Papers by Veena Belgamwar
Apple Academic Press eBooks, Jun 13, 2022
Fundamental Biomaterials: Polymers, 2018
Abstract The near future of drug delivery system would lie in the search for a versatile and inno... more Abstract The near future of drug delivery system would lie in the search for a versatile and innocuous biomaterial, based mostly on natural resources. The tamarind seed xyloglucan (XG) is a natural neutral hemicellulose (hydrophilic polysaccharide) consisting of a main chain of glucan backbone with xylose and galactose side chains. XG is gifted with distinct mucoadhesive and in situ gelling properties which rated XG as an attractive, and functional polymer for numerous drug delivery applications. On these grounds, the present chapter is designed to underline the plausible potential of XG or XG-based systems in drug delivery. The feasibility of surface tailoring, the flexibility of chemical modification, and the possibility as ligand conjugations grant XG an extraordinary attention in the scientific community. The authors are assured that the versatility of XG would meet the expectations of regulatory authorities and the XG-based products will serve the therapeutic needs of the community in the coming years, if sufficiently investigated and promising outcomes are obtained in human subjects.
Direct Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
INDIAN DRUGS, 2013
The aim of present investigation was formulation and in-vitro evaluation of in situ gel for the n... more The aim of present investigation was formulation and in-vitro evaluation of in situ gel for the nasal delivery of zolmitriptan. The in situ gel was prepared by temperature induced gelation technique using Pluronic with mucoadhesive polymer hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K4 M in different ratios. The in situ gels so prepared were characterized and from the evaluation studies, batch PH2 was optimized and further subjected for stability studies at 30±2°C and 60±5% RH for 90 days. These formulations retained good stability at accelerated conditions and also did not show any remarkable damage to nasal mucosa in histopathological study. Owing to these properties it can be used as an effective delivery system for the nasal route.
Materials Technology, 2019
Here we report the development of tristearin-based nanostructured-lipid carriers (NLCs) which wer... more Here we report the development of tristearin-based nanostructured-lipid carriers (NLCs) which were further surface-modified with mucoadhesive N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) to form mucoadhesive nanostructured-lipid carriers (mNLCs). The NLCs were loaded with high partitioning ropinirole-dextran sulphate (ROPI-DS) nanoplex. NLCs were optimised using Box-Behnken experimental design. Obtaining controlled drug release with prolonged residence on the nasal mucosa for treating Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major objective of the present investigation. Enhanced brain targetability and improved therapeutic efficacy are the additional objective of this study. Lyophilised NLCs and mNLCs were characterised in solid state by FTIR, DSC, XRD, and HR-TEM analysis. The bioadhesive strength of mNLCs was observed to be 13.3-folds greater compared to NLCs. Plasma and brain pharmacokinetic studies in mice model demonstrated the potential of mNLCs in nose-to-brain drug delivery via olfactory pathway. If investigated for behavioural and neurotoxicity studies clinically, a commercial formulation for patient looks feasible.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2018
Here we fabricated flaxseed oil-based neuronanoemulsions (NNEs) which were further surface-modifi... more Here we fabricated flaxseed oil-based neuronanoemulsions (NNEs) which were further surface-modified with a mucoadhesive polymer, N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) to form mucoadhesive neuronanoemulsions (mNNEs). The NNEs were loaded with high partitioning ropinirole-dextran sulfate (ROPI-DS) nanoplex and fabricated using hot high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technique. NNEs were optimized using Central Composite experimental design. TMC modified mNNE have not been prepared yet for direct nose to brain drug delivery. Here, an objective to provide controlled drug release with prolonged residence on the nasal mucosa for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) is at prime consideration. Enhanced brain targeting through BBB bypass drug delivery, improved therapeutic efficacy through enhanced retention of mNNE formulation over nasal mucosal membrane, reduced dose and frequency of administration, and safety were further expected outcomes of this experiment. The mNNE formulation was subjected to 6 month stability assessment. The mNNE formulation was administered to the Swiss albino mice model via intranasal route and both, the plasma and brain pharmacokinetics were estimated. The in vivo studies performed on mice exhibited high brain targeting efficiency of mNNE formulation through nose to brain delivery via olfactory pathway. The prepared intranasal mNNEs could be on the clinics, if investigated more for behavioral and neurotoxicity studies.
Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 2019
The modulation of mucoadhesion at the nanoscale is a very challenging task before the formulation... more The modulation of mucoadhesion at the nanoscale is a very challenging task before the formulation scientists. Mucoadhesive nanoparticles are endowed with distinct properties such as increased residence, intimate contact of mucoadhesive dosage form at the mucosal surface and reproducible drug absorption. Large surface area, porous endothelial membrane, high total blood flow, ready accessibility, rapid onset of action, low enzyme level compared to gastrointestinal tract and avoidance of hepatic first pass metabolism are few of the major reasons for preferred drug delivery across the nasal mucosal membrane. There is a limited systematic summarized literature is available which could outline the potential of mucoadhesive nanoparticles for intranasal administration and present review could be an excellent platform to fulfill the voids. The authors put very enthusiastic opinion that the nasal mucoadhesive nanocarriers would meet the criteria set by regulatory authorities and soon such formulations would be available to accomplish the healing desires of the community, provided a successful execution of extensive clinical research with encouraging outcomes.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2017
The important properties of xyloglucan include in situ gelation and mucoadhesion Xyloglucan can... more The important properties of xyloglucan include in situ gelation and mucoadhesion Xyloglucan can be modified to its thiolated or carboxymethylated derivative Xyloglucan has a wide range of applications in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields Present review is the state of the art collection on various aspects of xyloglucan
Carbohydrate Polymers, 2017
Article highlights N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) is a chitosan-derivative with high solubility... more Article highlights N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) is a chitosan-derivative with high solubility TMC is completely biodegradable, biocompatible and high bioadhesive than chitosan Chemically-modified and grafted TMC provides improved characteristics TMC can be used as a nanocarrier for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications
Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology, Jan 11, 2016
Dextran sulfate sodium (DS) was allowed to interact ionically with ropinirole hydrochloride (ROPI... more Dextran sulfate sodium (DS) was allowed to interact ionically with ropinirole hydrochloride (ROPI HCl, an anti-Parkinsonian agent) to synthesize self-assembled ROPI-DS nanoplex. The preliminary objective behind ROPI-DS complexation was to enhance the partitioning of ROPI HCl and thereby its encapsulation into nanocarriers and to improve the nasal membrane permeability. Molecular interactions were computed using in silico molecular modeling. Nanoplex were characterized for physicochemical and partitioning behavior. Optimized ROPI-DS nanoplex was further characterized by spectroscopic and thermal analysis, diffraction studies, morphological and histopathological analysis. In summary, ROPI-DS nanoplex represents a promising nanocarrier material for intranasal administration.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2016
In an experiment to explore the bioadhesion, biocompatibility, and membrane permeation properties... more In an experiment to explore the bioadhesion, biocompatibility, and membrane permeation properties, the controlled synthesis of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) was carried out by two-step reductive methylation of chitosan (CHT). Methylation was confirmed by (1)H NMR (δ=3.1 ppm) and FTIR analysis (CH stretch at 1,485 cm(-1)). The TMC was further characterized by DSC, TGA, XRD, HR-TEM, SEM, and elemental analysis. Findings revealed improved solubility, enhanced viscosity, increased swelling index and higher molecular weight of TMC over CHT. Comparative evaluation validated increased bioadhesion potential, and improved ex vivo biocompatibility of TMC compared to CHT. Increased bioadhesion of TMC NPs over CHT NPs can be attributed to the strong electrostatic interactions between cationic amino groups with anionic sialic and sulfonic acid moieties contained in the mucin of the nasal mucus. Ex vivo biocompatibility studies suggested that the NP formulations of both biopolymers were biocompatible and could be applied safely on the nasal epithelium. Ex vivo permeation studies executed on excised cattle nasal mucosa illustrated improved permeability of TMC NPs over CHT NPs. In the author's opinion, two-step reductive methylation of CHT could be an attractive strategy to improve its solubility, bioadhesion, and permeation characteristics without affecting biocompatibility across the mucosal surfaces.
International journal of biological macromolecules, 2016
Although chitosan (CHT, a linear cationic polysaccharide) is biodegradable, biocompatible, non-to... more Although chitosan (CHT, a linear cationic polysaccharide) is biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, and mucoadhesive in nature, the low solubility of CHT in aqueous and alkaline media limits its applicability in pharmaceutical and biomedical field. This necessitate the introduction of new chemically-modified derivatives of CHT those can surmount the solubility barrier. Herein, N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC), a quaternized hydrophilic derivative of CHT, was synthesized by two-step reductive methylation of CHT and characterized for (1)H NMR and zeta potential measurements. Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) based on TMC and dextran sulfate (DS) were prepared via ionic interactions between charged functional groups of former polysaccharides at different pH conditions (pH 5, 8, 10, and 12) and characterized for physicochemical (particle size and zeta potential) and solid- state characterizations (HR-TEM, SEM, FTIR, TGA and XRD). At alkaline pH conditions, the participant polymer chains ...
Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2016
The polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are versatile formulations formed by electrostatic interacti... more The polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are versatile formulations formed by electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged biopolymers. PECs have been investigated widely by the researchers to explore the virtues of this formulation viz. high biocompatibility, excellent biodegradability, low toxicity, cost-effective, environment-friendly, and energy-efficient production. The prime object of the present review is to present the prominent features of PECs including mechanism of PEC formation, structural models of PECs, interactions involved in PEC formation, steps involved in PEC fabrication, factors affecting the formation of PECs and applications of PECs. The patents pertaining to PECs have briefly been tabulated as well.
Expert opinion on drug delivery, Jan 22, 2015
The brain-blood ratio is an important model correlating the brain-targeting ability of neurothera... more The brain-blood ratio is an important model correlating the brain-targeting ability of neurotherapeutics with the CNS pharmacokinetics, which need to be presented before the scientific community for exploration of its scientific worth. The purpose of this article is to bring this key concept and its precise discussion to the attention of the researchers. Areas covered: Three major points are discussed herein: First, the significance of brain-blood ratio with respect to investigational neurotherapeutics, and carrier systems and correlation of its research findings with the brain targeting efficiency. Second, the various factors influencing the brain-blood ratio. Third, the various strategies for enhancing the brain-blood ratio. In addition, the benchmark criteria for CNS-likeness of drug molecules and the correlation of brain-blood ratio with brain targeting ability of neurotherapeutics have been tabulated. Expert opinion: The brain-blood ratio (also referred to as the brain-plasma r...
Iranian Polymer Journal, 2013
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2008
Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2013
The objective of the present work was to enhance the solubility and dissolution of practically wa... more The objective of the present work was to enhance the solubility and dissolution of practically water-insoluble drug raloxifene HCl (RLX), for the same two approaches that were used. In the first approach, drug was kneaded with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), and in the second one drug was cogrinded with modified guar gum (MGG). The drug-cyclodextrin complex and drug-MGG cogrind mixtures were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction studies, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The solubility and dissolution study reveals that solubility and dissolution rate of RLX remarkably increased in both methods. It was concluded that the prepared inclusion complex showed a remarkable increase in solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble drug raloxifene. In the cogrinding mixture, a natural modified gum is used as a surfactant and enhances the solubility and dissolution of RLX without requiring addition of organic...
Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 2013
The objective of present study was to modify the surface of Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide acid) (... more The objective of present study was to modify the surface of Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with chitosan to enhance the mucoadhesive potential of carrier system. Grafting of chitosan on PLGA surface was carried out via amide bond formation mediated by carbodiimide and confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Self-assembled PLGA NPs containing chlorpromazine hydrochloride were fabricated by 23 factorial design. The improved mucoadhesive potential was confirmed by several tests including in vitro mucoadhesion study. Ex vivo permeation was satisfactory. Histopathological study on sheep nasal mucosa revealed safe mucoadhesion. They were also found to be robust on accelerated stability study.
Journal of Microencapsulation, 2011
This investigation deals with the intranasal delivery of Valsartan, encapsulated in HPMC-based sp... more This investigation deals with the intranasal delivery of Valsartan, encapsulated in HPMC-based spray-dried mucoadhesive microspheres, with an aim to provide rapid absorption and quick onset of action for treating hypertension. A 2³-factorial design has been employed for the assessment of influence of three independent variables, namely inlet temperature, feed-flow rate and drug-polymer ratio on production yield, particle size and in vitro drug diffusion of the prepared microspheres. Microspheres were evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency, swelling property, in vitro mucoadhesion, in vitro drug diffusion, ex vivo drug permeation, histopathological examination and stability studies. The results of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy revealed molecular dispersion of Valsartan into microspheres with spherical shape and smooth surface. Optimized formulation indicated good mucoadhesion with no severe sign of damage on nasal mucosa. Results of the non-invasive animal studies in dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rat model suggested the suitability of investigated drug delivery system for intranasal administration.
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2013
Here we report fabrication and evaluation of novel surface modified polymer-lipid hybrid nanopart... more Here we report fabrication and evaluation of novel surface modified polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PLN) as robust carriers for intranasal delivery of ropinirole hydrochloride (ROPI HCl). Sustained release, avoidance of hepatic first pass metabolism, and improved therapeutic efficacy are the major objectives of this experiment. PLN were fabricated by emulsification-solvent diffusion technique and evaluated for physicochemical parameters, in vitro mucoadhesion, in vitro diffusion, ex vivo permeation, mucosal toxicity and stability studies. Box-Behnken experimental design approach has been employed to assess the influence of two independent variables, viz. surfactant (Pluronic F-68) and charge modifier (stearylamine) concentration on particle size, fpotential and entrapment efficiency of prepared PLN. Numerical optimization techniques were used for selecting optimized formulation sample, further confirmed by three dimensional response surface plots and regression equations. Results of ANOVA demonstrated the significance of suggested models. DSC and SEM analysis revealed the encapsulation of amorphous form of drug into PLN system, and spherical shape. PLN formulation had shown good retention with no severe signs of damage on integrity of nasal mucosa. Release pattern of drug-loaded sample was best fitted to zero order kinetic model with non-Fickian super case II diffusion mechanism. In vivo
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Papers by Veena Belgamwar