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Virag Rab

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Virag Rab is an associate professor at the University of Pécs, Hungary (Department of Contemporary History). Earned her PhD in 2007 (Title of dissertation: Diagnoses and Therapies. Recommendations for Reviving European Economy after WW1.). Her special field of interest is economic and social history of Hungary and Europe between the two World Wars

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Papers by Virag Rab

The Life-Changing Travels of Loránt Hegedüs

Working Group of Economic and Social History, Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs eBooks, 2023

The purpose of the study. This study looks at the changing role of travel in the life Loránt Hege... more The purpose of the study. This study looks at the changing role of travel in the life Loránt Hegedüs (1872-1943). It is part of a larger psychobiography of that important figure whose career spanned the Era of Dualism and the Interwar Period. The purpose of this study is to collect all historical data connected to the travels of Hegedüs that might be usable in writing a psychobiography of him as well as all documents that can help us understand his view of the world. Applied methods. The sources used include published and unpublished memoirs; published descriptions of his travels that Hegedüs wrote for various periodicals; correspondence between that traveling Hegedüs and various family members, professors, colleagues, and friends; as well as official accounts of travels that he undertook as part of his professional duties. Besides these. the paper will make use of sections in his fictional works whose theme is travel as well as photographs. Outcomes. We conclude that travel, along with other factors, especially his relationship to his godfather, the writer Mór Jókai, helped make the widely travelled Hegedüs more liberal than his class contemporaries. It also helped him to maintain his mental and physical health under extremely pressured circumstances.

A családi kapcsolatok reprezentációja Zsindely Sándor: Hegedüs Loránt élete és munkássága című tanulmányában

A családi kapcsolatok reprezentációja Zsindely Sándor: Hegedüs Loránt élete és munkássága című ta... more A családi kapcsolatok reprezentációja Zsindely Sándor: Hegedüs Loránt élete és munkássága című tanulmányában 2 "Az emberiségről szóló leghitelesebb tanulmány maga az ember." Alexander Pope 3 (Id. Scitovsky [1997] 11. o.) Absztrakt Hegedüs Loránt (1872-1943) gazdaságpolitikus, pénzügyminiszter, szépíró és publicista, akinek szociológiai és történeti munkái is jelentősek. S jóllehet azon kevesek egyike, aki a két háború közötti politikai, gazdasági és kulturális elitnek is kiemelkedő alakja volt, életútjáról eleddig nem készült teljes körű feldolgozás. Ezt a hiányt igyekszik pótolni az a biográfia, melynek egyik alfejezete a következő tanulmány. Ez az írás Hegedüs családi-rokoni kapcsolatait mutatja be, Ifj. Zsindely Sándornak (1932-2008), Hegedüs Loránt unokájának a visszaemlékezései alapján. Tanulmányomban abból a premisszából indulok ki, hogy az egyén életútját jelentősen meghatározza társas környezete, így a családja is. Célom ezért az, hogy megállapítsam, kik tartoztak Hegedüs családi hálózatához, s ismertessem a köztük lévő kapcsolatokat. A tanulmány különlegessége, egyben időszerűsége az, hogy olyan, a szakma számára eddig ismeretlen primer forrást dolgoz fel, amelynek szerzőjét és írásait Bekker Zsuzsa jól ismerte. Loránt Hegedüs (1872-1943) was an economic policy maker, minister of finance, belletrist and publicist whose works on sociology and history are also of significance. Although he was one of the few outstanding figures of the political, economic and cultural elite in the interwar period, his life has not been dealt with in a full and detailed manner so far. The biography one chapter of which is this study article aims to make up for this lack. This article describes the family relations of Hegedüs based on the memoires of Sándor Zsindely, Junior (1932-2008), who was the grandson of Loránt Hegedüs. My starting point is the premise that the life of an individual is notably determined by his social environment thus also by his family. Consequently, my aim is to establish who belonged to his family network and to describe the relationships among them. I process a primary source which has been unknown for the profession so far but whose writer and contents was well-known for Zsuzsa Bekker; it makes this article special and topical. *Ezúton köszönöm Lazáry (Zsindely) Zsuzsannának, hogy rendelkezésemre bocsátotta bátyja, Zsindely Sándor visszaemlékezését; Hild Mártának, hogy segített feltárni Bekker Zsuzsa és Zsindely Sándor szakmai kapcsolatának eredetét, Agora Zsuzsannának, Bálint Ágnesnek a szakmai inspirációkat és Harsányi Ivánnak a hasznos tanácsokat. Bevezető Miért írnak és mesélnek az emberek az életükről? A pszichológusok szerint azért, hogy értelmet adjanak mindannak, ami velük történt, voltaképp magának az életnek. Hiszen, mint mondják, az élet nem valami eleve adott dolog (Bruner [1987] 13. o. Id. László [1987] 4. o.).

An Old-and-new Aspect for Interpreting the Course of Life of Loránt Hegedüs as an Economist

Working Group of Economic and Social History, Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs eBooks, 2021

Loránt Hegedüs' oeuvre touches on a surprisingly wide spectrum of economics. Of his writings on e... more Loránt Hegedüs' oeuvre touches on a surprisingly wide spectrum of economics. Of his writings on economic policy, his drafting of consolidation in 1920 was the best-known, but he also wrote a number of works dealing with theoretical issues, and he also left his mark on the contemporary Hungarian economy as a leader or member of the management of economic and financial institutions. Hegedüs' multifaceted activities may be behind this diverse economic work, as he was an economist, politician, scientist, belletrist and publicist in one person. The study, therefore, starts from the premise that his economic activity is worth examining in a broader perspective, in connection with his other activities. Its aim is to point out the connection points between economics and his other activities. The study first examines the external conditions of Hegedüs' economic operation, namely the political and economic environment that greatly influenced the development of his career. It then presents the circumstances of Hegedüs' career choice, the individuals (family members and professors) who influenced him; in the meantime, it also points to the origins of some of his important economic ideas in connection with his studies. The study analyzes the consequences of Hegedüs' versatility on his economic work by analyzing specific examples (the issue of emigration, his economic reconstruction plan). Among other things, it concludes that not only Hegedüs' diverse activities played a decisive role in the development of his oeuvre in economics, but also that he had experience in both theory and practice, and that the latter was decisive.

The Role of Work in the Life of Loránt Hegedüs (1872–1943)

Working Group of Economic and Social History, Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs eBooks, 2022

Purpose of the study. Loránt Hegedüs was a remarkable historical figure in interwar Hungary. As a... more Purpose of the study. Loránt Hegedüs was a remarkable historical figure in interwar Hungary. As a politician, economist, publicist, and belletrist, he influenced contemporary politics, economics, public life, literature, history, and religion. This study aims to understand the role of work in Hegedüs' life; in other words, the study provides a deeper understanding of what work meant for Hegedüs, which stood behind his extraordinary performance and productivity. In addition, the study addresses further questions as to what factors influenced Hegedüs' career choice and how, which occupation was the most significant at each stage of his life and why, as well as what his daily schedule looked like and what his working method was. Applied method. The main research question, what role work played in Hegedüs' life, was examined chronologically and systematically throughout Hegedüs' entire life story, in close interaction with the socio-cultural context. Levinson's model provided the theoretical framework of the research. The Levinsonian theory interpreted man's work as the primary base for his life in society and allowed studying individual and society (in Levinson's words self and world) together. Based on Levinson's theory, four periods of Hegedüs' life were examined. A variety of sources, Hegedüs' published writings, other contemporary publications, personal records, and a family chronicle, were used to answer the research questions. Outcomes. Work played a decisive role in Hegedüs' entire life especially in his social integration. On the one hand his exceptional abilities, his unique family (its members, financial background, social affiliation, religion) together with his upbringing, on the other hand external circumstances (changes in politics, economy, and society) shaped Hegedüs' idea and choices about work. As a result, Hegedüs established clear and strong values about work in adolescence and interpreted work as a duty owed to the community. In this context, his long-term goal was value creation, and his legacy, which he considered essential to support the next generation. Changes in the external world, especially challenges in work or limited possibilities for work, were reflected in the pattern of Hegedüs' periods of life.

The Fanatic of Meaning-Making: The Psychobiographical Case Study of Loránt Hegedüs

Springer eBooks, 2021

Could Deglobalization Kill Transnational Cooperation? A Brief Historical Lesson

Journal of global awareness, Dec 7, 2020

The study examines a historical period referred to in the literature as deglobalization. After th... more The study examines a historical period referred to in the literature as deglobalization. After the First World War, economic nationalism gained ground in some countries, mainly for political reasons, characterized by protectionist economic policies and the pursuit of autarchy/self-sufficiency. There were no international regulations or well-functioning international institutions that would have facilitated economic cooperation. How did those who worked hard to reconstruct the European economy react to this situation? This study presents this through the process of developing an informal network of bankers, and it indirectly highlights some important links between informal networks, globalization, and deglobalization.

What Was the Secret of Hegedüs? TheCoping Strategy of a Hungarian Financial Minister in the Interwar Period

According to Ralph Gustav Dahrendorf (1929-2009) German-British sociologist, philosopher, politic... more According to Ralph Gustav Dahrendorf (1929-2009) German-British sociologist, philosopher, political scientist and liberal politician, a change of regime comprises several (political, economic and social) processes. Although these processes run parallel, they are not completed during the same period of time. According to Dahrendorf, a political transition may be completed in six months, while the reorganisation of the economy needs at least six years. To bring about changes in the minds of people so that the society may be renewed and its members can create a viable economy requires sixty years. The term change of regime is usually interpreted as one referring to the radical change effected 25 years ago, however, Hungarian history has seen several political,

Informal Communication and the Hungarian Economy in the Early 1920s

A few months ago I was asked to hold a presentation about the importance of the informal communic... more A few months ago I was asked to hold a presentation about the importance of the informal communication and the Great Depression (1929/33) and the relation between the two. First I was scared of the task, because I have never dealt with this topic in details before. During writing the paper I realized how beneficial was to expand in space and time my research topic that I will talk about today. The reason behind is that we can't understand a Hungarian historical event without the proper contextualization. Consequently, the only way of interpretation, if we analyze the Hungarian issue from a

Gerard Visseringnek és kapcsolatainak szerepe az európai gazdaság újjáélesztésében, (1919–1925)

Studies on Economic and Social History from Southern Transdanubia

Studies on economic and social history from Southern Transdanubia, Jan 27, 2021

Economic and Social Changes: Historical Facts, Analyses and Interpretations

Studies on Economic and Social History from Southern Transdanubia, 2021

Historical research has not yet adequately answered why there was a large-scale, state-organized ... more Historical research has not yet adequately answered why there was a large-scale, state-organized settlement of German colonists under Joseph II between 1784 and 1787. Previous studies recognize the only reason for this in the low population density generally characterizing the eastern half of the Habsburg Monarchy. In the present study, the causes and consequences of immigration are placed in overall monarchical contexts and examined. This study concludes that state sponsored immigration of German settlers was no priority of the monarch under the reign of Joseph II. The emperor wanted to reform the contemporary agricultural relations in Hungary too but the strong resistance of the Hungarian nobility resulted that he could not introduce the Raab system in contrast to Czechland and Moravia. The subdivision of state lands directed a part of the German migration to Galicia. The German migration helped him to reach two goals. First, it increased the number of peasant workers; second, a portion of state lands became peasant-owned. The subdivision was only an episode on the way to a new agricultural system. It did not reach the significance of other edicts for instance the abolition of serfdom in 1785. However, its beneficial social and economic effects became clear in the long run.

The Fanatic of Meaning-Making: The Psychobiographical Case Study of Loránt Hegedüs

Psychobiographical Illustrations on Meaning and Identity in Sociocultural Contexts, 2021

A családi kapcsolatok reprezentációja Hegedüs Mária Verba volant, scripta manent című visszaemlékezésében

A következő tanulmány Hegedüs Loránt személyes élettörténetének egyik alapvető forrását, legfiata... more A következő tanulmány Hegedüs Loránt személyes élettörténetének egyik alapvető forrását, legfiatalabb lányának, Máriának a visszaemlékezését dolgozza fel. A memoár –, mely máshonnan nem tudható, új ismereteket foglal magába – lehetőséget kínál arra, hogy megismerjük a Hegedüs család tagjait és a köztük lévő kapcsolatokat. Egészen pontosan, a forrás Hegedüs Loránt családi rokoni hálózatának egy reprezentációját kínálja, Mária perspektívájából. Mindez azért lényeges, mert – hipotézisem szerint, – Hegedüs személyes életútja legközvetlenebbül a családi kontextusba ágyazódik, így annak minél alaposabb ismerete minden bizonnyal termékenyen hozzájárul Hegedüs Loránt személyiségének, motivációinak, értékrendjének és attitűdjének jobb megértéséhez. Továbbá Hegedüs legszűkebb miliőjének tanulmányozása azért is előnyös lehet, mivel a társas környezet az egyik meghatározója az én-tudat alakulásának. Célom tehát Hegedüs személyes élettörténetét a családi kapcsolatokon keresztül megértetni

A családi kapcsolatok reprezentációja Zsindely Sándor: Hegedüs Loránt élete és munkássága című tanulmányában

Hegedus Lorant (1872–1943) gazdasagpolitikus, penzugyminiszter, szepiro es publicista, akinek szo... more Hegedus Lorant (1872–1943) gazdasagpolitikus, penzugyminiszter, szepiro es publicista, akinek szociologiai es torteneti munkai is jelentősek. S jollehet azon kevesek egyike, aki a ket haboru kozotti politikai, gazdasagi es kulturalis elitnek is kiemelkedő alakja volt, eletutjarol eleddig nem keszult teljes korű feldolgozas. Ezt a hianyt igyekszik potolni az a biografia, melynek egyik alfejezete a kovetkező tanulmany. Ez az iras Hegedus csaladi-rokoni kapcsolatait mutatja be, Ifj. Zsindely Sandornak (1932–2008), Hegedus Lorant unokajanak a visszaemlekezesei alapjan. Tanulmanyomban abbol a premisszabol indulok ki, hogy az egyen eletutjat jelentősen meghatarozza tarsas kornyezete, igy a csaladja is. Celom ezert az, hogy megallapitsam, kik tartoztak Hegedus csaladi halozatahoz, s ismertessem a koztuk levő kapcsolatokat. A tanulmany kulonlegessege, egyben időszerűsege az, hogy olyan, a szakma szamara eddig ismeretlen primer forrast dolgoz fel, amelynek szerzőjet es irasait Bekker Zsuzsa ...

Tények és gondolatok az informális kommunikáció jelentőségéről a nagy gazdasági világválság kapcsán

Informal Communication and the Hungarian Economy in the Early 1920s

What Was the Secret of Hegedüs? TheCoping Strategy of a Hungarian Financial Minister in the Interwar Period

The turbulent history of Hungary in the 20th century is exceptional with its nine changes of regi... more The turbulent history of Hungary in the 20th century is exceptional with its nine changes of regime. These political transitions had serious consequences. Firstly, they caused a crisis both in the society and in the lives of the individuals. Secondly, they contributed to the formulation of a misapprehension which is still often referred to today and which often paralyses the majority of Hungarians when, in order to solve a crisis situation, the first step should be taken. The core of this idea is the following: “We can never decide about our own fate.” Its explanation is as follows. Our revolutions have always failed and we have always got the circumstances shaping our lives and also our paternalist leaders ready and accomplished. In my view, this is a major heritage of Hungarian changes of regime. The above idea is still so vivid that I would like to show a nearly century-old example of an opposite conduct, a pattern of behavior or rather a coping strategy which was and is still wo...

Who is mentally ill?Psychiatry and the Individual in the Interwar Period in Germany

Sixteen nations were involved in the First World War with over 65 million soldiers in active serv... more Sixteen nations were involved in the First World War with over 65 million soldiers in active service and nearly one million soldiers suffered, according to medical documentation, from psychic consequences of war. The authors are historians who analyzed historical sources and present psychic consequences of the First World War from two aspects: on the one hand, from the viewpoint of German psychiatry, which denied the vulnerability of the human psyche; on the other hand, from the viewpoint of an individual (Hungarian politician, Lorant Hegedus), who was an inpatient of an elegant Berlin sanatorium between 1921 and 1924 and argued critically against war. The question posed by the title, Who is mentally ill? will be examined. Norms can also be insane if they do not serve man but instead they are inhuman. How do people react to these expectations? The normative order of the state and of psychiatry expected soldiers to die a heroic death for the nation and stigmatized “weaklings” as “abn...

A gazdasági válság és a korabeli gazdasági szakemberek

Gerard Visseringnek és kapcsolatainak szerepe az európai gazdaság újjáélesztésében, (1919–1925)

A ket vilaghaboru politikai konfrontaciokkal terhelt időszakaban a gazdasagi es penzugyi szakembe... more A ket vilaghaboru politikai konfrontaciokkal terhelt időszakaban a gazdasagi es penzugyi szakemberek szerepe sokkal meghatarozobb volt, mint azt koraban felteteleztuk. Tobbek kozott azert, mert a szakertők az első vilaghaborut kovetően gyorsan felismertek, hogy az orszaghatarokon tulnyulo gazdasagi problemakat kizarolag nemzetkozi szinten, egyuttműkodes utjan lehet megoldani. S miutan az ehhez szukseges feltetelek — az intezmenyrendszer es a nemzetkozi szabalyozasok is — hianyoztak, kooperaciot szorgalmazo interakcioikat főkent nem hivatalos csatornakon keresztul bonyolitottak. Az első megbeszelesekre 1919 őszen Gerard Vissering holland bankelnok hazaban kerult sor, aminek nyoman egy evvel kesőbb a Nepszovetseg egisze alatt megrendeztek a Brusszeli Nemzetkozi Penzugyi Konferenciat. A hivatalos forum jelentősege abban jelolhető meg, hogy vagy szaz győztes es vesztes nemzet szakembere ismerhette ott meg egymast alaposan. Korabbi kutatasaim soran az europai gazdasag altalanos vonasaira...

The Life-Changing Travels of Loránt Hegedüs

Working Group of Economic and Social History, Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs eBooks, 2023

The purpose of the study. This study looks at the changing role of travel in the life Loránt Hege... more The purpose of the study. This study looks at the changing role of travel in the life Loránt Hegedüs (1872-1943). It is part of a larger psychobiography of that important figure whose career spanned the Era of Dualism and the Interwar Period. The purpose of this study is to collect all historical data connected to the travels of Hegedüs that might be usable in writing a psychobiography of him as well as all documents that can help us understand his view of the world. Applied methods. The sources used include published and unpublished memoirs; published descriptions of his travels that Hegedüs wrote for various periodicals; correspondence between that traveling Hegedüs and various family members, professors, colleagues, and friends; as well as official accounts of travels that he undertook as part of his professional duties. Besides these. the paper will make use of sections in his fictional works whose theme is travel as well as photographs. Outcomes. We conclude that travel, along with other factors, especially his relationship to his godfather, the writer Mór Jókai, helped make the widely travelled Hegedüs more liberal than his class contemporaries. It also helped him to maintain his mental and physical health under extremely pressured circumstances.

A családi kapcsolatok reprezentációja Zsindely Sándor: Hegedüs Loránt élete és munkássága című tanulmányában

A családi kapcsolatok reprezentációja Zsindely Sándor: Hegedüs Loránt élete és munkássága című ta... more A családi kapcsolatok reprezentációja Zsindely Sándor: Hegedüs Loránt élete és munkássága című tanulmányában 2 "Az emberiségről szóló leghitelesebb tanulmány maga az ember." Alexander Pope 3 (Id. Scitovsky [1997] 11. o.) Absztrakt Hegedüs Loránt (1872-1943) gazdaságpolitikus, pénzügyminiszter, szépíró és publicista, akinek szociológiai és történeti munkái is jelentősek. S jóllehet azon kevesek egyike, aki a két háború közötti politikai, gazdasági és kulturális elitnek is kiemelkedő alakja volt, életútjáról eleddig nem készült teljes körű feldolgozás. Ezt a hiányt igyekszik pótolni az a biográfia, melynek egyik alfejezete a következő tanulmány. Ez az írás Hegedüs családi-rokoni kapcsolatait mutatja be, Ifj. Zsindely Sándornak (1932-2008), Hegedüs Loránt unokájának a visszaemlékezései alapján. Tanulmányomban abból a premisszából indulok ki, hogy az egyén életútját jelentősen meghatározza társas környezete, így a családja is. Célom ezért az, hogy megállapítsam, kik tartoztak Hegedüs családi hálózatához, s ismertessem a köztük lévő kapcsolatokat. A tanulmány különlegessége, egyben időszerűsége az, hogy olyan, a szakma számára eddig ismeretlen primer forrást dolgoz fel, amelynek szerzőjét és írásait Bekker Zsuzsa jól ismerte. Loránt Hegedüs (1872-1943) was an economic policy maker, minister of finance, belletrist and publicist whose works on sociology and history are also of significance. Although he was one of the few outstanding figures of the political, economic and cultural elite in the interwar period, his life has not been dealt with in a full and detailed manner so far. The biography one chapter of which is this study article aims to make up for this lack. This article describes the family relations of Hegedüs based on the memoires of Sándor Zsindely, Junior (1932-2008), who was the grandson of Loránt Hegedüs. My starting point is the premise that the life of an individual is notably determined by his social environment thus also by his family. Consequently, my aim is to establish who belonged to his family network and to describe the relationships among them. I process a primary source which has been unknown for the profession so far but whose writer and contents was well-known for Zsuzsa Bekker; it makes this article special and topical. *Ezúton köszönöm Lazáry (Zsindely) Zsuzsannának, hogy rendelkezésemre bocsátotta bátyja, Zsindely Sándor visszaemlékezését; Hild Mártának, hogy segített feltárni Bekker Zsuzsa és Zsindely Sándor szakmai kapcsolatának eredetét, Agora Zsuzsannának, Bálint Ágnesnek a szakmai inspirációkat és Harsányi Ivánnak a hasznos tanácsokat. Bevezető Miért írnak és mesélnek az emberek az életükről? A pszichológusok szerint azért, hogy értelmet adjanak mindannak, ami velük történt, voltaképp magának az életnek. Hiszen, mint mondják, az élet nem valami eleve adott dolog (Bruner [1987] 13. o. Id. László [1987] 4. o.).

An Old-and-new Aspect for Interpreting the Course of Life of Loránt Hegedüs as an Economist

Working Group of Economic and Social History, Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs eBooks, 2021

Loránt Hegedüs' oeuvre touches on a surprisingly wide spectrum of economics. Of his writings on e... more Loránt Hegedüs' oeuvre touches on a surprisingly wide spectrum of economics. Of his writings on economic policy, his drafting of consolidation in 1920 was the best-known, but he also wrote a number of works dealing with theoretical issues, and he also left his mark on the contemporary Hungarian economy as a leader or member of the management of economic and financial institutions. Hegedüs' multifaceted activities may be behind this diverse economic work, as he was an economist, politician, scientist, belletrist and publicist in one person. The study, therefore, starts from the premise that his economic activity is worth examining in a broader perspective, in connection with his other activities. Its aim is to point out the connection points between economics and his other activities. The study first examines the external conditions of Hegedüs' economic operation, namely the political and economic environment that greatly influenced the development of his career. It then presents the circumstances of Hegedüs' career choice, the individuals (family members and professors) who influenced him; in the meantime, it also points to the origins of some of his important economic ideas in connection with his studies. The study analyzes the consequences of Hegedüs' versatility on his economic work by analyzing specific examples (the issue of emigration, his economic reconstruction plan). Among other things, it concludes that not only Hegedüs' diverse activities played a decisive role in the development of his oeuvre in economics, but also that he had experience in both theory and practice, and that the latter was decisive.

The Role of Work in the Life of Loránt Hegedüs (1872–1943)

Working Group of Economic and Social History, Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs eBooks, 2022

Purpose of the study. Loránt Hegedüs was a remarkable historical figure in interwar Hungary. As a... more Purpose of the study. Loránt Hegedüs was a remarkable historical figure in interwar Hungary. As a politician, economist, publicist, and belletrist, he influenced contemporary politics, economics, public life, literature, history, and religion. This study aims to understand the role of work in Hegedüs' life; in other words, the study provides a deeper understanding of what work meant for Hegedüs, which stood behind his extraordinary performance and productivity. In addition, the study addresses further questions as to what factors influenced Hegedüs' career choice and how, which occupation was the most significant at each stage of his life and why, as well as what his daily schedule looked like and what his working method was. Applied method. The main research question, what role work played in Hegedüs' life, was examined chronologically and systematically throughout Hegedüs' entire life story, in close interaction with the socio-cultural context. Levinson's model provided the theoretical framework of the research. The Levinsonian theory interpreted man's work as the primary base for his life in society and allowed studying individual and society (in Levinson's words self and world) together. Based on Levinson's theory, four periods of Hegedüs' life were examined. A variety of sources, Hegedüs' published writings, other contemporary publications, personal records, and a family chronicle, were used to answer the research questions. Outcomes. Work played a decisive role in Hegedüs' entire life especially in his social integration. On the one hand his exceptional abilities, his unique family (its members, financial background, social affiliation, religion) together with his upbringing, on the other hand external circumstances (changes in politics, economy, and society) shaped Hegedüs' idea and choices about work. As a result, Hegedüs established clear and strong values about work in adolescence and interpreted work as a duty owed to the community. In this context, his long-term goal was value creation, and his legacy, which he considered essential to support the next generation. Changes in the external world, especially challenges in work or limited possibilities for work, were reflected in the pattern of Hegedüs' periods of life.

The Fanatic of Meaning-Making: The Psychobiographical Case Study of Loránt Hegedüs

Springer eBooks, 2021

Could Deglobalization Kill Transnational Cooperation? A Brief Historical Lesson

Journal of global awareness, Dec 7, 2020

The study examines a historical period referred to in the literature as deglobalization. After th... more The study examines a historical period referred to in the literature as deglobalization. After the First World War, economic nationalism gained ground in some countries, mainly for political reasons, characterized by protectionist economic policies and the pursuit of autarchy/self-sufficiency. There were no international regulations or well-functioning international institutions that would have facilitated economic cooperation. How did those who worked hard to reconstruct the European economy react to this situation? This study presents this through the process of developing an informal network of bankers, and it indirectly highlights some important links between informal networks, globalization, and deglobalization.

What Was the Secret of Hegedüs? TheCoping Strategy of a Hungarian Financial Minister in the Interwar Period

According to Ralph Gustav Dahrendorf (1929-2009) German-British sociologist, philosopher, politic... more According to Ralph Gustav Dahrendorf (1929-2009) German-British sociologist, philosopher, political scientist and liberal politician, a change of regime comprises several (political, economic and social) processes. Although these processes run parallel, they are not completed during the same period of time. According to Dahrendorf, a political transition may be completed in six months, while the reorganisation of the economy needs at least six years. To bring about changes in the minds of people so that the society may be renewed and its members can create a viable economy requires sixty years. The term change of regime is usually interpreted as one referring to the radical change effected 25 years ago, however, Hungarian history has seen several political,

Informal Communication and the Hungarian Economy in the Early 1920s

A few months ago I was asked to hold a presentation about the importance of the informal communic... more A few months ago I was asked to hold a presentation about the importance of the informal communication and the Great Depression (1929/33) and the relation between the two. First I was scared of the task, because I have never dealt with this topic in details before. During writing the paper I realized how beneficial was to expand in space and time my research topic that I will talk about today. The reason behind is that we can't understand a Hungarian historical event without the proper contextualization. Consequently, the only way of interpretation, if we analyze the Hungarian issue from a

Gerard Visseringnek és kapcsolatainak szerepe az európai gazdaság újjáélesztésében, (1919–1925)

Studies on Economic and Social History from Southern Transdanubia

Studies on economic and social history from Southern Transdanubia, Jan 27, 2021

Economic and Social Changes: Historical Facts, Analyses and Interpretations

Studies on Economic and Social History from Southern Transdanubia, 2021

Historical research has not yet adequately answered why there was a large-scale, state-organized ... more Historical research has not yet adequately answered why there was a large-scale, state-organized settlement of German colonists under Joseph II between 1784 and 1787. Previous studies recognize the only reason for this in the low population density generally characterizing the eastern half of the Habsburg Monarchy. In the present study, the causes and consequences of immigration are placed in overall monarchical contexts and examined. This study concludes that state sponsored immigration of German settlers was no priority of the monarch under the reign of Joseph II. The emperor wanted to reform the contemporary agricultural relations in Hungary too but the strong resistance of the Hungarian nobility resulted that he could not introduce the Raab system in contrast to Czechland and Moravia. The subdivision of state lands directed a part of the German migration to Galicia. The German migration helped him to reach two goals. First, it increased the number of peasant workers; second, a portion of state lands became peasant-owned. The subdivision was only an episode on the way to a new agricultural system. It did not reach the significance of other edicts for instance the abolition of serfdom in 1785. However, its beneficial social and economic effects became clear in the long run.

The Fanatic of Meaning-Making: The Psychobiographical Case Study of Loránt Hegedüs

Psychobiographical Illustrations on Meaning and Identity in Sociocultural Contexts, 2021

A családi kapcsolatok reprezentációja Hegedüs Mária Verba volant, scripta manent című visszaemlékezésében

A következő tanulmány Hegedüs Loránt személyes élettörténetének egyik alapvető forrását, legfiata... more A következő tanulmány Hegedüs Loránt személyes élettörténetének egyik alapvető forrását, legfiatalabb lányának, Máriának a visszaemlékezését dolgozza fel. A memoár –, mely máshonnan nem tudható, új ismereteket foglal magába – lehetőséget kínál arra, hogy megismerjük a Hegedüs család tagjait és a köztük lévő kapcsolatokat. Egészen pontosan, a forrás Hegedüs Loránt családi rokoni hálózatának egy reprezentációját kínálja, Mária perspektívájából. Mindez azért lényeges, mert – hipotézisem szerint, – Hegedüs személyes életútja legközvetlenebbül a családi kontextusba ágyazódik, így annak minél alaposabb ismerete minden bizonnyal termékenyen hozzájárul Hegedüs Loránt személyiségének, motivációinak, értékrendjének és attitűdjének jobb megértéséhez. Továbbá Hegedüs legszűkebb miliőjének tanulmányozása azért is előnyös lehet, mivel a társas környezet az egyik meghatározója az én-tudat alakulásának. Célom tehát Hegedüs személyes élettörténetét a családi kapcsolatokon keresztül megértetni

A családi kapcsolatok reprezentációja Zsindely Sándor: Hegedüs Loránt élete és munkássága című tanulmányában

Hegedus Lorant (1872–1943) gazdasagpolitikus, penzugyminiszter, szepiro es publicista, akinek szo... more Hegedus Lorant (1872–1943) gazdasagpolitikus, penzugyminiszter, szepiro es publicista, akinek szociologiai es torteneti munkai is jelentősek. S jollehet azon kevesek egyike, aki a ket haboru kozotti politikai, gazdasagi es kulturalis elitnek is kiemelkedő alakja volt, eletutjarol eleddig nem keszult teljes korű feldolgozas. Ezt a hianyt igyekszik potolni az a biografia, melynek egyik alfejezete a kovetkező tanulmany. Ez az iras Hegedus csaladi-rokoni kapcsolatait mutatja be, Ifj. Zsindely Sandornak (1932–2008), Hegedus Lorant unokajanak a visszaemlekezesei alapjan. Tanulmanyomban abbol a premisszabol indulok ki, hogy az egyen eletutjat jelentősen meghatarozza tarsas kornyezete, igy a csaladja is. Celom ezert az, hogy megallapitsam, kik tartoztak Hegedus csaladi halozatahoz, s ismertessem a koztuk levő kapcsolatokat. A tanulmany kulonlegessege, egyben időszerűsege az, hogy olyan, a szakma szamara eddig ismeretlen primer forrast dolgoz fel, amelynek szerzőjet es irasait Bekker Zsuzsa ...

Tények és gondolatok az informális kommunikáció jelentőségéről a nagy gazdasági világválság kapcsán

Informal Communication and the Hungarian Economy in the Early 1920s

What Was the Secret of Hegedüs? TheCoping Strategy of a Hungarian Financial Minister in the Interwar Period

The turbulent history of Hungary in the 20th century is exceptional with its nine changes of regi... more The turbulent history of Hungary in the 20th century is exceptional with its nine changes of regime. These political transitions had serious consequences. Firstly, they caused a crisis both in the society and in the lives of the individuals. Secondly, they contributed to the formulation of a misapprehension which is still often referred to today and which often paralyses the majority of Hungarians when, in order to solve a crisis situation, the first step should be taken. The core of this idea is the following: “We can never decide about our own fate.” Its explanation is as follows. Our revolutions have always failed and we have always got the circumstances shaping our lives and also our paternalist leaders ready and accomplished. In my view, this is a major heritage of Hungarian changes of regime. The above idea is still so vivid that I would like to show a nearly century-old example of an opposite conduct, a pattern of behavior or rather a coping strategy which was and is still wo...

Who is mentally ill?Psychiatry and the Individual in the Interwar Period in Germany

Sixteen nations were involved in the First World War with over 65 million soldiers in active serv... more Sixteen nations were involved in the First World War with over 65 million soldiers in active service and nearly one million soldiers suffered, according to medical documentation, from psychic consequences of war. The authors are historians who analyzed historical sources and present psychic consequences of the First World War from two aspects: on the one hand, from the viewpoint of German psychiatry, which denied the vulnerability of the human psyche; on the other hand, from the viewpoint of an individual (Hungarian politician, Lorant Hegedus), who was an inpatient of an elegant Berlin sanatorium between 1921 and 1924 and argued critically against war. The question posed by the title, Who is mentally ill? will be examined. Norms can also be insane if they do not serve man but instead they are inhuman. How do people react to these expectations? The normative order of the state and of psychiatry expected soldiers to die a heroic death for the nation and stigmatized “weaklings” as “abn...

A gazdasági válság és a korabeli gazdasági szakemberek

Gerard Visseringnek és kapcsolatainak szerepe az európai gazdaság újjáélesztésében, (1919–1925)

A ket vilaghaboru politikai konfrontaciokkal terhelt időszakaban a gazdasagi es penzugyi szakembe... more A ket vilaghaboru politikai konfrontaciokkal terhelt időszakaban a gazdasagi es penzugyi szakemberek szerepe sokkal meghatarozobb volt, mint azt koraban felteteleztuk. Tobbek kozott azert, mert a szakertők az első vilaghaborut kovetően gyorsan felismertek, hogy az orszaghatarokon tulnyulo gazdasagi problemakat kizarolag nemzetkozi szinten, egyuttműkodes utjan lehet megoldani. S miutan az ehhez szukseges feltetelek — az intezmenyrendszer es a nemzetkozi szabalyozasok is — hianyoztak, kooperaciot szorgalmazo interakcioikat főkent nem hivatalos csatornakon keresztul bonyolitottak. Az első megbeszelesekre 1919 őszen Gerard Vissering holland bankelnok hazaban kerult sor, aminek nyoman egy evvel kesőbb a Nepszovetseg egisze alatt megrendeztek a Brusszeli Nemzetkozi Penzugyi Konferenciat. A hivatalos forum jelentősege abban jelolhető meg, hogy vagy szaz győztes es vesztes nemzet szakembere ismerhette ott meg egymast alaposan. Korabbi kutatasaim soran az europai gazdasag altalanos vonasaira...