The present study investigates the optimization of HNO leaching of Cu from old AMD Athlon process... more The present study investigates the optimization of HNO leaching of Cu from old AMD Athlon processors under the effect of nitric acid concentration (%), temperature (°C) and ultrasonic power (W). The optimization study is carried out using response surface methodology with central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The ANOVA study concludes that the second degree polynomial model is fitted well to the fifteen experimental runs based on p-value (0.003), R (0.97) and Adj-R (0.914). The study shows that the temperature is the most significant process variable to the leaching concentration of Cu followed by nitric acid concentration. However, ultrasound power shows no significant impact on the leaching concentration. The optimum conditions were found to be 20% nitric acid concentration, 48.89 °C temperature and 5.52 W ultrasound power for attaining maximum concentration of 97.916 mg/l for Cu leaching in solution.
This paper explores Pakistan’s electricity supply crisis that lasted from 2007 to 2015, and the e... more This paper explores Pakistan’s electricity supply crisis that lasted from 2007 to 2015, and the ensuing contention that shaped public discourse and political events in the country. During this period, which witnessed electricity outages of up to 14 hours per day, 456 incidents of contention took place, with just under 20 per cent escalating into some form of violence. Electricity became the number one political issue in the country and was integral in shaping the outcomes of the 2013 General Election. Following the election, public authorities undertook extensive investment to expand capacity and ensure consistency in supply while evading questions about affordability and sustainability. On the surface, this appears to be a case of extensive protest working towards shaping state responsiveness. And it is true that the state now sees supply as a non-negotiable aspect in the social contract with citizens. However, a range of factors contributed to the chronology and the selective, gen...
Association and outcomes of bacterial infections with acute coronary syndrome; a cross-sectional study from a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan
Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
Objective: To identify the association between acute infection and acute coronary syndrome, and t... more Objective: To identify the association between acute infection and acute coronary syndrome, and to evaluate the outcomes in such cases. Method: The cross-sectional, retrospective, analytical study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from July to December 2020, and comprised data from January to December 2019 of acute coronary syndrome patients aged >18 years. Data related to demographics, comorbidities, smoking status and history of dyslipidaemia. Binary logistic regression was used to explore the association of infections with acute coronary syndrome. Data was analysed using SPSS 26. Results: Of the 1202 patients with acute coronary syndrome, 189(15.7%) had infection before the coronary event. The mean age of the patients was 68.5±12.4 years, and 97(51.3%) of them were females. Community-acquired pneumonia was found in 105(55.6%) patients, followed by urinary tract infection 64(33.9%) and cellulitis 8(4.2%). For pneumonia, the odds of having non-ST elevat...
Afro-Egyptian Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases
Background and study aim: In developing countries with high diabetes rates, it is essential to re... more Background and study aim: In developing countries with high diabetes rates, it is essential to recognize the effect of infection on the glycemic control. The purpose was to determine how infection affects glycemic control, specifically HbA1c. The secondary objective was to compare infection-related outcomes between good versus poorly controlled diabetes.
Objective: Renal infarction which is a rare phenomenon can be missed on the patient’s work up mak... more Objective: Renal infarction which is a rare phenomenon can be missed on the patient’s work up making its incidence low. Case Presentation: We report a 68-year-old lady with known history of hypertension presented with epigastric pain and vomiting for 4 days. During her stay in the emergency room, she developed sudden onset of left-sided weakness. Electrocardiogram was normal sinus rhythm. Computed tomography scan of the abdomen showed acute pancreatitis with partial impingement of superior mesenteric vein. Conclusion: Imaging s showed cholelithiasis without evidence of cholecystitis and lower pole right renal infarct likely secondary to obstruction of the right lower renal artery due to calcified plaques at their origin from the aorta. Subsequently, the patient was kept on antiplatelets and planned for discharge uneventfully.
Initial physical examination revealed a middle-aged male patient lying comfortably in bed. Vitals... more Initial physical examination revealed a middle-aged male patient lying comfortably in bed. Vitals were: blood pressure: 144/100 mmHg, pulse: 74/min, respiratory rate: 20 per minute and O 2 sats 100% on room air. On general physical examination, patient looked flushed with no jaundice, clubbing, koilonychia, palpable cervical, axillary and inguinal lymph node, or edema. Modified Rankin score was 0. Postural drop was negative. Central nervous system examination revealed Glasgow Coma Scale of 15/15 and pupils were equally reactive to light bilaterally.
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 2021
Acute urinary retention (AUR) is a fairly common presentation in the elderly; but interesting to ... more Acute urinary retention (AUR) is a fairly common presentation in the elderly; but interesting to be noted in a healthy young individual as a manifestation of acute appendicitis. We present a case of a 32-year gentleman with decreased urine output with mild tenderness at the supra-pubic region; which was later on, shifted to the right iliac fossa. Computed tomography of the abdomen showed acute appendicitis. Emergency physicians are challenged to recognize the uncommon presentation of acute appendicitis and need to be reminded of this common complaint as a rare presentation of it. This case also stresses on the repeated abdominal examinations to seek diagnostic clarity.
This paper describes the initial results of our research within the context of Serenoa project, w... more This paper describes the initial results of our research within the context of Serenoa project, where we have developed the first version of an authoring tool, which has been developed as a plugin for the widely used Eclipse IDE in the industry and academia. This authoring tool supports all the CRUD (Create, Retrieve, Update, and Delete) operations for the adaptation rules and front-end UIs development for the service definitions at Abstract level. The adaptation rules and the front-end UIs are developed using the model-based languages, namely the Advanced Adaptation Logic Description Language (AAL-DL) and the Advanced Service Front-End Description Language (ASFE-DL), respectively, which have been developed in the project. Author
This thesis studies the political and social practices of prosperous bazaar merchants and traders... more This thesis studies the political and social practices of prosperous bazaar merchants and traders to understand the dynamics of power and authority in contemporary urban Pakistan. Broadly, it considers how propertied groups, such as traders, maintain their dominant position in Pakistan’s political sphere, and how the consent of subordinate classes is structured to reproduce this persisting arrangement. Drawing on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork in a large wholesale bazaar of Lahore, this thesis demonstrates that bazaar traders accumulate power and authority through a fused repertoire of transactional bargaining, material patronage, and Islamic civic leadership. By mobilizing voluntary associations, and forming personalized relations of reciprocity with state functionaries and political elites, traders are able to reproduce their material and status privileges through political access and co-optation of public resources. Such networks also position them as patrons and brokers for...
Action for Empowerment and Accountability Research Programme In a world shaped by rapid change, t... more Action for Empowerment and Accountability Research Programme In a world shaped by rapid change, the Action for Empowerment and Accountability Research programme focuses on fragile, conflict and violence affected settings to ask how social and political action for empowerment and accountability emerges in these contexts, what pathways it takes, and what impacts it has.
As Covid-19 spreads across Pakistan, Hassan Javid, Sameen M. Ali, and Umair Javed (Lahore Univers... more As Covid-19 spreads across Pakistan, Hassan Javid, Sameen M. Ali, and Umair Javed (Lahore University of Management Sciences, Pakistan) explain how the country's ability to effectively deal with the virus will be impeded by tensions between the central and provincial governments, a lack of state capacity, and fiscal constraints.
Energy protests are becoming increasingly common and significant around the world. While in the g... more Energy protests are becoming increasingly common and significant around the world. While in the global North concerns tend to centre around climate issues, in the global South the concerns are more often with affordable energy. Both types of protests, however, have one issue in common: the undemocratic nature of energy policymaking. This paper draws together findings from research conducted in three countries, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Pakistan to ask how and under which conditions do struggles over energy access in fragile and conflict affected settings empower the powerless to hold public authorities to account? In exploring this theme, the study examines what factors support protests developing into significant episodes of contention within fragile settings, and whether these energy struggles promote citizen empowerment and institutional accountability.
International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 2021
In our work, we have presented two widely used recommendation systems. We have presented a contex... more In our work, we have presented two widely used recommendation systems. We have presented a context-aware recommender system to filter the items associated with user’s interests coupled with a context-based recommender system to prescribe those items. In this study, context-aware recommender systems perceive the user’s location, time, and company. The context-based recommender system retrieves patterns from World Wide Web-based on the user’s past interactions and provides future news recommendations. We have presented different techniques to support media recommendations for smartphones, to create a framework for context-aware, to filter E-learning content, and to deliver convenient news to the user. To achieve this goal, we have used content-based, collaborative filtering, a hybrid recommender system, and implemented a Web ontology language (OWL). We have also used the Resource Description Framework (RDF), JAVA, machine learning, semantic mapping rules, and natural ontology language...
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 2020
Osteitis condensans ilii (OCI) remains an orthopedic diagnostic dilemma; moreover, such presentat... more Osteitis condensans ilii (OCI) remains an orthopedic diagnostic dilemma; moreover, such presentation in the emergency room (ER) is unique. Limited awareness about this topic compels emergency and internal medicine physicians to perform extensive investigations which often leads to misdiagnosis. A 23-year pregnant female presented in the Emergency Room with severe low back pain, who was treated conservatively with radiological evidence of OCI. The mainstay treatments are analgesics and physiotherapy.
Journal of Education and Vocational Research, 2020
This paper has touched one of the most critical area affected due to pandemic situation created b... more This paper has touched one of the most critical area affected due to pandemic situation created by the COVID-19 and its powerful spillover effect on education sector by customizing education pedagogy. Earlier researchers have studied online education separately, whereas this paper discussed the natural transition and systematic review of upsurge of e-learning. The objective of this paper is to make the systematic review of COVID spillover and transition towards e-learning education pedagogy through theoretical framework. The study makes systematic review of switchover towards e-learning and spillover effect of COVID-19 and customization of the education pedagogy. In this study, past literature has been utilized to make critical analysis of spillover effect of COVID-19 and impact on education pedagogy by creation of prepositions. The findings of the study reveal that in the exceptional circumstances of COVID-19, e-learning transition has taken place from conventional to e-learning mo...
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 2021
Acute rhabdomyolysis and elevated transaminases during streptococcal pharyngitis are rare present... more Acute rhabdomyolysis and elevated transaminases during streptococcal pharyngitis are rare presentations. The proposed pathophysiological mechanisms include direct bacterial invasion and toxin generation. Physicians should be aware of the association between these infections and the above-mentioned complications to facilitate optimal treatment of these patients. We present the case of a 18-years-old gentleman with β-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis complicated by rhabdomyolysis and elevated liver function tests. Such high levels of creatine phosphokinase of 111856 IU/L and elevated liver function tests with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of 1862 U/L and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of 1003 U/L in streptococcal pharyngitis is rare to find in the literature. He was treated with aggressive intravenous hydration, antibiotics and hemodialysis.
Eurasian Journal of Emergency Medicine, Mar 26, 2020
Aim: Use of combination antibiotics piperacillin-tazobactam (PTZ) and vancomycin (VAN) is so ofte... more Aim: Use of combination antibiotics piperacillin-tazobactam (PTZ) and vancomycin (VAN) is so often used as "top guns" for severe infections in hospitalized patients. VAN's nephrotoxicity is well-known. PTZ has been seen to prolong increased creatinine levels. Reports have surfaced higher rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) among patients treated with combination of PTZ + VAN in the literature. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of AKI with the use of VAN alone and combination of PTZ + VAN treatment at our institution. Our hypothesis was that the combination of PTZ + VAN would be associated with higher prevalence of AKI compared with VAN only. Materials and Methods: We performed this study to compare the combination of PTZ + VAN and VAN alone in critically ill patients in our hospital from 2016 to 2018. Included patients were stratified by treatment with PTZ + VAN and VAN alone. Results: A total of 113 patients were included who were treated with PTZ + VAN and VAN alone. Patient demographics, comorbidities, sites of infection, and duration for 48 hours were compared. We found that PTZ + VAN was better than VAN alone in terms of AKI. Conclusion: The combination of VAN plus PTZ is better use to prevent AKI over VAN monotherapy. Further research in the critically ill population is needed. Recent literature has suggested that the concomitant use of PTZ and VAN is associated with a higher risk of AKI compared with the use of VAN alone. Our study suggested that patients getting combination therapy were sicker hence receiving it as an empiric therapy and it is required to look at the possibility of residual confounding in previous studies.
The present study investigates the optimization of HNO leaching of Cu from old AMD Athlon process... more The present study investigates the optimization of HNO leaching of Cu from old AMD Athlon processors under the effect of nitric acid concentration (%), temperature (°C) and ultrasonic power (W). The optimization study is carried out using response surface methodology with central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The ANOVA study concludes that the second degree polynomial model is fitted well to the fifteen experimental runs based on p-value (0.003), R (0.97) and Adj-R (0.914). The study shows that the temperature is the most significant process variable to the leaching concentration of Cu followed by nitric acid concentration. However, ultrasound power shows no significant impact on the leaching concentration. The optimum conditions were found to be 20% nitric acid concentration, 48.89 °C temperature and 5.52 W ultrasound power for attaining maximum concentration of 97.916 mg/l for Cu leaching in solution.
This paper explores Pakistan’s electricity supply crisis that lasted from 2007 to 2015, and the e... more This paper explores Pakistan’s electricity supply crisis that lasted from 2007 to 2015, and the ensuing contention that shaped public discourse and political events in the country. During this period, which witnessed electricity outages of up to 14 hours per day, 456 incidents of contention took place, with just under 20 per cent escalating into some form of violence. Electricity became the number one political issue in the country and was integral in shaping the outcomes of the 2013 General Election. Following the election, public authorities undertook extensive investment to expand capacity and ensure consistency in supply while evading questions about affordability and sustainability. On the surface, this appears to be a case of extensive protest working towards shaping state responsiveness. And it is true that the state now sees supply as a non-negotiable aspect in the social contract with citizens. However, a range of factors contributed to the chronology and the selective, gen...
Association and outcomes of bacterial infections with acute coronary syndrome; a cross-sectional study from a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan
Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
Objective: To identify the association between acute infection and acute coronary syndrome, and t... more Objective: To identify the association between acute infection and acute coronary syndrome, and to evaluate the outcomes in such cases. Method: The cross-sectional, retrospective, analytical study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from July to December 2020, and comprised data from January to December 2019 of acute coronary syndrome patients aged >18 years. Data related to demographics, comorbidities, smoking status and history of dyslipidaemia. Binary logistic regression was used to explore the association of infections with acute coronary syndrome. Data was analysed using SPSS 26. Results: Of the 1202 patients with acute coronary syndrome, 189(15.7%) had infection before the coronary event. The mean age of the patients was 68.5±12.4 years, and 97(51.3%) of them were females. Community-acquired pneumonia was found in 105(55.6%) patients, followed by urinary tract infection 64(33.9%) and cellulitis 8(4.2%). For pneumonia, the odds of having non-ST elevat...
Afro-Egyptian Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases
Background and study aim: In developing countries with high diabetes rates, it is essential to re... more Background and study aim: In developing countries with high diabetes rates, it is essential to recognize the effect of infection on the glycemic control. The purpose was to determine how infection affects glycemic control, specifically HbA1c. The secondary objective was to compare infection-related outcomes between good versus poorly controlled diabetes.
Objective: Renal infarction which is a rare phenomenon can be missed on the patient’s work up mak... more Objective: Renal infarction which is a rare phenomenon can be missed on the patient’s work up making its incidence low. Case Presentation: We report a 68-year-old lady with known history of hypertension presented with epigastric pain and vomiting for 4 days. During her stay in the emergency room, she developed sudden onset of left-sided weakness. Electrocardiogram was normal sinus rhythm. Computed tomography scan of the abdomen showed acute pancreatitis with partial impingement of superior mesenteric vein. Conclusion: Imaging s showed cholelithiasis without evidence of cholecystitis and lower pole right renal infarct likely secondary to obstruction of the right lower renal artery due to calcified plaques at their origin from the aorta. Subsequently, the patient was kept on antiplatelets and planned for discharge uneventfully.
Initial physical examination revealed a middle-aged male patient lying comfortably in bed. Vitals... more Initial physical examination revealed a middle-aged male patient lying comfortably in bed. Vitals were: blood pressure: 144/100 mmHg, pulse: 74/min, respiratory rate: 20 per minute and O 2 sats 100% on room air. On general physical examination, patient looked flushed with no jaundice, clubbing, koilonychia, palpable cervical, axillary and inguinal lymph node, or edema. Modified Rankin score was 0. Postural drop was negative. Central nervous system examination revealed Glasgow Coma Scale of 15/15 and pupils were equally reactive to light bilaterally.
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 2021
Acute urinary retention (AUR) is a fairly common presentation in the elderly; but interesting to ... more Acute urinary retention (AUR) is a fairly common presentation in the elderly; but interesting to be noted in a healthy young individual as a manifestation of acute appendicitis. We present a case of a 32-year gentleman with decreased urine output with mild tenderness at the supra-pubic region; which was later on, shifted to the right iliac fossa. Computed tomography of the abdomen showed acute appendicitis. Emergency physicians are challenged to recognize the uncommon presentation of acute appendicitis and need to be reminded of this common complaint as a rare presentation of it. This case also stresses on the repeated abdominal examinations to seek diagnostic clarity.
This paper describes the initial results of our research within the context of Serenoa project, w... more This paper describes the initial results of our research within the context of Serenoa project, where we have developed the first version of an authoring tool, which has been developed as a plugin for the widely used Eclipse IDE in the industry and academia. This authoring tool supports all the CRUD (Create, Retrieve, Update, and Delete) operations for the adaptation rules and front-end UIs development for the service definitions at Abstract level. The adaptation rules and the front-end UIs are developed using the model-based languages, namely the Advanced Adaptation Logic Description Language (AAL-DL) and the Advanced Service Front-End Description Language (ASFE-DL), respectively, which have been developed in the project. Author
This thesis studies the political and social practices of prosperous bazaar merchants and traders... more This thesis studies the political and social practices of prosperous bazaar merchants and traders to understand the dynamics of power and authority in contemporary urban Pakistan. Broadly, it considers how propertied groups, such as traders, maintain their dominant position in Pakistan’s political sphere, and how the consent of subordinate classes is structured to reproduce this persisting arrangement. Drawing on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork in a large wholesale bazaar of Lahore, this thesis demonstrates that bazaar traders accumulate power and authority through a fused repertoire of transactional bargaining, material patronage, and Islamic civic leadership. By mobilizing voluntary associations, and forming personalized relations of reciprocity with state functionaries and political elites, traders are able to reproduce their material and status privileges through political access and co-optation of public resources. Such networks also position them as patrons and brokers for...
Action for Empowerment and Accountability Research Programme In a world shaped by rapid change, t... more Action for Empowerment and Accountability Research Programme In a world shaped by rapid change, the Action for Empowerment and Accountability Research programme focuses on fragile, conflict and violence affected settings to ask how social and political action for empowerment and accountability emerges in these contexts, what pathways it takes, and what impacts it has.
As Covid-19 spreads across Pakistan, Hassan Javid, Sameen M. Ali, and Umair Javed (Lahore Univers... more As Covid-19 spreads across Pakistan, Hassan Javid, Sameen M. Ali, and Umair Javed (Lahore University of Management Sciences, Pakistan) explain how the country's ability to effectively deal with the virus will be impeded by tensions between the central and provincial governments, a lack of state capacity, and fiscal constraints.
Energy protests are becoming increasingly common and significant around the world. While in the g... more Energy protests are becoming increasingly common and significant around the world. While in the global North concerns tend to centre around climate issues, in the global South the concerns are more often with affordable energy. Both types of protests, however, have one issue in common: the undemocratic nature of energy policymaking. This paper draws together findings from research conducted in three countries, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Pakistan to ask how and under which conditions do struggles over energy access in fragile and conflict affected settings empower the powerless to hold public authorities to account? In exploring this theme, the study examines what factors support protests developing into significant episodes of contention within fragile settings, and whether these energy struggles promote citizen empowerment and institutional accountability.
International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 2021
In our work, we have presented two widely used recommendation systems. We have presented a contex... more In our work, we have presented two widely used recommendation systems. We have presented a context-aware recommender system to filter the items associated with user’s interests coupled with a context-based recommender system to prescribe those items. In this study, context-aware recommender systems perceive the user’s location, time, and company. The context-based recommender system retrieves patterns from World Wide Web-based on the user’s past interactions and provides future news recommendations. We have presented different techniques to support media recommendations for smartphones, to create a framework for context-aware, to filter E-learning content, and to deliver convenient news to the user. To achieve this goal, we have used content-based, collaborative filtering, a hybrid recommender system, and implemented a Web ontology language (OWL). We have also used the Resource Description Framework (RDF), JAVA, machine learning, semantic mapping rules, and natural ontology language...
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 2020
Osteitis condensans ilii (OCI) remains an orthopedic diagnostic dilemma; moreover, such presentat... more Osteitis condensans ilii (OCI) remains an orthopedic diagnostic dilemma; moreover, such presentation in the emergency room (ER) is unique. Limited awareness about this topic compels emergency and internal medicine physicians to perform extensive investigations which often leads to misdiagnosis. A 23-year pregnant female presented in the Emergency Room with severe low back pain, who was treated conservatively with radiological evidence of OCI. The mainstay treatments are analgesics and physiotherapy.
Journal of Education and Vocational Research, 2020
This paper has touched one of the most critical area affected due to pandemic situation created b... more This paper has touched one of the most critical area affected due to pandemic situation created by the COVID-19 and its powerful spillover effect on education sector by customizing education pedagogy. Earlier researchers have studied online education separately, whereas this paper discussed the natural transition and systematic review of upsurge of e-learning. The objective of this paper is to make the systematic review of COVID spillover and transition towards e-learning education pedagogy through theoretical framework. The study makes systematic review of switchover towards e-learning and spillover effect of COVID-19 and customization of the education pedagogy. In this study, past literature has been utilized to make critical analysis of spillover effect of COVID-19 and impact on education pedagogy by creation of prepositions. The findings of the study reveal that in the exceptional circumstances of COVID-19, e-learning transition has taken place from conventional to e-learning mo...
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 2021
Acute rhabdomyolysis and elevated transaminases during streptococcal pharyngitis are rare present... more Acute rhabdomyolysis and elevated transaminases during streptococcal pharyngitis are rare presentations. The proposed pathophysiological mechanisms include direct bacterial invasion and toxin generation. Physicians should be aware of the association between these infections and the above-mentioned complications to facilitate optimal treatment of these patients. We present the case of a 18-years-old gentleman with β-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis complicated by rhabdomyolysis and elevated liver function tests. Such high levels of creatine phosphokinase of 111856 IU/L and elevated liver function tests with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of 1862 U/L and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of 1003 U/L in streptococcal pharyngitis is rare to find in the literature. He was treated with aggressive intravenous hydration, antibiotics and hemodialysis.
Eurasian Journal of Emergency Medicine, Mar 26, 2020
Aim: Use of combination antibiotics piperacillin-tazobactam (PTZ) and vancomycin (VAN) is so ofte... more Aim: Use of combination antibiotics piperacillin-tazobactam (PTZ) and vancomycin (VAN) is so often used as "top guns" for severe infections in hospitalized patients. VAN's nephrotoxicity is well-known. PTZ has been seen to prolong increased creatinine levels. Reports have surfaced higher rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) among patients treated with combination of PTZ + VAN in the literature. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of AKI with the use of VAN alone and combination of PTZ + VAN treatment at our institution. Our hypothesis was that the combination of PTZ + VAN would be associated with higher prevalence of AKI compared with VAN only. Materials and Methods: We performed this study to compare the combination of PTZ + VAN and VAN alone in critically ill patients in our hospital from 2016 to 2018. Included patients were stratified by treatment with PTZ + VAN and VAN alone. Results: A total of 113 patients were included who were treated with PTZ + VAN and VAN alone. Patient demographics, comorbidities, sites of infection, and duration for 48 hours were compared. We found that PTZ + VAN was better than VAN alone in terms of AKI. Conclusion: The combination of VAN plus PTZ is better use to prevent AKI over VAN monotherapy. Further research in the critically ill population is needed. Recent literature has suggested that the concomitant use of PTZ and VAN is associated with a higher risk of AKI compared with the use of VAN alone. Our study suggested that patients getting combination therapy were sicker hence receiving it as an empiric therapy and it is required to look at the possibility of residual confounding in previous studies.
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Papers by Umair Javed