All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 11 10 09 08 This volume is a product of the staff of the Internationa... more All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 11 10 09 08 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
This paper explores the feasibility for utilizing a wage subsidy in South Africa. Whilst a wage s... more This paper explores the feasibility for utilizing a wage subsidy in South Africa. Whilst a wage subsidy is already in place in South Africa, it is fairly unsubstantial, and this paper investigates the prospect of expanding it. Design characteristics of wage subsidies are discussed, in the context of South Africa. The paper shows how a wage subsidy is currently being used in South Africa (the Employment Tax Incentive) and ventures to show how a wage subsidy can be constructed in future. The finding is that wage subsidies currently do little to reduce unemployment, especially with the low levels of subsidization such as what currently occurs in South Africa, but that subsidies would need to be considerably extended in order for there to be a determinable impact on unemployment. Some suggestions are made about targeting subsidies towards employment-intensive industries, and towards small firms.
As crude oil prices reach new highs, there is a renewed concern about how external shocks will af... more As crude oil prices reach new highs, there is a renewed concern about how external shocks will affect growth and poverty in developing countries and how this effect should be modeled and anticipated. The links between the two aspects—macroeconomics and poverty/income distribution—surely have become a major focus of economic research and modeling in recent years.1 However, the main challenge has been the reconciliation of poten-tially very detailed and large information sets from microeconometric modeling of individual or household behaviors about income and employ-ment opportunities with the more aggregative behavior in a macroeco-nomic model. A promising approach for researchers is to employ computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling as a meso framework because CGE models generate from macroeconomic changes a set of consistent relative prices, wages, and profits at the sectoral level that provides the vital sources and changes of household incomes and expenditures for further an...
An analysis of issues shaping Africa’s economic future This document was produced by the Office o... more An analysis of issues shaping Africa’s economic future This document was produced by the Office of the Chief Economist for the Africa region u Sub-Saharan Africa’s growth will slow in 2015 amid falling commodity prices. u Weakening terms of trade present headwinds for the region’s commodity exporters; gains for importers. u The rise of new types of conflict and the potential for disease epidemics are risks to the region’s prospects.
remain strong, but growth is vulnerable to a sharp decline in commodity prices u The region’s pro... more remain strong, but growth is vulnerable to a sharp decline in commodity prices u The region’s progress on reducing poverty has been slow, hindered by high inequality u Faster reduction in poverty will require growth with equity
An analysis of issues shaping Africa's economic future This document was produced by the Office o... more An analysis of issues shaping Africa's economic future This document was produced by the Office of the Chief Economist for the Africa region u Growth will remain lackluster in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2016, weighed down by low and volatile commodity prices. u Addressing growing economic vulnerabilities and developing new sources of sustainable, inclusive growth are key priorities for the region. u Africa's rapid urbanization offers a potential springboard for economic diversification. But building cities that work will require reforming land markets and urban regulations, and coordinating early infrastructure investments.
Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privile... more Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.
Favorable global economic conditions supported a turnaround in economic activity in Sub-Saharan A... more Favorable global economic conditions supported a turnaround in economic activity in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, easing pressure on weak policy frameworks. Output growth rebounded to an estimated 2.6 percent after decelerating to 1.5 percent in 2016 amid challenging external and domestic conditions. Notwithstanding the recent upturn in economic activity, growth remained well below its pre–financial crisis average of around 5 percent; moreover, per capita growth was negative for a second consecutive year. Important near and longer term vulnerabilities remain in many of the region's economies: eroded policy buffers constrain the scope for countries to formulate an adequate policy response to adverse shocks; public debt relative to gross domestic product (GDP) is rising, with implications for debt sustainability; employment opportunities severely lag the growing labor force, and livelihoods and economic fortunes are still tied to commodity price shocks and production disruptions, un...
This Africa's pulse newsletter includes the following headings: Sub-Saharan African countries... more This Africa's pulse newsletter includes the following headings: Sub-Saharan African countries continue to grow at a steady pace; the region's decade-long economic expansion appears sustainable; and for newly resource-rich countries, strong governance will be key to harnessing resource wealth for development
Chronic inflammation and chromosome aneuploidy are major traits of primary liver cancer (PLC), wh... more Chronic inflammation and chromosome aneuploidy are major traits of primary liver cancer (PLC), which represent the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Increased cancer fitness and aggressiveness of PLC may be achieved by enhancing tumoral genomic complexity that alters tumor biology. Here, we developed a scoring method, namely functional genomic complexity (FGC), to determine the degree of molecular heterogeneity among 580 liver tumors with diverse ethnicities and etiologies by assessing integrated genomic and transcriptomic data. We found that tumors with higher FGC scores are associated with chromosome instability and TP53 mutations, and a worse prognosis, while tumors with lower FGC scores have elevated infiltrating lymphocytes and a better prognosis. These results indicate that FGC scores may serve as a surrogate to define genomic heterogeneity of PLC linked to chromosomal instability and evasion of immune surveillance. Our findings demonstrate an ability to define genomic heterogeneity and corresponding tumor biology of liver cancer based only on bulk genomic and transcriptomic data. Our data also provide a rationale for applying this approach to survey liver tumor immunity and to stratify patients for immune-based therapy. PLC is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world 1,2. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) are two main histological subtypes of PLC, with molecular subtypes that differ in tumor biology and prognosis 3-8. Like other solid malignant tumors, HCC and iCCA are genomically, molecularly and biologically heterogeneous among individual tumors (inter-tumor) or within tumor lesions (intra-tumor) 3,4,6,9-13. Genomic instability and chromosome aneuploidy, two main cancer hallmarks found in human solid tumors 14 , may be primary sources of cancer genomic diversity, which enable cancer cells to acquire mutations required for tumor fitness during carcinogenesis. Consequently, diverse tumor cell subpopulations are generated, resulting in both inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneities (ITH) 15. We hypothesized that the ability of a premalignant cell to acquire genomic instability and chromosomal aneuploidy, giving rise to a more advanced tumor lesion, may determine the extent of ITH. Thus, a solid tumor mass with increased genomic complexity enriched with known hallmarks of cancer may determine its aggressiveness. Furthermore, recent genomic analysis at the single-cell resolution indicates that aneuploidy occurs early in tumor evolution and may lead to extensive clonal diversity 16. However, a majority of genes in the loci with aneuploidy may be passengers 17. In contrast, chromosomal instability signature, inferred from the transcriptome, has been shown to associate with tumor metastasis and poor patient prognosis in diverse cancer types, indicating that its associated genes are more likely to be functional 18. These acquired traits collectively derived from the altered genome and functional
This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, ... more This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.
The economic recovery in high-income countries is lifting global growth, but the pace of recovery... more The economic recovery in high-income countries is lifting global growth, but the pace of recovery in these countries remains uneven. u Economic activity was robust in much of Sub-Saharan Africa in 2013, supported by strong domestic demand-notably investment growth. u The outlook for Sub-Saharan Africa remains favorable, but prospects are sensitive to downside risks from lower commodity prices and a sharp slowdown in capital flows. u The pace of expansion in recent growth spurts in Sub-Saharan Africa has been faster and less volatile than in earlier periods and higher than in takeoffs in other developing countries. u Patterns of growth in Sub-Saharan Africa show considerable variation across countries, with resourcerich countries growing at a faster pace than non-resource-rich countries. u Growth has shifted sectoral shares, with the resources and services sectors gaining at the expense of agriculture and manufacturing. Section 1: Recent Developments and Trends u Global output growth is projected to strengthen to 3 percent in 2014, with much of the impetus coming from high-income countries. u Despite emerging challenges, medium-term growth prospects for Sub-Saharan Africa remain positive, and regional gross domestic product (GDP) growth is projected to rise to 5.2 percent in 2014, and strengthen to 5.4 percent in 2015. GLOBAL ECONOMY After five years of prolonged weakness, the global economy is finally mending. Global output expanded by 2.4 percent in 2013, and growth is set to rise to 3 percent in 2014 due to the recovery in high-income economies (figure 1). 1 The pace of the recovery in these countries remains uneven, however. In the United States, economic expansion was constrained to 1.9 percent in 2013 as the growth momentum slowed in Q4. Weak retail spending, job growth, and Purchasing Managers Index surveys point to a 1 Statistical analysis in this report is prior to the rebasing of Nigeria's national accounts.
All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 11 10 09 08 This volume is a product of the staff of the Internationa... more All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 11 10 09 08 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
This paper explores the feasibility for utilizing a wage subsidy in South Africa. Whilst a wage s... more This paper explores the feasibility for utilizing a wage subsidy in South Africa. Whilst a wage subsidy is already in place in South Africa, it is fairly unsubstantial, and this paper investigates the prospect of expanding it. Design characteristics of wage subsidies are discussed, in the context of South Africa. The paper shows how a wage subsidy is currently being used in South Africa (the Employment Tax Incentive) and ventures to show how a wage subsidy can be constructed in future. The finding is that wage subsidies currently do little to reduce unemployment, especially with the low levels of subsidization such as what currently occurs in South Africa, but that subsidies would need to be considerably extended in order for there to be a determinable impact on unemployment. Some suggestions are made about targeting subsidies towards employment-intensive industries, and towards small firms.
As crude oil prices reach new highs, there is a renewed concern about how external shocks will af... more As crude oil prices reach new highs, there is a renewed concern about how external shocks will affect growth and poverty in developing countries and how this effect should be modeled and anticipated. The links between the two aspects—macroeconomics and poverty/income distribution—surely have become a major focus of economic research and modeling in recent years.1 However, the main challenge has been the reconciliation of poten-tially very detailed and large information sets from microeconometric modeling of individual or household behaviors about income and employ-ment opportunities with the more aggregative behavior in a macroeco-nomic model. A promising approach for researchers is to employ computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling as a meso framework because CGE models generate from macroeconomic changes a set of consistent relative prices, wages, and profits at the sectoral level that provides the vital sources and changes of household incomes and expenditures for further an...
An analysis of issues shaping Africa’s economic future This document was produced by the Office o... more An analysis of issues shaping Africa’s economic future This document was produced by the Office of the Chief Economist for the Africa region u Sub-Saharan Africa’s growth will slow in 2015 amid falling commodity prices. u Weakening terms of trade present headwinds for the region’s commodity exporters; gains for importers. u The rise of new types of conflict and the potential for disease epidemics are risks to the region’s prospects.
remain strong, but growth is vulnerable to a sharp decline in commodity prices u The region’s pro... more remain strong, but growth is vulnerable to a sharp decline in commodity prices u The region’s progress on reducing poverty has been slow, hindered by high inequality u Faster reduction in poverty will require growth with equity
An analysis of issues shaping Africa's economic future This document was produced by the Office o... more An analysis of issues shaping Africa's economic future This document was produced by the Office of the Chief Economist for the Africa region u Growth will remain lackluster in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2016, weighed down by low and volatile commodity prices. u Addressing growing economic vulnerabilities and developing new sources of sustainable, inclusive growth are key priorities for the region. u Africa's rapid urbanization offers a potential springboard for economic diversification. But building cities that work will require reforming land markets and urban regulations, and coordinating early infrastructure investments.
Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privile... more Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.
Favorable global economic conditions supported a turnaround in economic activity in Sub-Saharan A... more Favorable global economic conditions supported a turnaround in economic activity in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, easing pressure on weak policy frameworks. Output growth rebounded to an estimated 2.6 percent after decelerating to 1.5 percent in 2016 amid challenging external and domestic conditions. Notwithstanding the recent upturn in economic activity, growth remained well below its pre–financial crisis average of around 5 percent; moreover, per capita growth was negative for a second consecutive year. Important near and longer term vulnerabilities remain in many of the region's economies: eroded policy buffers constrain the scope for countries to formulate an adequate policy response to adverse shocks; public debt relative to gross domestic product (GDP) is rising, with implications for debt sustainability; employment opportunities severely lag the growing labor force, and livelihoods and economic fortunes are still tied to commodity price shocks and production disruptions, un...
This Africa's pulse newsletter includes the following headings: Sub-Saharan African countries... more This Africa's pulse newsletter includes the following headings: Sub-Saharan African countries continue to grow at a steady pace; the region's decade-long economic expansion appears sustainable; and for newly resource-rich countries, strong governance will be key to harnessing resource wealth for development
Chronic inflammation and chromosome aneuploidy are major traits of primary liver cancer (PLC), wh... more Chronic inflammation and chromosome aneuploidy are major traits of primary liver cancer (PLC), which represent the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Increased cancer fitness and aggressiveness of PLC may be achieved by enhancing tumoral genomic complexity that alters tumor biology. Here, we developed a scoring method, namely functional genomic complexity (FGC), to determine the degree of molecular heterogeneity among 580 liver tumors with diverse ethnicities and etiologies by assessing integrated genomic and transcriptomic data. We found that tumors with higher FGC scores are associated with chromosome instability and TP53 mutations, and a worse prognosis, while tumors with lower FGC scores have elevated infiltrating lymphocytes and a better prognosis. These results indicate that FGC scores may serve as a surrogate to define genomic heterogeneity of PLC linked to chromosomal instability and evasion of immune surveillance. Our findings demonstrate an ability to define genomic heterogeneity and corresponding tumor biology of liver cancer based only on bulk genomic and transcriptomic data. Our data also provide a rationale for applying this approach to survey liver tumor immunity and to stratify patients for immune-based therapy. PLC is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world 1,2. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) are two main histological subtypes of PLC, with molecular subtypes that differ in tumor biology and prognosis 3-8. Like other solid malignant tumors, HCC and iCCA are genomically, molecularly and biologically heterogeneous among individual tumors (inter-tumor) or within tumor lesions (intra-tumor) 3,4,6,9-13. Genomic instability and chromosome aneuploidy, two main cancer hallmarks found in human solid tumors 14 , may be primary sources of cancer genomic diversity, which enable cancer cells to acquire mutations required for tumor fitness during carcinogenesis. Consequently, diverse tumor cell subpopulations are generated, resulting in both inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneities (ITH) 15. We hypothesized that the ability of a premalignant cell to acquire genomic instability and chromosomal aneuploidy, giving rise to a more advanced tumor lesion, may determine the extent of ITH. Thus, a solid tumor mass with increased genomic complexity enriched with known hallmarks of cancer may determine its aggressiveness. Furthermore, recent genomic analysis at the single-cell resolution indicates that aneuploidy occurs early in tumor evolution and may lead to extensive clonal diversity 16. However, a majority of genes in the loci with aneuploidy may be passengers 17. In contrast, chromosomal instability signature, inferred from the transcriptome, has been shown to associate with tumor metastasis and poor patient prognosis in diverse cancer types, indicating that its associated genes are more likely to be functional 18. These acquired traits collectively derived from the altered genome and functional
This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, ... more This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.
The economic recovery in high-income countries is lifting global growth, but the pace of recovery... more The economic recovery in high-income countries is lifting global growth, but the pace of recovery in these countries remains uneven. u Economic activity was robust in much of Sub-Saharan Africa in 2013, supported by strong domestic demand-notably investment growth. u The outlook for Sub-Saharan Africa remains favorable, but prospects are sensitive to downside risks from lower commodity prices and a sharp slowdown in capital flows. u The pace of expansion in recent growth spurts in Sub-Saharan Africa has been faster and less volatile than in earlier periods and higher than in takeoffs in other developing countries. u Patterns of growth in Sub-Saharan Africa show considerable variation across countries, with resourcerich countries growing at a faster pace than non-resource-rich countries. u Growth has shifted sectoral shares, with the resources and services sectors gaining at the expense of agriculture and manufacturing. Section 1: Recent Developments and Trends u Global output growth is projected to strengthen to 3 percent in 2014, with much of the impetus coming from high-income countries. u Despite emerging challenges, medium-term growth prospects for Sub-Saharan Africa remain positive, and regional gross domestic product (GDP) growth is projected to rise to 5.2 percent in 2014, and strengthen to 5.4 percent in 2015. GLOBAL ECONOMY After five years of prolonged weakness, the global economy is finally mending. Global output expanded by 2.4 percent in 2013, and growth is set to rise to 3 percent in 2014 due to the recovery in high-income economies (figure 1). 1 The pace of the recovery in these countries remains uneven, however. In the United States, economic expansion was constrained to 1.9 percent in 2013 as the growth momentum slowed in Q4. Weak retail spending, job growth, and Purchasing Managers Index surveys point to a 1 Statistical analysis in this report is prior to the rebasing of Nigeria's national accounts.
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