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Moshe Tur

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mário ferreira

Michael Brodsky

Boston University

University of Eldoret

Krzysztof Perlicki

Zabih Ghassemlooy

Northumbria University

Valery Rozental

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Papers by Moshe Tur

Effect of Nonlinearities on PMD

Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2006

We show experimentally and theoretically that the magnitude and direction of the polarization mod... more We show experimentally and theoretically that the magnitude and direction of the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) vector of a WDM channel is significantly affected by nonlinear polarization crosstalk from neighboring channels within the PMD correlation bandwidth. We use our model to estimate the effect the nonlinear interactions may have on the PMD-induced penalty.

Liquid-crystal-on-silicon-based optical add/drop multiplexer for orbital-angular-momentum-multiplexed optical links

Optics Letters, 2013

We designed an optical add/drop multiplexer for orbital-angular-momentum (OAM)-multiplexed data l... more We designed an optical add/drop multiplexer for orbital-angular-momentum (OAM)-multiplexed data links by taking advantage of the ring-shaped intensity profile of OAM beams. We demonstrated adding/dropping a single OAM beam from three multiplexed OAM beams using liquid-crystal-on-silicon-based diffraction optical elements. For multiplexed OAM beams carrying 100 Gbit∕s quadrature phase-shift-keying data, a power penalty of <2 dB is observed to achieve a bit-error rate of 2.0 × 10 −3 for each channel of the add/drop multiplexer.

Multicasting in a spatial division multiplexing system based on optical orbital angular momentum

Optics Letters, 2013

We report multicasting data from a single orbital angular momentum (OAM) spatial channel onto mul... more We report multicasting data from a single orbital angular momentum (OAM) spatial channel onto multiple OAM channels of equally spaced OAM charge numbers. The designed sliced phase patterns for multicasting are loaded on the spatial light modulator. By optimizing the design of the phase pattern, the power of multicasted OAM channels can be equalized. We experimentally demonstrate multicasting five and seven OAM channels from a single-input OAM channel carrying a 100 Gbit∕s quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) data stream.

100 Tbit/s free-space data link enabled by three-dimensional multiplexing of orbital angular momentum, polarization, and wavelength

Optics Letters, 2014

We investigate the orthogonality of orbital angular momentum (OAM) with other multiplexing domain... more We investigate the orthogonality of orbital angular momentum (OAM) with other multiplexing domains and present a free-space data link that uniquely combines OAM-, polarization-, and wavelength-division multiplexing. Specifically, we demonstrate the multiplexing/demultiplexing of 1008 data channels carried on 12 OAM beams, 2 polarizations, and 42 wavelengths. Each channel is encoded with 100 Gbit∕s quadrature phase-shift keying data, providing an aggregate capacity of 100.8 Tbit∕s (12 × 2 × 42 × 100 Gbit∕s).

Reconfigurable 2 × 2 orbital angular momentum based optical switching of 50-Gbaud QPSK channels

Optics Express, 2014

We experimentally demonstrate a reconfigurable 2×2 switch for four OAM-multiplexed beams carrying... more

Atmospheric turbulence effects on the performance of a free space optical link employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing

Optics Letters, 2013

We experimentally investigate the performance of an orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexed fr... more We experimentally investigate the performance of an orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexed free space optical (FSO) communication link through emulated atmospheric turbulence. The turbulence effects on the crosstalk and system power penalty of the FSO link are characterized. The experimental results show that the power of the transmitted OAM mode will tend to spread uniformly onto the neighboring mode in medium-to-strong turbulence, resulting in severe crosstalk at the receiver. The power penalty is found to exceed 10 dB in a weak-to-medium turbulence condition due to the turbulence-induced crosstalk and power fluctuation of the received signal.

Free-space optical communications using orbital-angular-momentum multiplexing combined with MIMO-based spatial multiplexing

Optics letters, Jan 15, 2015

We explore the potential of combining the advantages of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-bas... more We explore the potential of combining the advantages of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-based spatial multiplexing with those of orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing to increase the capacity of free-space optical (FSO) communications. We experimentally demonstrate an 80 Gbit/s FSO system with a 2×2 aperture architecture, in which each transmitter aperture contains two multiplexed data-carrying OAM modes. Inter-channel crosstalk effects are minimized by the OAM beams' inherent orthogonality and by the use of 4×4 MIMO signal processing. Our experimental results show that the bit-error rates can reach below the forward error correction limit of…

Mode Properties and Propagation Effects of Optical Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Modes in a Ring Fiber

IEEE Photonics Journal, 2012

We simulate and analyze the mode properties and propagation effects of orbital angular momentum (... more We simulate and analyze the mode properties and propagation effects of orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes in a ring fiber. A ring fiber with 0.05 up-doping is designed in simulation to support up to 10 OAM modes while maintaining single-mode condition radially. With a multiple-ring fiber, tens of OAM modes can be potentially multiplexed to greatly enhance the system capacity and spectral efficiency. The mode index difference can be maintained above 10 À4 over hundreds of nanometers optical bandwidth. Higher order OAM modes' azimuthal intensity and odd-order OAM modes' azimuthal phase show better tolerance to the fiber ellipticity. Moreover, higher order OAM modes also have longer 2 and 10-ps walk-off length. After 600-km propagation, OAM 0;4 mode shows G 10-ps mode walkoff, even in a ring fiber with 1% ellipticity. Also, in such an elliptical fiber, the well-aligned OAM modes with different charges have GÀ20 dB intermode crosstalk. The improvement of the circularity for the ring fiber is expected to reduce the crosstalk and increase the demultiplexing efficiency.

Recent advances in high-capacity free-space optical and radio-frequency communications using orbital angular momentum multiplexing

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences, Jan 28, 2017

There is a continuing growth in the demand for data bandwidth, and the multiplexing of multiple i... more There is a continuing growth in the demand for data bandwidth, and the multiplexing of multiple independent data streams has the potential to provide the needed data capacity. One technique uses the spatial domain of an electromagnetic (EM) wave, and space division multiplexing (SDM) has become increasingly important for increased transmission capacity and spectral efficiency of a communication system. A subset of SDM is mode division multiplexing (MDM), in which multiple orthogonal beams each on a different mode can be multiplexed. A potential modal basis set to achieve MDM is to use orbital angular momentum (OAM) of EM waves. In such a system, multiple OAM beams each carrying an independent data stream are multiplexed at the transmitter, propagate through a common medium and are demultiplexed at the receiver. As a result, the total capacity and spectral efficiency of the communication system can be multiplied by a factor equal to the number of transmitted OAM modes. Over the past ...

Terabit free-space data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing

Optical fiber delay-line signal processing

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1985

Single-mode optical fiber is an attractive delay medium for processing microwave frequency signal... more

Fiber Bragg grating analysis using the Floquet-Bloch approach

The Floquet-Bloch approach is utilized to analyze light propagation through fiber Bragg gratings.... more The Floquet-Bloch approach is utilized to analyze light propagation through fiber Bragg gratings. For sinusoidal gratings, the Mathieu equation is directly derived from the wave equation. The resulting stability diagram is then used to study the reflection and transmission properties of semi- infinite, as well as finite gratings. Bandwidth broadening and wavelength shifts with increasing UV exposure are demonstrated.

Three-Dimensional Chirped High-Contrast Grating Hollow-Core Waveguide

IEEE Photonics Journal, 2012

A 3-D chirped high-contrast grating hollow-core waveguide (HCG-HW) exhibits highly efficient 2-D ... more A 3-D chirped high-contrast grating hollow-core waveguide (HCG-HW) exhibits highly efficient 2-D (transverse and lateral) light confinement. Compared with step-index ones, laterally chirped HCG-HWs (graded index) can pronouncedly reduce the propagation loss ð9 10ÂÞ without compromising the lateral index contrast. Simulation results show that a propagation loss as low as 0.04 dB/cm can be achieved. For a chirped HCG-HW with a 6-m core height, it exhibits 30-and 141-nm spectral widths for 0.1-and 1-dB/cm loss requirements. The chirped HCG-HW also shows an ultralow nonlinear coefficient, which is on the order of 10 À5 =W/m.

Health and Usage Monitoring of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Fiber-Optic Sensors

ICAF 2011 Structural Integrity: Influence of Efficiency and Green Imperatives, 2011

An airborne, high resolution, load tracking and structural health monitoring system for unmanned ... more An airborne, high resolution, load tracking and structural health monitoring system for unmanned aerial vehicles composite structure is presented. The system is based on embedded optical fibre Bragg sensors, interrogated in real time during flight. The vibration signature during ground testing has been recorded and analyzed, making it possible to identify and trace the dynamic response of the airborne structure

High-capacity millimetre-wave communications with orbital angular momentum multiplexing

Nature communications, Jan 16, 2014

One property of electromagnetic waves that has been recently explored is the ability to multiplex... more One property of electromagnetic waves that has been recently explored is the ability to multiplex multiple beams, such that each beam has a unique helical phase front. The amount of phase front 'twisting' indicates the orbital angular momentum state number, and beams with different orbital angular momentum are orthogonal. Such orbital angular momentum based multiplexing can potentially increase the system capacity and spectral efficiency of millimetre-wave wireless communication links with a single aperture pair by transmitting multiple coaxial data streams. Here we demonstrate a 32-Gbit s(-1) millimetre-wave link over 2.5 metres with a spectral efficiency of ~16 bit s(-1) Hz(-1) using four independent orbital-angular momentum beams on each of two polarizations. All eight orbital angular momentum channels are recovered with bit-error rates below 3.8 × 10(-3). In addition, we demonstrate a millimetre-wave orbital angular momentum mode demultiplexer to demultiplex four orbital...

Laser phase noise effects in fiber-optic signal processors with recirculating loops

Optics Letters, 1983

The power spectrum of the optical intensity at the output of a single-mode-fiber recirculating de... more The power spectrum of the optical intensity at the output of a single-mode-fiber recirculating delay line driven by a multimode semiconductor laser is shown to exhibit a spectral structure with notches at zero frequency as well as at other multiples of 1/(loop delay). A theoretical model based on laser phase noise is suggested to explain the experimental data.

Numerical solutions for the fourth moment of a finite beam propagating in a random medium

Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 1985

Numerical solutions of the.fourth-moment differential equation are obtained for a finite, initial... more Numerical solutions of the.fourth-moment differential equation are obtained for a finite, initially Gaussian beam propagating in a. two-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic random medium with a Gaussian correlation function. In addition to the covariance of the intensity fluctuations, the full spatial dependence of the fourth moment of the propagating field is described for several beam diameters and propagation lengths. 2 () denotes ensemble averaging) (1) (J2 with the propagation distance and/or the strength of the refractive-index fluctuations. Experimentally, it has been shown that xoi2 saturates at a value of the order of unity,' 4 and therefore perturbation techniques are useful only when ac2 < 1. One of the first theoretical treatments that showed that the fourth-moment equation is capable of predicting saturation was a numerical study 9 that was followed by other numerical solutionsl0-' 2 and various asymptotic results. 6-8 Recently, a two-scale approximation algorithm was developed' 5-' 7 that has produced results that are in close agreement with available numerical solutions for plane-wave propagation in a two-dimensional random medium characterized by either a Gaussian 12 "1 5

Phase induced intensity noise in concatenated fiber-optic delay lines

Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1988

... The total source-independent power spectrum is given by Sdf) = saa,&amp;amp;f) + Sab,B(f)... more

Implementation of Photonic True Time Delay Using High-Order-Mode Dispersion Compensating Fibers

IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2004

DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of t... more DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the "Taverne" license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement:

Simple real-time noise removal in intensified low-light-level television images

Applied Optics, 1992

A simple and novel real-time interframe operator substantially reduces short-lived noisy scintill... more

Effect of Nonlinearities on PMD

Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2006

We show experimentally and theoretically that the magnitude and direction of the polarization mod... more We show experimentally and theoretically that the magnitude and direction of the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) vector of a WDM channel is significantly affected by nonlinear polarization crosstalk from neighboring channels within the PMD correlation bandwidth. We use our model to estimate the effect the nonlinear interactions may have on the PMD-induced penalty.

Liquid-crystal-on-silicon-based optical add/drop multiplexer for orbital-angular-momentum-multiplexed optical links

Optics Letters, 2013

We designed an optical add/drop multiplexer for orbital-angular-momentum (OAM)-multiplexed data l... more We designed an optical add/drop multiplexer for orbital-angular-momentum (OAM)-multiplexed data links by taking advantage of the ring-shaped intensity profile of OAM beams. We demonstrated adding/dropping a single OAM beam from three multiplexed OAM beams using liquid-crystal-on-silicon-based diffraction optical elements. For multiplexed OAM beams carrying 100 Gbit∕s quadrature phase-shift-keying data, a power penalty of <2 dB is observed to achieve a bit-error rate of 2.0 × 10 −3 for each channel of the add/drop multiplexer.

Multicasting in a spatial division multiplexing system based on optical orbital angular momentum

Optics Letters, 2013

We report multicasting data from a single orbital angular momentum (OAM) spatial channel onto mul... more We report multicasting data from a single orbital angular momentum (OAM) spatial channel onto multiple OAM channels of equally spaced OAM charge numbers. The designed sliced phase patterns for multicasting are loaded on the spatial light modulator. By optimizing the design of the phase pattern, the power of multicasted OAM channels can be equalized. We experimentally demonstrate multicasting five and seven OAM channels from a single-input OAM channel carrying a 100 Gbit∕s quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) data stream.

100 Tbit/s free-space data link enabled by three-dimensional multiplexing of orbital angular momentum, polarization, and wavelength

Optics Letters, 2014

We investigate the orthogonality of orbital angular momentum (OAM) with other multiplexing domain... more We investigate the orthogonality of orbital angular momentum (OAM) with other multiplexing domains and present a free-space data link that uniquely combines OAM-, polarization-, and wavelength-division multiplexing. Specifically, we demonstrate the multiplexing/demultiplexing of 1008 data channels carried on 12 OAM beams, 2 polarizations, and 42 wavelengths. Each channel is encoded with 100 Gbit∕s quadrature phase-shift keying data, providing an aggregate capacity of 100.8 Tbit∕s (12 × 2 × 42 × 100 Gbit∕s).

Reconfigurable 2 × 2 orbital angular momentum based optical switching of 50-Gbaud QPSK channels

Optics Express, 2014

We experimentally demonstrate a reconfigurable 2×2 switch for four OAM-multiplexed beams carrying... more

Atmospheric turbulence effects on the performance of a free space optical link employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing

Optics Letters, 2013

We experimentally investigate the performance of an orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexed fr... more We experimentally investigate the performance of an orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexed free space optical (FSO) communication link through emulated atmospheric turbulence. The turbulence effects on the crosstalk and system power penalty of the FSO link are characterized. The experimental results show that the power of the transmitted OAM mode will tend to spread uniformly onto the neighboring mode in medium-to-strong turbulence, resulting in severe crosstalk at the receiver. The power penalty is found to exceed 10 dB in a weak-to-medium turbulence condition due to the turbulence-induced crosstalk and power fluctuation of the received signal.

Free-space optical communications using orbital-angular-momentum multiplexing combined with MIMO-based spatial multiplexing

Optics letters, Jan 15, 2015

We explore the potential of combining the advantages of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-bas... more We explore the potential of combining the advantages of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-based spatial multiplexing with those of orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing to increase the capacity of free-space optical (FSO) communications. We experimentally demonstrate an 80 Gbit/s FSO system with a 2×2 aperture architecture, in which each transmitter aperture contains two multiplexed data-carrying OAM modes. Inter-channel crosstalk effects are minimized by the OAM beams' inherent orthogonality and by the use of 4×4 MIMO signal processing. Our experimental results show that the bit-error rates can reach below the forward error correction limit of…

Mode Properties and Propagation Effects of Optical Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Modes in a Ring Fiber

IEEE Photonics Journal, 2012

We simulate and analyze the mode properties and propagation effects of orbital angular momentum (... more We simulate and analyze the mode properties and propagation effects of orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes in a ring fiber. A ring fiber with 0.05 up-doping is designed in simulation to support up to 10 OAM modes while maintaining single-mode condition radially. With a multiple-ring fiber, tens of OAM modes can be potentially multiplexed to greatly enhance the system capacity and spectral efficiency. The mode index difference can be maintained above 10 À4 over hundreds of nanometers optical bandwidth. Higher order OAM modes' azimuthal intensity and odd-order OAM modes' azimuthal phase show better tolerance to the fiber ellipticity. Moreover, higher order OAM modes also have longer 2 and 10-ps walk-off length. After 600-km propagation, OAM 0;4 mode shows G 10-ps mode walkoff, even in a ring fiber with 1% ellipticity. Also, in such an elliptical fiber, the well-aligned OAM modes with different charges have GÀ20 dB intermode crosstalk. The improvement of the circularity for the ring fiber is expected to reduce the crosstalk and increase the demultiplexing efficiency.

Recent advances in high-capacity free-space optical and radio-frequency communications using orbital angular momentum multiplexing

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences, Jan 28, 2017

There is a continuing growth in the demand for data bandwidth, and the multiplexing of multiple i... more There is a continuing growth in the demand for data bandwidth, and the multiplexing of multiple independent data streams has the potential to provide the needed data capacity. One technique uses the spatial domain of an electromagnetic (EM) wave, and space division multiplexing (SDM) has become increasingly important for increased transmission capacity and spectral efficiency of a communication system. A subset of SDM is mode division multiplexing (MDM), in which multiple orthogonal beams each on a different mode can be multiplexed. A potential modal basis set to achieve MDM is to use orbital angular momentum (OAM) of EM waves. In such a system, multiple OAM beams each carrying an independent data stream are multiplexed at the transmitter, propagate through a common medium and are demultiplexed at the receiver. As a result, the total capacity and spectral efficiency of the communication system can be multiplied by a factor equal to the number of transmitted OAM modes. Over the past ...

Terabit free-space data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing

Optical fiber delay-line signal processing

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1985

Single-mode optical fiber is an attractive delay medium for processing microwave frequency signal... more

Fiber Bragg grating analysis using the Floquet-Bloch approach

The Floquet-Bloch approach is utilized to analyze light propagation through fiber Bragg gratings.... more The Floquet-Bloch approach is utilized to analyze light propagation through fiber Bragg gratings. For sinusoidal gratings, the Mathieu equation is directly derived from the wave equation. The resulting stability diagram is then used to study the reflection and transmission properties of semi- infinite, as well as finite gratings. Bandwidth broadening and wavelength shifts with increasing UV exposure are demonstrated.

Three-Dimensional Chirped High-Contrast Grating Hollow-Core Waveguide

IEEE Photonics Journal, 2012

A 3-D chirped high-contrast grating hollow-core waveguide (HCG-HW) exhibits highly efficient 2-D ... more A 3-D chirped high-contrast grating hollow-core waveguide (HCG-HW) exhibits highly efficient 2-D (transverse and lateral) light confinement. Compared with step-index ones, laterally chirped HCG-HWs (graded index) can pronouncedly reduce the propagation loss ð9 10ÂÞ without compromising the lateral index contrast. Simulation results show that a propagation loss as low as 0.04 dB/cm can be achieved. For a chirped HCG-HW with a 6-m core height, it exhibits 30-and 141-nm spectral widths for 0.1-and 1-dB/cm loss requirements. The chirped HCG-HW also shows an ultralow nonlinear coefficient, which is on the order of 10 À5 =W/m.

Health and Usage Monitoring of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Fiber-Optic Sensors

ICAF 2011 Structural Integrity: Influence of Efficiency and Green Imperatives, 2011

An airborne, high resolution, load tracking and structural health monitoring system for unmanned ... more An airborne, high resolution, load tracking and structural health monitoring system for unmanned aerial vehicles composite structure is presented. The system is based on embedded optical fibre Bragg sensors, interrogated in real time during flight. The vibration signature during ground testing has been recorded and analyzed, making it possible to identify and trace the dynamic response of the airborne structure

High-capacity millimetre-wave communications with orbital angular momentum multiplexing

Nature communications, Jan 16, 2014

One property of electromagnetic waves that has been recently explored is the ability to multiplex... more One property of electromagnetic waves that has been recently explored is the ability to multiplex multiple beams, such that each beam has a unique helical phase front. The amount of phase front 'twisting' indicates the orbital angular momentum state number, and beams with different orbital angular momentum are orthogonal. Such orbital angular momentum based multiplexing can potentially increase the system capacity and spectral efficiency of millimetre-wave wireless communication links with a single aperture pair by transmitting multiple coaxial data streams. Here we demonstrate a 32-Gbit s(-1) millimetre-wave link over 2.5 metres with a spectral efficiency of ~16 bit s(-1) Hz(-1) using four independent orbital-angular momentum beams on each of two polarizations. All eight orbital angular momentum channels are recovered with bit-error rates below 3.8 × 10(-3). In addition, we demonstrate a millimetre-wave orbital angular momentum mode demultiplexer to demultiplex four orbital...

Laser phase noise effects in fiber-optic signal processors with recirculating loops

Optics Letters, 1983

The power spectrum of the optical intensity at the output of a single-mode-fiber recirculating de... more The power spectrum of the optical intensity at the output of a single-mode-fiber recirculating delay line driven by a multimode semiconductor laser is shown to exhibit a spectral structure with notches at zero frequency as well as at other multiples of 1/(loop delay). A theoretical model based on laser phase noise is suggested to explain the experimental data.

Numerical solutions for the fourth moment of a finite beam propagating in a random medium

Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 1985

Numerical solutions of the.fourth-moment differential equation are obtained for a finite, initial... more Numerical solutions of the.fourth-moment differential equation are obtained for a finite, initially Gaussian beam propagating in a. two-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic random medium with a Gaussian correlation function. In addition to the covariance of the intensity fluctuations, the full spatial dependence of the fourth moment of the propagating field is described for several beam diameters and propagation lengths. 2 () denotes ensemble averaging) (1) (J2 with the propagation distance and/or the strength of the refractive-index fluctuations. Experimentally, it has been shown that xoi2 saturates at a value of the order of unity,' 4 and therefore perturbation techniques are useful only when ac2 < 1. One of the first theoretical treatments that showed that the fourth-moment equation is capable of predicting saturation was a numerical study 9 that was followed by other numerical solutionsl0-' 2 and various asymptotic results. 6-8 Recently, a two-scale approximation algorithm was developed' 5-' 7 that has produced results that are in close agreement with available numerical solutions for plane-wave propagation in a two-dimensional random medium characterized by either a Gaussian 12 "1 5

Phase induced intensity noise in concatenated fiber-optic delay lines

Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1988

... The total source-independent power spectrum is given by Sdf) = saa,&amp;amp;f) + Sab,B(f)... more

Implementation of Photonic True Time Delay Using High-Order-Mode Dispersion Compensating Fibers

IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2004

DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of t... more DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the "Taverne" license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement:

Simple real-time noise removal in intensified low-light-level television images

Applied Optics, 1992

A simple and novel real-time interframe operator substantially reduces short-lived noisy scintill... more