Th e aim of that review is to present the principles of energy evaluation systems used in pig fee... more Th e aim of that review is to present the principles of energy evaluation systems used in pig feeding and to stress out some key consideration when introducing Net Energy (NE) systems and some areas of future research. Based on the relevant literature data it can be stated that despite the mentioned shortcomings of the currently used energy systems, we have to admit that NE and/or Potential Physiological Energy (PPE) are the least inaccurate feed evaluation, therefore they are recommended to use in practical pig production. Th ere is not enough evidence to favor any of these systems. According to our opinion some kind of harmonization would be benefi cial, since the European feed market would need a common understanding of energy (feeding) value of compound feeds and feedstuff s. However, according to our view it could be achieved only by the lobby and cooperative action of the European feed manufacturers.
In two feeding experiments the retention of supplemental guanidine acetic acid (GAA) in broilers ... more In two feeding experiments the retention of supplemental guanidine acetic acid (GAA) in broilers was investigated. In both experiments, the same three treatments were used; the basal feed was supplemented with 0, 0.6, or 6.0 g GAA per kg of feed. While in a growth study (experiment 1) day-old, male Ross 308 broilers were fed diets for 35 days, these diets were fed for only 8 days to fistulated broilers 34 days of age in a balance study (experiment 2). Feeding 0.6 g/kg GAA did not improve growth performance whereas 6.0 g/kg GAA resulted in a reduction of feed consumption and consequently of weight gain (P ≤ 0.05). Feed conversion was not affected and was 1.48 to 1.49 in all treatments. Increasing levels of dietary GAA gradually increased the creatine concentration in breast muscle and liver tissues (P ≤ 0.05) indicating a transformation and retention of dietary GAA as creatine. In experiment 2 the non-supplemented basal diet allowed us to determine the endogenous GAA, creatine, and creatinine excretions. Accordingly, only small amounts of these metabolites were recovered in feces while they were much higher in urine. Increasing dietary GAA intake increased fecal and renal GAA, creatine, and creatinine excretion and was significant (P ≤ 0.05) at 6.0 g/kg dietary GAA compared to no or 0.6 g/kg GAA supplementation. The mean true fecal digestibility of GAA (99%) was unaffected by the level of supplemental GAA. Considering renal GAA excretions, true availability of supplemental GAA was reduced with increasing dose (83% vs. 71%; P ≤ 0.05). Taking into account creatine and creatinine excretions above those of the basal diet, as they are a consequence of increasing dietary supply, true availability of supplemental GAA shrank from 76% (0.6 g/kg GAA) to 46% (6.0 g/kg GAA; P ≤ 0.05). Changes in blood creatine and creatinine levels reflected the changes observed in the liver and muscle tissues and may suggest increased transport to excretion organs. Data from these experiment were used to estimate the creatine requirement.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Aug 28, 2017
HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific re... more HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A-animal Science, Oct 12, 2020
The use of by-products containing high fibre and protein has increased in pig feeding due to the ... more The use of by-products containing high fibre and protein has increased in pig feeding due to the need of the increase of the plant protein self-sufficiency of the EU. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of increasing by-products inclusion on growth performance and feed efficiency in growing-finishing pigs in the course of using a relatively high dietary NDF level in two-phase feeding system. Individually housed hybrid (DanBred) pigs (n = 60; 41 kg initial BW) were used in the trial. Control (CTR) feed was formulated without by-products, moderate (MLB) with 15% and 20% and high level of by-products feed (HLB) with 27% and 33% by-products, in phase 1 and 2, respectively. Experimental feeds were isocaloric on net energy (NE) basis. Pigs gained over 1000 g/d in all experimental groups for the whole trial and no significant (P > 0.05) treatment effect, sex and diet × sex interactions were observed.
A comparative study was conducted with layer hens either intact, or cecectomized or cannulated in... more A comparative study was conducted with layer hens either intact, or cecectomized or cannulated in the ileum or colon to determine the amino acid digestibility of the same diet. The studies used Shaver Star Cross 288 layer hybrids, with 6 birds per each test method, in 2 replicates (n=12). Birds were placed in metabolic cages during the studies. Nutrient content of the trial diets followed the NRC (1994) recommendations. Amino acid content of the diet, excreta, faeces and digesta samples was determined according to Bech et al (1990). Trial data were subjected to variance analysis (ANOVA) (SAS 2001). The trial data led to the conclusion, that no statistically verifiable differences (Pl0.05) could be found between the amino acid digestibilities of intact or cecectomized birds. Neither was a statistically verifiable difference (Pl0.05) found between the amino acid digestibilities measured at the terminal ileum or terminal colon. The digestibility values found with intact and cecectomized birds, however, were significantly lower (PŁ0.05) than the digestibility measured at the terminal ileum or terminal colon. Also these trial data lead to the conclusion - in accordance with the relevant data in literature - that diet formulations should be based on the digestible amino acid content in poultry nutrition as well. In contrast to what was found for pigs, however, there is no difference in whether we use faecal or ileal digestibility in the formulation of poultry diets.
This study investigated effects of dietary fumonisins (FBs) on gut and faecal microbiota of weane... more This study investigated effects of dietary fumonisins (FBs) on gut and faecal microbiota of weaned pigs. In total, 18 7-week-old male pigs were fed either 0, 15 or 30 mg FBs (FB1 + FB2 + FB3)/kg diet for 21 days. The microbiota was analysed with amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 regions (Illumina MiSeq). Results showed no treatment effect (p > 0.05) on growth performance, serum reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde. FBs increased serum aspartate transaminase, gamma glutamyl-transferase and alkaline phosphatase activities. A 30 mg/kg FBs treatment shifted microbial population in the duodenum and ileum to lower levels (compared to control (p < 0.05)) of the families Campylobacteraceae and Clostridiaceae, respectively, as well as the genera Alloprevotella, Campylobacter and Lachnospiraceae Incertae Sedis (duodenum), Turicibacter (jejunum), and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (ileum). Faecal microbiota had higher levels of the Erysipelotrichaceae...
Fumonisins (FUM) have been reported to impede gut functioning in pigs. However, investigations in... more Fumonisins (FUM) have been reported to impede gut functioning in pigs. However, investigations into the possible effect on mineral metabolism are limited. Thus, the trial studied the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and retention of dietary nitrogen and minerals, intestinal architecture, digestive enzymes activity and heat‐shock protein 70 (Hsp70) activity. Eighteen weaned piglets of 7 weeks old were assigned to three groups and their feed either contained 0, 15 or 30 mg FUM/kg for 21 days. ATTD and retention of dietary N and minerals were measured in a 5‐ day long balance trial between Day 17 and Day 21. The digestible and metabolisable energy (DE and ME) content of the feeds were also determined. The body weights, cumulative feed intake, relative organ weights, digestive enzymes activity and intestinal morphology were not affected (p > 0.05) by dietary treatments. The DE content was significantly lower (p < 0.05) when the feed contained 15 mg/kg FUM, but no statisti...
Th e aim of that review is to present the principles of energy evaluation systems used in pig fee... more Th e aim of that review is to present the principles of energy evaluation systems used in pig feeding and to stress out some key consideration when introducing Net Energy (NE) systems and some areas of future research. Based on the relevant literature data it can be stated that despite the mentioned shortcomings of the currently used energy systems, we have to admit that NE and/or Potential Physiological Energy (PPE) are the least inaccurate feed evaluation, therefore they are recommended to use in practical pig production. Th ere is not enough evidence to favor any of these systems. According to our opinion some kind of harmonization would be benefi cial, since the European feed market would need a common understanding of energy (feeding) value of compound feeds and feedstuff s. However, according to our view it could be achieved only by the lobby and cooperative action of the European feed manufacturers.
In two feeding experiments the retention of supplemental guanidine acetic acid (GAA) in broilers ... more In two feeding experiments the retention of supplemental guanidine acetic acid (GAA) in broilers was investigated. In both experiments, the same three treatments were used; the basal feed was supplemented with 0, 0.6, or 6.0 g GAA per kg of feed. While in a growth study (experiment 1) day-old, male Ross 308 broilers were fed diets for 35 days, these diets were fed for only 8 days to fistulated broilers 34 days of age in a balance study (experiment 2). Feeding 0.6 g/kg GAA did not improve growth performance whereas 6.0 g/kg GAA resulted in a reduction of feed consumption and consequently of weight gain (P ≤ 0.05). Feed conversion was not affected and was 1.48 to 1.49 in all treatments. Increasing levels of dietary GAA gradually increased the creatine concentration in breast muscle and liver tissues (P ≤ 0.05) indicating a transformation and retention of dietary GAA as creatine. In experiment 2 the non-supplemented basal diet allowed us to determine the endogenous GAA, creatine, and creatinine excretions. Accordingly, only small amounts of these metabolites were recovered in feces while they were much higher in urine. Increasing dietary GAA intake increased fecal and renal GAA, creatine, and creatinine excretion and was significant (P ≤ 0.05) at 6.0 g/kg dietary GAA compared to no or 0.6 g/kg GAA supplementation. The mean true fecal digestibility of GAA (99%) was unaffected by the level of supplemental GAA. Considering renal GAA excretions, true availability of supplemental GAA was reduced with increasing dose (83% vs. 71%; P ≤ 0.05). Taking into account creatine and creatinine excretions above those of the basal diet, as they are a consequence of increasing dietary supply, true availability of supplemental GAA shrank from 76% (0.6 g/kg GAA) to 46% (6.0 g/kg GAA; P ≤ 0.05). Changes in blood creatine and creatinine levels reflected the changes observed in the liver and muscle tissues and may suggest increased transport to excretion organs. Data from these experiment were used to estimate the creatine requirement.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Aug 28, 2017
HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific re... more HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A-animal Science, Oct 12, 2020
The use of by-products containing high fibre and protein has increased in pig feeding due to the ... more The use of by-products containing high fibre and protein has increased in pig feeding due to the need of the increase of the plant protein self-sufficiency of the EU. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of increasing by-products inclusion on growth performance and feed efficiency in growing-finishing pigs in the course of using a relatively high dietary NDF level in two-phase feeding system. Individually housed hybrid (DanBred) pigs (n = 60; 41 kg initial BW) were used in the trial. Control (CTR) feed was formulated without by-products, moderate (MLB) with 15% and 20% and high level of by-products feed (HLB) with 27% and 33% by-products, in phase 1 and 2, respectively. Experimental feeds were isocaloric on net energy (NE) basis. Pigs gained over 1000 g/d in all experimental groups for the whole trial and no significant (P > 0.05) treatment effect, sex and diet × sex interactions were observed.
A comparative study was conducted with layer hens either intact, or cecectomized or cannulated in... more A comparative study was conducted with layer hens either intact, or cecectomized or cannulated in the ileum or colon to determine the amino acid digestibility of the same diet. The studies used Shaver Star Cross 288 layer hybrids, with 6 birds per each test method, in 2 replicates (n=12). Birds were placed in metabolic cages during the studies. Nutrient content of the trial diets followed the NRC (1994) recommendations. Amino acid content of the diet, excreta, faeces and digesta samples was determined according to Bech et al (1990). Trial data were subjected to variance analysis (ANOVA) (SAS 2001). The trial data led to the conclusion, that no statistically verifiable differences (Pl0.05) could be found between the amino acid digestibilities of intact or cecectomized birds. Neither was a statistically verifiable difference (Pl0.05) found between the amino acid digestibilities measured at the terminal ileum or terminal colon. The digestibility values found with intact and cecectomized birds, however, were significantly lower (PŁ0.05) than the digestibility measured at the terminal ileum or terminal colon. Also these trial data lead to the conclusion - in accordance with the relevant data in literature - that diet formulations should be based on the digestible amino acid content in poultry nutrition as well. In contrast to what was found for pigs, however, there is no difference in whether we use faecal or ileal digestibility in the formulation of poultry diets.
This study investigated effects of dietary fumonisins (FBs) on gut and faecal microbiota of weane... more This study investigated effects of dietary fumonisins (FBs) on gut and faecal microbiota of weaned pigs. In total, 18 7-week-old male pigs were fed either 0, 15 or 30 mg FBs (FB1 + FB2 + FB3)/kg diet for 21 days. The microbiota was analysed with amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 regions (Illumina MiSeq). Results showed no treatment effect (p > 0.05) on growth performance, serum reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde. FBs increased serum aspartate transaminase, gamma glutamyl-transferase and alkaline phosphatase activities. A 30 mg/kg FBs treatment shifted microbial population in the duodenum and ileum to lower levels (compared to control (p < 0.05)) of the families Campylobacteraceae and Clostridiaceae, respectively, as well as the genera Alloprevotella, Campylobacter and Lachnospiraceae Incertae Sedis (duodenum), Turicibacter (jejunum), and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (ileum). Faecal microbiota had higher levels of the Erysipelotrichaceae...
Fumonisins (FUM) have been reported to impede gut functioning in pigs. However, investigations in... more Fumonisins (FUM) have been reported to impede gut functioning in pigs. However, investigations into the possible effect on mineral metabolism are limited. Thus, the trial studied the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and retention of dietary nitrogen and minerals, intestinal architecture, digestive enzymes activity and heat‐shock protein 70 (Hsp70) activity. Eighteen weaned piglets of 7 weeks old were assigned to three groups and their feed either contained 0, 15 or 30 mg FUM/kg for 21 days. ATTD and retention of dietary N and minerals were measured in a 5‐ day long balance trial between Day 17 and Day 21. The digestible and metabolisable energy (DE and ME) content of the feeds were also determined. The body weights, cumulative feed intake, relative organ weights, digestive enzymes activity and intestinal morphology were not affected (p > 0.05) by dietary treatments. The DE content was significantly lower (p < 0.05) when the feed contained 15 mg/kg FUM, but no statisti...
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