic growth to government expenditure. Results of expenditure on soc...
Allah (swt) has elevated man to the highest position in all creation, and bestwed upon him the bo... more Allah (swt) has elevated man to the highest position in all creation, and bestwed upon him the bounty of reason and knowledge. An in depth study of knowledge itself reveals that, there are two forms and ranks of knowledge in the universe; one is the divinely revealed instintintive level of awareness about reality, and the other is the earned and learned behavoiur based upon knowledge, that is gained through urge, effort and experience. Human beings, apart from the innate divine blessing of knowledge, learns through sense experience, reason and intuitive thinking. The higher form of knowledge is divinely transmission through revelation to the Prophets. The heavenly revealed knowledge has been preserved by human being in the form of Sacred Books; especially a body of knowledge about reality in the form of religion, namely in the Holy Bible and the Holy Qur’an.
The era of big textual corpora and machine learning technologies have paved the way for researche... more The era of big textual corpora and machine learning technologies have paved the way for researchers in numerous data mining fields. Among them, causality mining (CM) from textual data has become a significant area of concern and has more attention from researchers. Causality (cause-effect relations) serves as an essential category of relationships, which plays a significant role in question answering, future events predication, discourse comprehension, decision making, future scenario generation, medical text mining, behavior prediction, and textual prediction entailment. While, decades of development techniques for CM are still prone to performance enhancement, especially for ambiguous and implicitly expressed causalities. The ineffectiveness of the early attempts is mainly due to small, ambiguous, heterogeneous, and domain-specific datasets constructed by manually linguistic and syntactic rules. Many researchers have deployed shallow machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) te...
Coordination polymers are promising cathode materials for rechargeable alkaline batteries. Theref... more Coordination polymers are promising cathode materials for rechargeable alkaline batteries. Therefore, the precise modulation by chemical structure and in-depth structure transform study of these cathodes are necessary. In this article, two model coordination polymer battery cathodes were designed to demonstrate the dynamic structure-performance relationship. We studied the electrochemical performance of two kinds of nickel-based coordination polymers, comprising a planar 2D cyanide bridged networks and a 3D cyanide bridged networks pillared by pyrazine molecules, respectively. The 2D coordination polymer showed serious voltage degradation with poor rate capability while 3D coordination polymer exhibited stable voltage output coupled with high rate at various current densities. The investigation revealed the underlining relationship of plateau voltage degradation and hydrolysis process of electrodes. It was reflected that the pyrazine pillar molecules in 3D coordination polymer could suppress the hydrolysis and lead to the in-situ formation of partial hydrolyzed structure with excellent electrochemical kinetics, which exhibited obvious smaller peak separation (27 mV compared with 149 mV) and hence almost two-fold increase in capacity retention (31.9% to 50.0%) and energy density retention (18.2% to 35.9%) at 10 A g -1 .
Rapid isolation of patients suspected of having COVID-19 at screening Training of all employees t... more Rapid isolation of patients suspected of having COVID-19 at screening Training of all employees to follow infection control protocols and to use PPE Centralization of PPE supplies to prevent shortages, distributed on the basis of clinical need Restricted travel for staff for all domestic and international work-related activities Use of videoconferencing for hospital and/or health system staff meetings Note.-COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, PPE = personal protective equipment.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY, 2014
Wireless networks play a crucial role in the communication systems nowadays. Wireless networks ar... more Wireless networks play a crucial role in the communication systems nowadays. Wireless networks are being increasingly used in the communication among devices of the most varied types and sizes. User mobility, affordability, flexibility and ease of use are few of many reasons for making them very appealing to new applications and more users everyday. A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is composed of sensor nodes spread over the field to sense the data. The sensed data must be gathered & transmitted to Base Station (BS) for end user queries. The used sensor nodes being in- expensive having low computation power & limited energy so are not as much reliable as their expensive macro sensor counter parts but their size and cost enable hundred to thousand of micro sensors to achieve high quality fault tolerant system. In an environment where in each round all sensor nodes have to send data to base station; it is required to effectively utilize energy of sensor nodes so as to increase the life...
Several studies have been carried out regarding the awareness and usage of cannabis around the wo... more Several studies have been carried out regarding the awareness and usage of cannabis around the world, especially in developed countries. Pakistan ranks amongst the top nations in regards to cannabis consumption. However, the amount of literature shedding light on people's perception, knowledge and practices are scarce. Therefore, the authors sought to establish a baseline study to ignite the discussion on the possibility of cannabis' induction in the medical field in Pakistan, and additionally provide a foundation for further research. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of understanding and consumption practices in Karachi with respondents from different socioeconomic backgrounds, age groups and gender regarding cannabis use and assessing the awareness of the general population. The null hypothesis is that the usage of cannabis does not have a significant correlation with age, gender, or socioeconomic status of a population. We conducted a crosssectional study in November 2018 using convenience sampling and interviewed 518 individuals for their gender, age, and socioeconomic status, to determine their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cannabis usage. The participants were questioned about their knowledge and its source. Attitudes were judged using three and five-point Likert scales while questions regarding practices centered upon the past and current usage of cannabis. One-way analysis of variance and chi-square tests were used as the primary statistical tests. Out of the 518 people who responded, more than half of the respondents were males (n ¼ 340, 65.6%). The majority was familiar with the use of cannabis (n ¼ 514, 99.2%), and the different ways in which it is consumed (n ¼ 435, 84%). About one-third of the participants happened to consume cannabis (n ¼ 168, 32.4%), and a quarter mentioned recreational use/curiosity as the principal reason (n ¼ 134, 25.9%). Majority of the respondents agreed KEYWORDS
Porous crystalline materials such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have gained tremendous po... more Porous crystalline materials such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have gained tremendous popularity in multidisciplinary areas of science and technology.
Protein methylation has an important role in the regulation of chromatin, gene expression and reg... more Protein methylation has an important role in the regulation of chromatin, gene expression and regulation. The protein methyl transferases are genetically altered in various human cancers. The enzymes that remove histone methylation have led to increased awareness of protein interactions as potential drug targets. Specifically, Lysine Specific Demethylases (LSD) removes methylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) and H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) through formaldehyde-generating oxidation. It has been reported that LSD1 and its downstream targets are involved in tumor-cell growth and metastasis. Functional studies of LSD1 indicate that it regulates activation and inhibition of gene transcription in the nucleus. Here we made a discussion about the summary of histone lysine demethylase and their functions in various human cancers.
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, Mar 1, 2018
A renal artery pseudoaneurysm is a rare but important complication that can occur after renal tra... more A renal artery pseudoaneurysm is a rare but important complication that can occur after renal trauma, renal biopsy, percutaneous nephrostomy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and partial nephrectomy. The incidence of this potentially life-threatening complication is less than 1%, but is likely to increase with the increasing popularity of endoscopic renal procedures. We present a case of a 30-year female who underwent right PCNL for a right renal pelvic stone. Two weeks later, she presented with massive hematuria. Renal angiography revealed psuedoanurysm of interlobar artery which was successfully treated with coil embolization.
Wavelength conversion and traffic grooming in WDM networks have been one of the most researched a... more Wavelength conversion and traffic grooming in WDM networks have been one of the most researched areas and technologies of importance in optical networking. Network performance improves noticeably by reducing wavelength continuity constraint (using wavelength converters) and by improving the wavelength switching options (using traffic grooming), thereby reducing the network blocking probabilities and improving network performance. Through this thesis work we have analyzed the effect of increasing number of wavelength converters and grooming devices over the network performance. Deciding the amount and location of these devices to be used in a network is equally important. For this, we have used different placement schemes on our proposed network model and assumptions. Our work has been done through the simulations of different device placement scenarios and the results have been analyzed using blocking probability as the performance metric. We have reviewed the performance of wavelength converters with different grooming devices. Our reviews and work, correctly predict the behavior of results as demonstrated by the results of other referred literatures.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, May 9, 2015
To report a new and efficient method for the regeneration of carbonyl compounds from their oximes... more To report a new and efficient method for the regeneration of carbonyl compounds from their oximes and phenylhydrazones by employing transition metal complexes under mild conditions. Methods: Different oxime and phenylhydrazone complexes have been examined for this regeneration process and found effective. Results: A new method for the cleavage of oximes and phenylhydrazone into their corresponding carbonyl compounds has been done successfully. Conclusion: The present method is of practical significance as it is rapid, high yielding, involves simple work-up under the very mild condition, and it applicable to both aldehydes and ketones. Thus, it is believed that the present method appears to be viable alternative to existing procedures.
The present case study is focused on performance evaluation of a Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane ba... more The present case study is focused on performance evaluation of a Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane based pilot plant to treat the ground/surface drinking water sources polluted by flood, rivers and/or canals. The RO plant was designed, fabricated and then operated with polluted water. Two feed water samples having a TDS of 2.000 mg · L−1 and 10.000 mg · L−1 respectively, were taken and analyzed for physical, chemical and microbiological contaminants. The RO plant was run once through over a span of 100 hrs at an operating pressure of 15 bar. TDS rejections were found to be more than 94% while permeate flux was measured to be 25.82 L · m−2 · hr−1 to 40.55 L · m−2 · hr−1. Results show that RO plant has a potential to remove physical, chemical and microbiological contaminants like Total Coliform and E. Coli in one step.
Drought is the major abiotic stress constraining the production of maize (Zea mays L.) in the ari... more Drought is the major abiotic stress constraining the production of maize (Zea mays L.) in the arid and semi-arid areas. Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) with improved performance from the 6th selection cycles were evaluated against drought stress at early growth stages and genetic distance was determined through random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Significant variation was observed in the rate of water loss (RWL) at 30, 90 and 150 min after excision, relative water content (RWC) and membrane stability among the RILs. In comparison with check variety Azam, 7 RILs maintained a low RWL, 2 had higher RWC and 6 RILs had higher membrane stability, thus showing a higher degree of adaptation to drought stress. The preliminary results showed polymorphism among the drought sensitive and tolerant RILs. The RILs were clustered into three groups on the basis of amplification pattern obtained with 60 RAPD markers. Variation in the genetic makeup of the tolerant RILs was evident from their clustering in different groups, though most were clustered in group III. Furthermore, one RAPD marker could identify maize genotypes, maintaining low RWL from the excised leaves. We are in the process of sequencing the amplified product of this primer and transforming it into sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers for a more reliable marker assisted selection.
Uploads
Papers by Wajid Ali