To identify recurrent problems affecting performance, initiate midstrem remedial actions, and pre... more To identify recurrent problems affecting performance, initiate midstrem remedial actions, and prepare a follow-up strategy for addressing tesettiement more effectively. 11. Rather than being carried out as a desk-bound and static stock-taldng exercise, this review was deliberatewly designed as a broad process of resettlement analysis in the field, carried out by the Bank's relevant regional and central units jointly with the Borrowers. 7he main product of Xhs comprehensive review is not sinply its final repoiz but the process that the revew triggred throughout 1993 across the Bank and on the ground. The review process consisted of intensified field superviion, analysis of project preparation, appraisal, supervision, and implementation, on-site consultations with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), sectoral resettlement studies, development of new technical tools for resettlement planning, and a considerable number of joint remedial actions initiated by the Bank and the Borrowers for projects fafling to meet set objectives. ' See W'afdD awlPRepon, 1994 (_tghcomlng) fDr a detaited disusn.
This book compiles the outcomes of several studies and presentations, some of which were presente... more This book compiles the outcomes of several studies and presentations, some of which were presented at workshops sponsored by the World Bank and the Ministry of Communications, Infrastructure and Housing through the Vice Ministry of Housing. They bring together extremely valuable information on the experiences of credit given for housing to lower-income groups which, as will be highlighted, has proved an excellent credit risk. This book will help to strengthen the low-income housing sector as it demonstrates the need to broaden the dialogue and to increase support for lower-income families that require financing to improve or to build housing and basic infrastructure, and, further, to promote participation of the banking institutions with their experience and technology. It has become evident that one of the stumbling blocks for the banking sector to give credit to low-income families is the collateral required, such as ownership titles, guarantors or the borrower's financial ass...
This book compiles the outcomes of several studies and presentations, some of which were presente... more This book compiles the outcomes of several studies and presentations, some of which were presented at workshops sponsored by the World Bank and the Ministry of Communications, Infrastructure and Housing through the Vice Ministry of Housing. They bring together extremely valuable information on the experiences of credit given for housing to lower-income groups which, as will be highlighted, has proved an excellent credit risk. This book will help to strengthen the low-income housing sector as it demonstrates the need to broaden the dialogue and to increase support for lower-income families that require financing to improve or to build housing and basic infrastructure, and, further, to promote participation of the banking institutions with their experience and technology. It has become evident that one of the stumbling blocks for the banking sector to give credit to low-income families is the collateral required, such as ownership titles, guarantors or the borrower's financial ass...
... seleciona. para imprimir. Texto completo. Id: 17381. Autor: Solo, Tova María. Título: Proveed... more ... seleciona. para imprimir. Texto completo. Id: 17381. Autor: Solo, Tova María. Título: Proveedores independientes de agua potable en América Latina, el otro sector privado de los servicios deabastecimiento de agua. Fonte: Lima; PNUD; may. 2003. 34 p. Ilus. Idioma: Es. ...
Public Policy for the Private Sector. Viewpoint Note, 1998
In water and sanitation there has always been a belief that the sector has a high degree of natur... more In water and sanitation there has always been a belief that the sector has a high degree of natural monopoly. But competition is widespread at the low-income end of the retail level in developing countries. There are no inherent monopoly characteristics in, for example, reselling water by the bucket. This Note explores the diversity of small scale entrepreneurs and their role in meeting unserved niches of the water and sanitation market. Indeed, small enterprises often account for a larger share of the market than incumbent utilities and they are well placed to complement and even compete with trunk concessions and public companies in tailoring services to the poor. So in designing concessions or any long term rules for the sector, governments should take account of existing or potential small providers. In most cities in developing countries, more than WATER VENDORS, COMPETITION, AND CONCESSIONS half the population gets basic w ater service from suppliers other than the incumbent official util-While small-scale private suppliers are sometimes accused of ity. Recent studies of water supply service in monopoly pricing and poor water quality, this does not appear to be Ethiopia, Guatemala, Paraguay, Mlali, Mauritania, the general case. Recent studies of private water vendors in Haiti, Yemen, and Senegal suggest that entre-Guatemala and Paraguay show competition holds prices down to a preneurs in water and sanitation, responding to aximumof 2.5timesand.4 times theoficial utility price,s fr from local conclitions and competing for market niches, take a wide range of forms.
This paper examines the ways in which lower-income households obtain basic financial services in ... more This paper examines the ways in which lower-income households obtain basic financial services in urban communities in the United States and in Mexico. In addition, the paper discusses the efforts that private sector and government organizations are making to lower the cost or improve the quality of those services. It summarizes available information on these issues and assesses the rationale and challenges facing the strategies that both countries are employing to improve the financial services available to lower-income households, giving particular attention to "unbanked" households, meaning households that do not have deposit accounts with any regulated deposit-taking institution, and also to lower-income households in large urban areas. In comparing the experiences of the two countries the paper reviews the extent to which lower-income households are unbanked, their use of non-bank financial services, and strategies for improving financial services to the unbanked. The underlying differences between the countries' typical household incomes -national income per capita in Mexico in 2002 was U.
W hen I speak of a Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) for Latin America, I mean a mechanism that mo... more W hen I speak of a Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) for Latin America, I mean a mechanism that monitors and makes bank activities public. Thanks to CRA, we know where banks lend, to whom they lend (by income, raceethnicity, and gender), and to what degree these customers reflect the profiles of the banks’ depositors. We can detect discriminatory policies toward the poor in both lending and deposits. The CRA has also created incentives for banks and other financial institutions to increase their presence in and their services to low-income neighborhoods. CRA was conceived in the 1970s mainly to identify and to combat "redlining" in U.S. communities. Redlining was a common banking practice of labeling certain neighborhoods undesirable (mainly black and low-income areas). By withholding their services, banks accelerated the physical and economic deterioration in these stigmatized communities, the “urban ghettos,” as they were known at the time. This disinvestment contributed ...
La informacion recopilada en estudios efectuados en los ultimos cuatro anos en Ciudad de Mexico, ... more La informacion recopilada en estudios efectuados en los ultimos cuatro anos en Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico (Distrito Federal), Bogota, Colombia y en varias ciudades de Brasil sugiere que entre 65% y 85% de los hogares de estos paises “no tiene acceso a un banco”, es decir no mantiene ningun tipo de cuenta de ahorro o deposito o de transacciones en ninguna institucion financiera del sector formal1. Como se aprecia en la Figura 1, las proporciones en los paises desarrollados difieren drasticamente. No es de sorprenderse que en todos los paises por igual, los que no tienen acceso a un banco tienen tambien otras caracteristicas de marginalidad: bajos ingresos, bajos niveles de educacion y, en los paises desarrollados, altas tasas entre las poblaciones de inmigrantes y las minorias. La exclusion financiera obstaculiza el desarrollo economico tanto a nivel macro como micro
Una serie regular de notas destacando las lecciones recientes del programa operacional y analític... more Una serie regular de notas destacando las lecciones recientes del programa operacional y analítico de la Región de América Latina y el Caribe, del Banco Mundial.
is a Consultant working in the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department of the Latin ... more is a Consultant working in the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department of the Latin American and the Caribbean Region.
The High Cost of Being Unbanked Data from Mexico, Colombia and Brazil shows urban poor pay large ... more The High Cost of Being Unbanked Data from Mexico, Colombia and Brazil shows urban poor pay large portion of income for basic financial services By Tova Solo, LCSFU Micro-economists and students of socioeconomic data often refer to a "vicious circle" of poverty, reflecting the way the poor tend to pay more for basic services, (water, sanitation, etc.), for basic needs (shopping piecemeal in poor neighborhoods is more costly than buying in bulk supermarkets) and for transportation or in travel time (low-income neighborhoods tend to be located far from the work, schools and markets). New data is showing how the poor also pay more for financial services. These costs can cut significantly into already meager earnings, since the "unbanked" as a group overlap with low-income groups, adding to the difficulties of escaping from the vicious circle and moving towards upward mobility.
... by Diana Ortiz and Tova Maria Solo ... From the Environmental Development Cluster (LCSEN), Ir... more ... by Diana Ortiz and Tova Maria Solo ... From the Environmental Development Cluster (LCSEN), Irina Klytchnakova describes the findings of her research and application of economic modeling to Panama's ecotourism industry in a paper titled “How Tourism Can (and Does) Benefit ...
... Surveys of the literature on financial intermediation and poverty reduction conclude that dev... more ... Surveys of the literature on financial intermediation and poverty reduction conclude that development of the financial sector contributes to economic growth and thereby to poverty alleviation (Holden and Prokopenko, 2001.) ...
To identify recurrent problems affecting performance, initiate midstrem remedial actions, and pre... more To identify recurrent problems affecting performance, initiate midstrem remedial actions, and prepare a follow-up strategy for addressing tesettiement more effectively. 11. Rather than being carried out as a desk-bound and static stock-taldng exercise, this review was deliberatewly designed as a broad process of resettlement analysis in the field, carried out by the Bank's relevant regional and central units jointly with the Borrowers. 7he main product of Xhs comprehensive review is not sinply its final repoiz but the process that the revew triggred throughout 1993 across the Bank and on the ground. The review process consisted of intensified field superviion, analysis of project preparation, appraisal, supervision, and implementation, on-site consultations with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), sectoral resettlement studies, development of new technical tools for resettlement planning, and a considerable number of joint remedial actions initiated by the Bank and the Borrowers for projects fafling to meet set objectives. ' See W'afdD awlPRepon, 1994 (_tghcomlng) fDr a detaited disusn.
This book compiles the outcomes of several studies and presentations, some of which were presente... more This book compiles the outcomes of several studies and presentations, some of which were presented at workshops sponsored by the World Bank and the Ministry of Communications, Infrastructure and Housing through the Vice Ministry of Housing. They bring together extremely valuable information on the experiences of credit given for housing to lower-income groups which, as will be highlighted, has proved an excellent credit risk. This book will help to strengthen the low-income housing sector as it demonstrates the need to broaden the dialogue and to increase support for lower-income families that require financing to improve or to build housing and basic infrastructure, and, further, to promote participation of the banking institutions with their experience and technology. It has become evident that one of the stumbling blocks for the banking sector to give credit to low-income families is the collateral required, such as ownership titles, guarantors or the borrower's financial ass...
This book compiles the outcomes of several studies and presentations, some of which were presente... more This book compiles the outcomes of several studies and presentations, some of which were presented at workshops sponsored by the World Bank and the Ministry of Communications, Infrastructure and Housing through the Vice Ministry of Housing. They bring together extremely valuable information on the experiences of credit given for housing to lower-income groups which, as will be highlighted, has proved an excellent credit risk. This book will help to strengthen the low-income housing sector as it demonstrates the need to broaden the dialogue and to increase support for lower-income families that require financing to improve or to build housing and basic infrastructure, and, further, to promote participation of the banking institutions with their experience and technology. It has become evident that one of the stumbling blocks for the banking sector to give credit to low-income families is the collateral required, such as ownership titles, guarantors or the borrower's financial ass...
... seleciona. para imprimir. Texto completo. Id: 17381. Autor: Solo, Tova María. Título: Proveed... more ... seleciona. para imprimir. Texto completo. Id: 17381. Autor: Solo, Tova María. Título: Proveedores independientes de agua potable en América Latina, el otro sector privado de los servicios deabastecimiento de agua. Fonte: Lima; PNUD; may. 2003. 34 p. Ilus. Idioma: Es. ...
Public Policy for the Private Sector. Viewpoint Note, 1998
In water and sanitation there has always been a belief that the sector has a high degree of natur... more In water and sanitation there has always been a belief that the sector has a high degree of natural monopoly. But competition is widespread at the low-income end of the retail level in developing countries. There are no inherent monopoly characteristics in, for example, reselling water by the bucket. This Note explores the diversity of small scale entrepreneurs and their role in meeting unserved niches of the water and sanitation market. Indeed, small enterprises often account for a larger share of the market than incumbent utilities and they are well placed to complement and even compete with trunk concessions and public companies in tailoring services to the poor. So in designing concessions or any long term rules for the sector, governments should take account of existing or potential small providers. In most cities in developing countries, more than WATER VENDORS, COMPETITION, AND CONCESSIONS half the population gets basic w ater service from suppliers other than the incumbent official util-While small-scale private suppliers are sometimes accused of ity. Recent studies of water supply service in monopoly pricing and poor water quality, this does not appear to be Ethiopia, Guatemala, Paraguay, Mlali, Mauritania, the general case. Recent studies of private water vendors in Haiti, Yemen, and Senegal suggest that entre-Guatemala and Paraguay show competition holds prices down to a preneurs in water and sanitation, responding to aximumof 2.5timesand.4 times theoficial utility price,s fr from local conclitions and competing for market niches, take a wide range of forms.
This paper examines the ways in which lower-income households obtain basic financial services in ... more This paper examines the ways in which lower-income households obtain basic financial services in urban communities in the United States and in Mexico. In addition, the paper discusses the efforts that private sector and government organizations are making to lower the cost or improve the quality of those services. It summarizes available information on these issues and assesses the rationale and challenges facing the strategies that both countries are employing to improve the financial services available to lower-income households, giving particular attention to "unbanked" households, meaning households that do not have deposit accounts with any regulated deposit-taking institution, and also to lower-income households in large urban areas. In comparing the experiences of the two countries the paper reviews the extent to which lower-income households are unbanked, their use of non-bank financial services, and strategies for improving financial services to the unbanked. The underlying differences between the countries' typical household incomes -national income per capita in Mexico in 2002 was U.
W hen I speak of a Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) for Latin America, I mean a mechanism that mo... more W hen I speak of a Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) for Latin America, I mean a mechanism that monitors and makes bank activities public. Thanks to CRA, we know where banks lend, to whom they lend (by income, raceethnicity, and gender), and to what degree these customers reflect the profiles of the banks’ depositors. We can detect discriminatory policies toward the poor in both lending and deposits. The CRA has also created incentives for banks and other financial institutions to increase their presence in and their services to low-income neighborhoods. CRA was conceived in the 1970s mainly to identify and to combat "redlining" in U.S. communities. Redlining was a common banking practice of labeling certain neighborhoods undesirable (mainly black and low-income areas). By withholding their services, banks accelerated the physical and economic deterioration in these stigmatized communities, the “urban ghettos,” as they were known at the time. This disinvestment contributed ...
La informacion recopilada en estudios efectuados en los ultimos cuatro anos en Ciudad de Mexico, ... more La informacion recopilada en estudios efectuados en los ultimos cuatro anos en Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico (Distrito Federal), Bogota, Colombia y en varias ciudades de Brasil sugiere que entre 65% y 85% de los hogares de estos paises “no tiene acceso a un banco”, es decir no mantiene ningun tipo de cuenta de ahorro o deposito o de transacciones en ninguna institucion financiera del sector formal1. Como se aprecia en la Figura 1, las proporciones en los paises desarrollados difieren drasticamente. No es de sorprenderse que en todos los paises por igual, los que no tienen acceso a un banco tienen tambien otras caracteristicas de marginalidad: bajos ingresos, bajos niveles de educacion y, en los paises desarrollados, altas tasas entre las poblaciones de inmigrantes y las minorias. La exclusion financiera obstaculiza el desarrollo economico tanto a nivel macro como micro
Una serie regular de notas destacando las lecciones recientes del programa operacional y analític... more Una serie regular de notas destacando las lecciones recientes del programa operacional y analítico de la Región de América Latina y el Caribe, del Banco Mundial.
is a Consultant working in the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department of the Latin ... more is a Consultant working in the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department of the Latin American and the Caribbean Region.
The High Cost of Being Unbanked Data from Mexico, Colombia and Brazil shows urban poor pay large ... more The High Cost of Being Unbanked Data from Mexico, Colombia and Brazil shows urban poor pay large portion of income for basic financial services By Tova Solo, LCSFU Micro-economists and students of socioeconomic data often refer to a "vicious circle" of poverty, reflecting the way the poor tend to pay more for basic services, (water, sanitation, etc.), for basic needs (shopping piecemeal in poor neighborhoods is more costly than buying in bulk supermarkets) and for transportation or in travel time (low-income neighborhoods tend to be located far from the work, schools and markets). New data is showing how the poor also pay more for financial services. These costs can cut significantly into already meager earnings, since the "unbanked" as a group overlap with low-income groups, adding to the difficulties of escaping from the vicious circle and moving towards upward mobility.
... by Diana Ortiz and Tova Maria Solo ... From the Environmental Development Cluster (LCSEN), Ir... more ... by Diana Ortiz and Tova Maria Solo ... From the Environmental Development Cluster (LCSEN), Irina Klytchnakova describes the findings of her research and application of economic modeling to Panama's ecotourism industry in a paper titled “How Tourism Can (and Does) Benefit ...
... Surveys of the literature on financial intermediation and poverty reduction conclude that dev... more ... Surveys of the literature on financial intermediation and poverty reduction conclude that development of the financial sector contributes to economic growth and thereby to poverty alleviation (Holden and Prokopenko, 2001.) ...
Environment Department Papers, Resettlement Series, Mar 1996
The Bankwide Resettlement Review was initiated in 1992 to encompass all projects with resettlemen... more The Bankwide Resettlement Review was initiated in 1992 to encompass all projects with resettlement in the Bank's portfolio between 1986 and 1993 and to assess consistency between policy and operations. The Bankwide review was assigned to the Environment Department in the Environmentally Sustainable Development Vice Presidency (ESD); the Environment Department established a Task Force to coordinate the review and carry it out jointly with the regional departments. Each of the Bank's operational regions and the Bank's Legal Department formed resettlement review working groups. All regions prepared comprehensive analytical reports on their resettlement portfolios, and these formed he basis of this report. Contributions were also received from the Bank's central Vice Presidencies.
The three objectives of the resettlement review were:
(1) To ascertain the scale of involuntary resettlement in the Bank's portfolio, and determine regional and sectoral trends and composition.
(2) To analyze ongoing resettlement programs for their quality, consistency with policy, and outcomes.
(3) To identify recurrent problems affecting performance, initiate midstream remedial actions, and prepare a follow-up strategy for addressing resettlement more effectively.
Rather than being carried out as a desk-bound and static stock-taking exercise this review was deliberately designed as a broad process of resettlement analysis in the field, carried out by the Bank's relevant regional and central units jointly with the Borrowers. The main product of this comprehensive review is not simply its final report, but the process that the review triggered throughout 1993 across the Bank and on the ground. The review process consisted of intensified field supervision, analysis of project preparation, appraisal, supervision, and implementation, on-site consultation with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), sectoral resettlement studies, development of new technical tools for resettlement planning, and a considerable number of joint remedial actions initiated by the Bank and the Borrowers for projects failing to meet set objectives.
Affordable Housing in Turkey-Looking for a solution when there was no problem… And the workshop d... more Affordable Housing in Turkey-Looking for a solution when there was no problem… And the workshop didn't help… It was 1995 and the World Bank was in dialogue with Turkey to develop a loan for affordable housing and I was on the World Bank's project team. The Bank supported a housing strategy, widely touted by International Development Experts, known as " Progressive Development, " or, as in the MIT website on the subject, " Incremental Housing, " of which the Turkish housing experts, alas, had never heard. Progressive development took its inspiration from Latin America's informal housing, built up over time by low-income families outside the city-proper. The World Bank had supported progressive development projects throughout Latin America, Africa and Asia. Fiji was my boss's latest example of the Bank's lending to governments which then provided serviced lots, sometimes with a small " starter " home to the beneficiary households who went on building from there. Those who didn't benefit from government projects – the vast majority of Latin American families-found lots on the urban outskirts or unbuildable parts of a city which lacked roads, water, sewers and electricity. Such lots could be had cheap, or even taken over with some political assistance, but they were also considered illegal. Turkey, on the other hand, did not have a history of informal housing. The private sector produced housing for all income levels, remarkably enough, without help from government or from banks. " Yap-sachi " – independent builders – pooled their clients into housing cooperatives, or families formed cooperatives and found a yap-sachi who then designed and costed out condominium buildings with apartments to fit each of the member families. The cooperative paid the yap-sachi for the land purchase and construction over time. The Yap-sachi housing in Turkey took an average of 5 to 10 years to deliver, but they provided legal and fully-serviced housing far faster than the Latin American systems. And Turkey had no informal settlements or squatters. We might have put together a project which supported the yap-sachi in their work, but in truth, we didn't know about the Yap-sachi and the government officials were looking for ways to produce government housing. For the World Bank progressive development offered an alternative to traditional public sector housing projects. So we put together a workshop in Ankara for Mexican and Turkish experts to share experiences with low-income housing, with the idea, of course, that our Turkish clients would buy into progressive development based on the Mexican model. Turkey and Mexico had the same median income and the governments of both countries were interested in supporting affordable housing for low-income families. At the time, Mexico was into its third national housing project financed by the World Bank to a total tune of more than half a billion dollars. Could Turkey be the next big-time borrower for affordable housing? The workshop was key. So as its principal objective, the workshop held sessions in which our Mexican delegates explained to the Turks in attendance, how progressive development worked and showed them pictures of projects the World Bank had financed in Mexico. But the Mexicans spoke in Spanish and the Turks in Turkish. We tried and failed to find any Spanish/Turkish translators in Ankara. But we did find Spanish/French translators and also French/Turkish translators, as well as some French/English translators for the officials in attendance from the World Bank (which was paying for the show.)
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The three objectives of the resettlement review were:
(1) To ascertain the scale of involuntary resettlement in the Bank's portfolio, and determine regional and sectoral trends and composition.
(2) To analyze ongoing resettlement programs for their quality, consistency with policy, and outcomes.
(3) To identify recurrent problems affecting performance, initiate midstream remedial actions, and prepare a follow-up strategy for addressing resettlement more effectively.
Rather than being carried out as a desk-bound and static stock-taking exercise this review was deliberately designed as a broad process of resettlement analysis in the field, carried out by the Bank's relevant regional and central units jointly with the Borrowers. The main product of this comprehensive review is not simply its final report, but the process that the review triggered throughout 1993 across the Bank and on the ground. The review process consisted of intensified field supervision, analysis of project preparation, appraisal, supervision, and implementation, on-site consultation with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), sectoral resettlement studies, development of new technical tools for resettlement planning, and a considerable number of joint remedial actions initiated by the Bank and the Borrowers for projects failing to meet set objectives.