Reconsidering Constitutional Formation II Decisive Constitutional Normativity, 2018
, alongside that of John Hancock, the congress' president. 3 Thomson placed the motto beneath the... more , alongside that of John Hancock, the congress' president. 3 Thomson placed the motto beneath the unfinished pyramid, 4 whose vacant peak stood for the lost monarchy after the renegade colonies have declared themselves independent on 4 July 1776. The pyramid and its motto, therefore, acted as the graphical depiction that marked 'the beginning of the new American Era', commencing from the Declaration of Independence. 2 Definitions of Normativity and Precedence Normativity in modern constitutional dogma 5 means the obligatory character of the constitution as a legal regime to control 6 and to restrict state power. 7 This amounts to the positivistic, compulsory, and justiciable nature of constitutional law, its followed by the age of the titans. Cf. Die sibyllinischen Orakel, Die Aussprüche und Weissagungen der alten Sibylle über die Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft der Welt, Aus alten Schriften in deutscher Übertragung mit Einleitung und erläuternden Anmerkungen, 2nd ed., ed. Richard Clemens (Wiesbaden: Fourier, 1985), 65-6, 80-1, 90-1. The idea of paradisiacal conditions in present time are the theme of Virgil's fourth Eclogue. The text describes a new golden era which begins with the birth of a mysterious boy. This age is characterised by the absence of misery, hassles, and the enjoyment of the fruits of the earth without the effort of the people-there being no need for agriculture, commerce, or seafaring. This utopia becomes concrete for Virgil with Augustus. See Töns (1977), 154-5. Cf. Ryberg (1958), 112-31. In the first two pages, Ryberg points out that the golden age was already addressed by Hesiod. 2 Thomson served as the secretary of the Continental Congress from its founding in 1774 until its dissolution in 1789. His role was essentially to keep the minutes of the Congress, undertaking duties that nowadays are undertaken by the Department of State, the Secretariat of the Senate, and the Clerk of the House of Representatives. He was considered by his contemporaries to be an unimpeachable figure whose honesty was above reproach, and documents with his signature were considered 'the Truth.' 3 Between the founding of the Continental Congress in 1774 and the enacting of the United States Constitution in 1789, there was no cameral differentiation of the executive and legislative branches; the Congress occupied both.
The rise of royal power coincided with the emergence of supreme courts throughout Europe from the... more The rise of royal power coincided with the emergence of supreme courts throughout Europe from the thirteenth century onwards. The differentiation of legal business and the institutionalization of a judicial section concerned the interface of jurisdiction, political authority, and territory. The commitment to streamline the administration of justice and to provide access to courts was the major catalyst for pre-state unification, and legal theorists advocated limits on the extent of a legal purview. These limits resolved themselves into ordinary competences and jurisdictions or, in other words, what constitutes a court as a court of law. The attempts to resolve these issues had a common forebear in the canon law of the Church, exemplified by the legal discourses of the Roman-canonical process, the so-called ordines iudiciarii. However, European court systems developed along divergent paths concerning jurisdiction, political authority, and territory, as each sought to balance sovereig...
Tezner's Writings about Administrative Jurisdiction in Austria and their Impact on the Modern Def... more Tezner's Writings about Administrative Jurisdiction in Austria and their Impact on the Modern Definition of a Court Tezner's plea against the misunderstanding of absolutistic reforms, as in the context of the rule of law, demonstrates continuities regarding administrative jurisdiction in the history of courts in Austria. The organisational principle of extending benches of judges by including judicial councillors survived all Josephinian reforms. Judicial councillors represented the sovereign's interests. Studying the decisions of the Supreme Justice Office (Oberste Justizstelle), Tezner found that it provided rather generously for these interests.
Der référé législatif-österreichische Gesetzgebungsgeschichte zwischen Rechtsvereinheitlichung un... more Der référé législatif-österreichische Gesetzgebungsgeschichte zwischen Rechtsvereinheitlichung und Justizsteuerung As judicial submission requirement to a legislative commission the référé législatif incapacitates judges as mechanical legal practitioners under the tutelage of the monarchical legislatif will. It can be found in the Austrian legislative history in various provisions reaching from voluntary consulting in the "Landesordnung" and in the "Codex Theresianus" to a strict submission duty in the "Allgemeine Gerichtsordnung" and especially in the "Josephinisches Gesetzbuch". In the "Patent of 1791" the judicial autonomy of legal interpretation was restored, though it was in the "Westgalizisches Gesetzbuch" that the référé légilatif was completely abolished. This paper shows that the introduction of the référé législatif aims at multiple objectives. So far, research concentrates on the objective of enforcement of the legislator`s intentions and doesn`t consider the reputation of the judge underlying the introdcution of the submission requirement. Looking onto the legislative materials each judicial submission requirement is a distrust statement againt the judiciary, that has to be controlled. This controlling function of the référé législatif was exploited by the conflict between monarchic centralism and the estates` rights of self-administration. I. Einleitung: Definition des Gegenstandes und Forschungsstand Nach den Art. 87 1 und 88 2 B-VG i.d.F. v. 14. Dezember 2010 3 ist ein österreichischer Rich-1 Art. 87. (1) Die Richter sind in Ausübung ihres richterlichen Amtes unabhängig. (2) In Ausübung seines richterlichen Amtes befindet sich ein Richter bei Besorgung aller ihm nach dem Gesetz und der Geschäftsverteilung zustehenden gerichtlichen Geschäfte, mit Ausschluss der Justizverwaltungssachen, die nicht nach Vorschrift des Gesetzes durch Senate oder Kommissionen zu erledigen sind. (3) Die Geschäfte sind unter die Richter eines Gerichtes für die in der Gerichtsverfassung bestimmte Zeit im Voraus zu verteilen. Eine nach dieser Geschäftsverteilung einem Richter zufallende Sache darf ihm nur durch Verfügung des durch die Gerichtsverfassung hierzu berufenen Senates und nur im Fall seiner Verhinderung oder dann abgenommen werden, wenn er wegen des 3 Abschnitt Gerichtsbarkeit-nach den Universitäten. 4 Siehe zur Entwicklung des Begriffs in Frankreich seit Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts MERLIN, Répertoire universel 695: "RÉFÉRÉ AU LÉGISLATEUR. On appelait ainsi autrefois un jugement par lequel, avant de prononcer sur une question qui leur paraissait insoluble, d'après l'ambiguité ou l'insuffisance de la loi dont elle dérivait, les juges ordonnaient qu'il en serait référé à l'autorité investie du pouvoir législatif".-In den Wörterbüchern Grand Larousse de la langue française und Le Grand Robert de la langue française wird der référé législatif als "[…] demande faite par le juge au législateur en vue d'interpréter une loi" bzw. "demande d'interprétation de la loi, adressée par un juge au législateur" bezeichnet. Für die französische Definition siehe außerdem HUFTEAU, Référé législatif 1 u. 9; GENY, Méthode d'interprétation 78. 5 SEIF, Absolutismus 30-38.
The constitutional developments and debates during the first half of the 19th century, in particu... more The constitutional developments and debates during the first half of the 19th century, in particular following the French and Belgian revolutions of 1830 and the introduction of new written constitutions (the French Charte of 1830 and the Belgian constitution of 1831) show the dynamics between the Executive, still largely controlled by the monarch, and the parliamentary representation. Although the balance of power differed from one political system to another, the dual system established during the July Monarchy, which increasingly called for a government and government policies which were acceptable to both the monarch and a majority in Parliament, affected the developments throughout Europe.
In the constitutional conflicts of the 17th century, both Crown and Parliament justified actions ... more In the constitutional conflicts of the 17th century, both Crown and Parliament justified actions contrary to the other's will by reference to necessity. The Crown held the raising of additional finance to be necessary; the Parliament, its raising of a militia. The competence to determine a time of necessity, and to decide on the public good in it, was the key to sovereignty. In a series of cases reaching a peak in Hampden, the courts handed the Crown an unrestrained Prerogative. With the Militia Ordinance, a disturbed Parliament then claimed the competence for deciding on the public good in an emergency, even against the King's will, because its judgements as opposed to the king's discretion in his Royal prerogative were based on the common law which bound even the King. The concept of Parliament as a court of common law is often under-emphasized, though this is at the heart of the Parliament's claim to sovereignty achieved in 1689, because the Monarch could veto leg...
Tijdschrift Voor Rechtsgeschiedenis Revue D Histoire Du Droit the Legal History Review, Nov 1, 2011
The constitutional developments and debates during the first half of the 19th century, in particu... more The constitutional developments and debates during the first half of the 19th century, in particular following the French and Belgian revolutions of 1830 and the introduction of new written constitutions (the French Charte of 1830 and the Belgian constitution of 1831) show the dynamics between the Executive, still largely controlled by the monarch, and the parliamentary representation. Although the balance of power differed from one political system to another, the dual system established during the July Monarchy, which increasingly called for a government and government policies which were acceptable to both the monarch and a majority in Parliament, affected the developments throughout Europe.
Reconsidering Constitutional Formation II Decisive Constitutional Normativity, 2018
, alongside that of John Hancock, the congress' president. 3 Thomson placed the motto beneath the... more , alongside that of John Hancock, the congress' president. 3 Thomson placed the motto beneath the unfinished pyramid, 4 whose vacant peak stood for the lost monarchy after the renegade colonies have declared themselves independent on 4 July 1776. The pyramid and its motto, therefore, acted as the graphical depiction that marked 'the beginning of the new American Era', commencing from the Declaration of Independence. 2 Definitions of Normativity and Precedence Normativity in modern constitutional dogma 5 means the obligatory character of the constitution as a legal regime to control 6 and to restrict state power. 7 This amounts to the positivistic, compulsory, and justiciable nature of constitutional law, its followed by the age of the titans. Cf. Die sibyllinischen Orakel, Die Aussprüche und Weissagungen der alten Sibylle über die Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft der Welt, Aus alten Schriften in deutscher Übertragung mit Einleitung und erläuternden Anmerkungen, 2nd ed., ed. Richard Clemens (Wiesbaden: Fourier, 1985), 65-6, 80-1, 90-1. The idea of paradisiacal conditions in present time are the theme of Virgil's fourth Eclogue. The text describes a new golden era which begins with the birth of a mysterious boy. This age is characterised by the absence of misery, hassles, and the enjoyment of the fruits of the earth without the effort of the people-there being no need for agriculture, commerce, or seafaring. This utopia becomes concrete for Virgil with Augustus. See Töns (1977), 154-5. Cf. Ryberg (1958), 112-31. In the first two pages, Ryberg points out that the golden age was already addressed by Hesiod. 2 Thomson served as the secretary of the Continental Congress from its founding in 1774 until its dissolution in 1789. His role was essentially to keep the minutes of the Congress, undertaking duties that nowadays are undertaken by the Department of State, the Secretariat of the Senate, and the Clerk of the House of Representatives. He was considered by his contemporaries to be an unimpeachable figure whose honesty was above reproach, and documents with his signature were considered 'the Truth.' 3 Between the founding of the Continental Congress in 1774 and the enacting of the United States Constitution in 1789, there was no cameral differentiation of the executive and legislative branches; the Congress occupied both.
The rise of royal power coincided with the emergence of supreme courts throughout Europe from the... more The rise of royal power coincided with the emergence of supreme courts throughout Europe from the thirteenth century onwards. The differentiation of legal business and the institutionalization of a judicial section concerned the interface of jurisdiction, political authority, and territory. The commitment to streamline the administration of justice and to provide access to courts was the major catalyst for pre-state unification, and legal theorists advocated limits on the extent of a legal purview. These limits resolved themselves into ordinary competences and jurisdictions or, in other words, what constitutes a court as a court of law. The attempts to resolve these issues had a common forebear in the canon law of the Church, exemplified by the legal discourses of the Roman-canonical process, the so-called ordines iudiciarii. However, European court systems developed along divergent paths concerning jurisdiction, political authority, and territory, as each sought to balance sovereig...
Tezner's Writings about Administrative Jurisdiction in Austria and their Impact on the Modern Def... more Tezner's Writings about Administrative Jurisdiction in Austria and their Impact on the Modern Definition of a Court Tezner's plea against the misunderstanding of absolutistic reforms, as in the context of the rule of law, demonstrates continuities regarding administrative jurisdiction in the history of courts in Austria. The organisational principle of extending benches of judges by including judicial councillors survived all Josephinian reforms. Judicial councillors represented the sovereign's interests. Studying the decisions of the Supreme Justice Office (Oberste Justizstelle), Tezner found that it provided rather generously for these interests.
Der référé législatif-österreichische Gesetzgebungsgeschichte zwischen Rechtsvereinheitlichung un... more Der référé législatif-österreichische Gesetzgebungsgeschichte zwischen Rechtsvereinheitlichung und Justizsteuerung As judicial submission requirement to a legislative commission the référé législatif incapacitates judges as mechanical legal practitioners under the tutelage of the monarchical legislatif will. It can be found in the Austrian legislative history in various provisions reaching from voluntary consulting in the "Landesordnung" and in the "Codex Theresianus" to a strict submission duty in the "Allgemeine Gerichtsordnung" and especially in the "Josephinisches Gesetzbuch". In the "Patent of 1791" the judicial autonomy of legal interpretation was restored, though it was in the "Westgalizisches Gesetzbuch" that the référé légilatif was completely abolished. This paper shows that the introduction of the référé législatif aims at multiple objectives. So far, research concentrates on the objective of enforcement of the legislator`s intentions and doesn`t consider the reputation of the judge underlying the introdcution of the submission requirement. Looking onto the legislative materials each judicial submission requirement is a distrust statement againt the judiciary, that has to be controlled. This controlling function of the référé législatif was exploited by the conflict between monarchic centralism and the estates` rights of self-administration. I. Einleitung: Definition des Gegenstandes und Forschungsstand Nach den Art. 87 1 und 88 2 B-VG i.d.F. v. 14. Dezember 2010 3 ist ein österreichischer Rich-1 Art. 87. (1) Die Richter sind in Ausübung ihres richterlichen Amtes unabhängig. (2) In Ausübung seines richterlichen Amtes befindet sich ein Richter bei Besorgung aller ihm nach dem Gesetz und der Geschäftsverteilung zustehenden gerichtlichen Geschäfte, mit Ausschluss der Justizverwaltungssachen, die nicht nach Vorschrift des Gesetzes durch Senate oder Kommissionen zu erledigen sind. (3) Die Geschäfte sind unter die Richter eines Gerichtes für die in der Gerichtsverfassung bestimmte Zeit im Voraus zu verteilen. Eine nach dieser Geschäftsverteilung einem Richter zufallende Sache darf ihm nur durch Verfügung des durch die Gerichtsverfassung hierzu berufenen Senates und nur im Fall seiner Verhinderung oder dann abgenommen werden, wenn er wegen des 3 Abschnitt Gerichtsbarkeit-nach den Universitäten. 4 Siehe zur Entwicklung des Begriffs in Frankreich seit Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts MERLIN, Répertoire universel 695: "RÉFÉRÉ AU LÉGISLATEUR. On appelait ainsi autrefois un jugement par lequel, avant de prononcer sur une question qui leur paraissait insoluble, d'après l'ambiguité ou l'insuffisance de la loi dont elle dérivait, les juges ordonnaient qu'il en serait référé à l'autorité investie du pouvoir législatif".-In den Wörterbüchern Grand Larousse de la langue française und Le Grand Robert de la langue française wird der référé législatif als "[…] demande faite par le juge au législateur en vue d'interpréter une loi" bzw. "demande d'interprétation de la loi, adressée par un juge au législateur" bezeichnet. Für die französische Definition siehe außerdem HUFTEAU, Référé législatif 1 u. 9; GENY, Méthode d'interprétation 78. 5 SEIF, Absolutismus 30-38.
The constitutional developments and debates during the first half of the 19th century, in particu... more The constitutional developments and debates during the first half of the 19th century, in particular following the French and Belgian revolutions of 1830 and the introduction of new written constitutions (the French Charte of 1830 and the Belgian constitution of 1831) show the dynamics between the Executive, still largely controlled by the monarch, and the parliamentary representation. Although the balance of power differed from one political system to another, the dual system established during the July Monarchy, which increasingly called for a government and government policies which were acceptable to both the monarch and a majority in Parliament, affected the developments throughout Europe.
In the constitutional conflicts of the 17th century, both Crown and Parliament justified actions ... more In the constitutional conflicts of the 17th century, both Crown and Parliament justified actions contrary to the other's will by reference to necessity. The Crown held the raising of additional finance to be necessary; the Parliament, its raising of a militia. The competence to determine a time of necessity, and to decide on the public good in it, was the key to sovereignty. In a series of cases reaching a peak in Hampden, the courts handed the Crown an unrestrained Prerogative. With the Militia Ordinance, a disturbed Parliament then claimed the competence for deciding on the public good in an emergency, even against the King's will, because its judgements as opposed to the king's discretion in his Royal prerogative were based on the common law which bound even the King. The concept of Parliament as a court of common law is often under-emphasized, though this is at the heart of the Parliament's claim to sovereignty achieved in 1689, because the Monarch could veto leg...
Tijdschrift Voor Rechtsgeschiedenis Revue D Histoire Du Droit the Legal History Review, Nov 1, 2011
The constitutional developments and debates during the first half of the 19th century, in particu... more The constitutional developments and debates during the first half of the 19th century, in particular following the French and Belgian revolutions of 1830 and the introduction of new written constitutions (the French Charte of 1830 and the Belgian constitution of 1831) show the dynamics between the Executive, still largely controlled by the monarch, and the parliamentary representation. Although the balance of power differed from one political system to another, the dual system established during the July Monarchy, which increasingly called for a government and government policies which were acceptable to both the monarch and a majority in Parliament, affected the developments throughout Europe.
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Papers by Ulrike Müßig