In a paper recently published in the international peer-reviewed journal Energy & Fuels, Dr. Robe... more In a paper recently published in the international peer-reviewed journal Energy & Fuels, Dr. Robert H. Essenhigh (2009), Professor of Energy Conversion at The Ohio State University, addresses the residence time (RT) of anthropogenic CO2 in the air. He finds that the RT for bulk atmospheric CO2, the molecule 12CO2, is ~5 years, in good agreement with other cited sources (Segalstad, 1998), while the RT for the trace molecule 14CO2 is ~16 years. Both of these residence times are much shorter than what is claimed by the IPCC. The rising concentration of atmospheric CO2 in the last century is not consistent with supply from anthropogenic sources. Such anthropogenic sources account for less than 5% of the present atmosphere, compared to the major input/output from natural sources (~95%). Hence, anthropogenic CO2 is too small to be a significant or relevant factor in the global warming process, particularly when comparing with the far more potent greenhouse gas water vapor. The rising atmospheric CO2 is the outcome of rising temperature rather than vice versa. Correspondingly, Dr. Essenhigh concludes that the politically driven target of capture and sequestration of carbon from combustion sources would be a major and pointless waste of physical and financial resources.V.
An unusual Ti-rich oxide mineral of composition Sre.21REEs.26Sis.a3Ti1a.0oFe3.5sV1.2s Cr1.5sO3s h... more An unusual Ti-rich oxide mineral of composition Sre.21REEs.26Sis.a3Ti1a.0oFe3.5sV1.2s Cr1.5sO3s has been found in an anatase-albitite dike at Oslo, Norway. The mineral is metamict because of a small Th content, and contains abundant water (12.14 wt.Vo\.It is black with a metallic to adamantine luster and gives a black-brown streak. The Mohs hardness is 6. The reflectivity is 17.0-17.4% (546 nm) in air, weakly anisotropic. Heating in air or nitrogen gives X-ray powder lines of rutile (7fi), 8fi), and 900"C) or brannerite (10fi) and 12fi)'C). The chemistry of the mineral resembles that of crichtonite.
Chevkinite has been found in three localities of syenite pegmatite in the Oslo region, one of whi... more Chevkinite has been found in three localities of syenite pegmatite in the Oslo region, one of which also carries perrierite. The perrierite and chevkinite do not coexist. The perrierite contains a loparite (with pyrophanite) core. The unheated chevkinites and perrierite gave no X-ray diffraction patterns, due to their metamict state. All chevkinites show well-developed chevkinite X-ray patterns when heated in air, but in the sample with Ce) La the chevkinite pattern is weak and a strong CeO2 pattern is also present. Unit-cell dimensions correspond with cell paramoters given in the literature. The chemical compositions of the chevkinites and perrierite investigated were found to be relatively uniform and suited the lormula,{ ,BCrSirO*2 wherezl:
The Drammen granite batholith is situated in the central part of the Permian Oslo Rift, Norway, a... more The Drammen granite batholith is situated in the central part of the Permian Oslo Rift, Norway, and contains intrawagmatic quartz-vein deposits of MoS2. Sulfur isotopes of MoS2 (C~34ScDT 0.3-3.2%0) indicate a mainly magmatic source with a possible input of sulfur from surrounding Precambrian rock. Oxygen isotopes of vein quartz (d' aOsMow 8.5-9.6%0) indicate a mix of meteoric and magmatic water. Fluid inclusion gas analyses of vein and miarolitic quartz indicate that inclusion fluids generally have a low sulfur content (S<0.01 mole°/0) and sulfur is principally in the oxidized form. Reduced sulfur was found only in fluid inclusions from the MoS2-bearing veins. Lack of significant MoS, mineralization in the Drammen granite is attributed to both low levels and oxidized nature of sulfur in hydrothermal solutions. Total sulfur and H2S/SO2 ratios of fluid ~nclusion analyses are indicated to be an effective guide to Mo mineralization.
We have analyzed the trace-element and isotopic composition of a series of lavas and their consti... more We have analyzed the trace-element and isotopic composition of a series of lavas and their constituent pyroxenes and calcite from near the town of Skien in the Permo-Carboniferous Oslo Rift. The series decreases in alkalinity upsection: the lowermost layaS are n~heli~t~, followed by basanites and finally alkali basalts. This sequence is accompanied by decreasing light ram earth element (LREE), Th, Nb and U concentrations. Nd isotopic change is strongly correlated with the petrologic and chemical evolution. The nephelinites are characterized by cNd (300 Ma) of 1.0 to 1.6, the basanites 1.9 to 2.2 and the alkali basalts 2.4 to 3.9. cSr (300 Ma) ranges from-10 to-15 and shows little change from one group to the next. Calcite segregations in the basaltic rocks show 6'-'C =-2.825, 6'*0 = 7.7 to 9.6%, tsr =-6.5 to-9.9 and Q.+, = 0 to +2, values which are compatible with formation from magmatic CO, exsolved from a mantle-derived silicate melt. The Sr isotope values are unradiogenic relative to Nd for the nephelinites, causing these samples to fall to the lefthand side of most rn~tl~~y~ rocks on a eNd vs. 6sr diagram. They are similar to rocks from "high p" (HIMU) sources and the recently proposed "LoNd array" f HART et al., 1986). The alkali basal&, with their higher cNd, lie close to the mantle array for 300 Ma ago and resemble tholeiitic magmatism in the Oslo Rift. We interpret these trends as representing evolution in which the earliest magmas were derived from a source with HIMU-LoNd characteristics, and successive magmas gradually acquired the more dominant mantle isotopic composition. Model age calculations permit either 1) that the nephelinite source was originally depleted then subsequently re-enriched in LREE or 2) that the nephelinite source was primitive with respect to Nd but had undergone Rb depletion. The nearby Fen carbonatite complex is about 250 Ma older than Skien and its em is slightly more positive. A direct ~~tion~ip between Fen and Skien would favor the first hypothesis.
Petrology of the Skien Basaltic Rocks and the Early Basaltic (B1) Volcanism of the Permian Oslo Rift
Springer eBooks, 1978
A pile of Permian continental basaltic rocks at least 1500 m thick occurs near Skien, some 100 km... more A pile of Permian continental basaltic rocks at least 1500 m thick occurs near Skien, some 100 km SW of Oslo. The pile consists of numerous thin (1–5 m) flows dipping towards the NE. Most flows are porphyric, and amygdules are abundant. Flows of melanite-ankaramite form the lower two third of the basalt pile, and flows of basanite form the upper one third. The basaltic rocks evolved from an assumed olivine-nephelinitic magma at great depths, principally by clinopyroxene crystal fractionation accompanied by later olivine and perhaps melilite reactions at moderate pressure in minor, shallow magma chambers. Chemical analyses of the Oslo B1 basalts show increasing differentiation/evolution with time, from SW towards NE. Assuming one primary magma source, this can be explained by the rise and movement of magma along the rift during its development, or by mantle plume activity associated with movement of the lithosphere.
The pile of Pegi#~r~ continental basaltic rocks near Skien has a minimum thickness of | 500 m, di... more The pile of Pegi#~r~ continental basaltic rocks near Skien has a minimum thickness of | 500 m, dipping 40 ~ towards NE, coasistir~g ~3f several thin lava flows. Most flows are porphyric, though both tufts and aphyric flows occur to a lesser extent. Amysd~!es ~ abundant and a characteristic feature. The flows~ in the lower 2/3 of the basalt pile are mainly cl&ssified as melanite-ankar~ite, some in the middle part as melanite-nephelinite; and the upper 113 of the flows as basanite. The basaJfic rocks evolved from an assumed olivine-nephelinitic magma at great depths principally by clinopyroxcae crystal fractionation accompanied by later olivine and maybe melilite reactions at moderate pressure in minor shallower magma chambers.
Chevkinite has been found in three localities of syenite pegmatite in the Oslo region, one of whi... more Chevkinite has been found in three localities of syenite pegmatite in the Oslo region, one of which also carries perrierite. The perrierite and chevkinite do not coexist. The perrierite contains a loparite (with pyrophanite) core. The unheated chevkinites and perrierite gave no X-ray diffraction patterns, due to their metamict state. All chevkinites show well-developed chevkinite X-ray patterns when heated in air, but in the sample with Ce) La the chevkinite pattern is weak and a strong CeO2 pattern is also present. Unit-cell dimensions correspond with cell paramoters given in the literature. The chemical compositions of the chevkinites and perrierite investigated were found to be relatively uniform and suited the lormula,{ ,BCrSirO*2 wherezl:
Janslti et al ., 1989 2 Calculated from a total mass of marine biota of 1x1018 g (Nriagu, 1978) a... more Janslti et al ., 1989 2 Calculated from a total mass of marine biota of 1x1018 g (Nriagu, 1978) and from carbon concentration in these biota assumed to be the same as in terrestrial mamm als, i.e •. 0.23 gram carbon per gram body weight (ICRP, 1975). ' l Ablation 58 Accumulatlon rate 41, 43, 49 Acid 31 Acidity 25 Adsorption 25 Age of air 42, 43 of lee 41 uncertainty 42 Air 33 Air age 41, 42, 43
An unusual Ti-rich oxide mineral of composition Sre.21REEs.26Sis.a3Ti1a.0oFe3.5sV1.2s Cr1.5sO3s h... more An unusual Ti-rich oxide mineral of composition Sre.21REEs.26Sis.a3Ti1a.0oFe3.5sV1.2s Cr1.5sO3s has been found in an anatase-albitite dike at Oslo, Norway. The mineral is metamict because of a small Th content, and contains abundant water (12.14 wt.Vo\.It is black with a metallic to adamantine luster and gives a black-brown streak. The Mohs hardness is 6. The reflectivity is 17.0-17.4% (546 nm) in air, weakly anisotropic. Heating in air or nitrogen gives X-ray powder lines of rutile (7fi), 8fi), and 900"C) or brannerite (10fi) and 12fi)'C). The chemistry of the mineral resembles that of crichtonite.
Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation, 2006
Norway has a long history of mining dating back to the Akersberg silver mine in Oslo about 1000 y... more Norway has a long history of mining dating back to the Akersberg silver mine in Oslo about 1000 years ago. Larger-scale mining for copper and sulfur became common in the early 1600s. There is no active mining of massive sulfide deposits in Norway today; but the operations have left behind tailings, waste rocks and adits that in many cases discharge low-pH, metal-laden waste streams. Three of the Norwegian sulfide mines (Røros, Råna, and Sulitjelma) where mitigation has taken place, but metal release is still evident are discussed in this paper. The Røros Mining District consists of many massive sulfide deposits mined primarily for copper with minor lead and zinc. Some of the tailings dams have been reclaimed, while others have been left open exposed to weathering. Evidence of oxidation appears in the upper ½ meter in one of the uncovered tailings dams, closed 30 years ago, where pH is 2.5 at the surface increasing to a pH 6 at 70 cm depth. These tailings contain silicate minerals that most likely have a neutralizing potential. The Råna mining area consist of a few smaller massive deposits and a recently closed (2002) nickel deposit associated with a mafic intrusive. Tailings from the nickel mine were emplaced along the shore line. Closure of the tailings included a soil cover 10-20 cm thick. Preliminary investigations indicate that this cover is not efficiently reducing the oxidation of sulfide minerals. Magnesium silicate minerals are most likely, however, neutralizing the acid generated from pyrrhotite, the main sulfide in the ore. The Sulitjelma Mining District also consists of many massive sulfide deposits mined until 1991. Reclamation of the mining district includes a one meter cover on the tailings dam and the discharge of ARD into old underground mine workings. This has resulted in a mass loading reduction of 80-90%. Characterization of these sites has primarily focused on surface water quality, and in some instances, groundwater quality. The water quality data combined with mineralogical, geochemical, and hydrogeological data of the ore deposit and waste material can be used to improve mitigation, resulting in better control of metal release.
The three evidences of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2 (IPCC), tha... more The three evidences of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2 (IPCC), that the apparent contemporary atmospheric CO increase is anthropogenic, 22 is discussed and rejected: CO measurements from ice cores; CO measurements in air; and carbon isotope data in conjunction with carbon cycle modelling. It is shown why the ice core method and its results must be rejected; and that 2 current air CO measurements are not validated and their results subjectively "edited". Further it is shown that carbon cycle modelling based on non-equilibrium models, remote from observed reality and chemical laws, made to fit non-representative data through the use of non-linear ocean evasion "buffer" correction factors constructed from a preconceived idea, constitute a circular argument and with no scientific validity. 2 Both radioactive and stable carbon isotopes show that the real atmospheric CO 2 residence time (lifetime) is only about 5 years, and that the amount of fossil-fuel CO 2 in the atmosphere is maximum 4%. Any CO level rise beyond this can only come from a much larger, but natural, carbon reservoir with much higher 13-C/12-C isotope ratio than that of the fossil fuel pool, namely from the ocean, and/or the lithosphere, and/or the Earth's interior. 2 The apparent annual atmospheric CO level increase, postulated to be 2 anthropogenic, would constitute only some 0.2% of the total annual amount of CO exchanged naturally between the atmosphere and the ocean plus other natural sources 2 and sinks. It is more probable that such a small ripple in the annual natural flow of CO would be caused by natural fluctuations of geophysical processes. 13-C/12-C isotope mass balance calculations show that IPCC's atmospheric 2 residence time of 50-200 years make the atmosphere too light (50% of its current CO mass) to fit its measured 13-C/12-C isotope ratio. This proves why IPCC's wrong model creates its artificial 50% "missing sink". IPCC's 50% inexplicable "missing sink" of about 3 giga-tonnes carbon annually should have led all governments to reject IPCC's model. 2 When such rejection has not yet occurred, it beautifully shows the result of the "scarethem-to-death" influence principle. IPCC's "Greenhouse Effect Global Warming" dogma rests on invalid presumptions and a rejectable non-realistic carbon cycle modelling which simply refutes reality, like the existence of carbonated beer or soda "pop" as we know it.
Karl overforskjellige type,. pegmatiuer i T¢rda/~om,.iJdet. Pegmatitter er bergarter som bestar a... more Karl overforskjellige type,. pegmatiuer i T¢rda/~om,.iJdet. Pegmatitter er bergarter som bestar av store mineraler, med mineralstl'lrrelser fra flere em til flere meter. De store krystallene er attraktive i industri-sammenheng. Feltspat, kvarts og glimmer er vanlig autvi nne fra pegmatitter. Imidlertid kan pegmatitter ogsa vrere rike pa sjeldne grunnstoffer som har deltatt i dannelsen av sjeldne mineraler. Derfor er pegmatitter viktige rastoffkilder for sjeldne grunnstoffer, og naturligvis viktige mal for mineralsamlere.
Until 1985 most studies of CO2 in gas inclusions in pre-industrial ice indicated that CO 2 concen... more Until 1985 most studies of CO2 in gas inclusions in pre-industrial ice indicated that CO 2 concentrations (up to 2450 ppm) were higher than the current atmospheric level. After 1985, lower pre-industrial CO 2 values were reported, and used as evidence for a recent man-made CO2 increase. The errors in these revised values, however, are of a similar magnitude to the apparent increase in atmospheric CO 2 level. The assumptions used in estimating lower CO 2 values in past atmospheres have been: no liquid phase in polar ice; younger age of air than of ice due to free gas exchange between deep firn and the atmosphere; and no change in composition of air inclusions. These assumptions are shown to be invalid. Liquid saline water exists in ice at low temperatures, even below-70°C; airtight ice layers are ubiquitous in Antarctic firn; and more than 20 physico-chemical processes operating in situ and in ice cores contribute to the alteration of the chemical composition of air inclusions. The permeable ice sheet with its capillary liquid network acts as a sieve which redistributes elements, isotopes, and micro-particles. Thirty-six to 100% of air recovered from old ice is contaminated by recent atmospheric air during field and laboratory operations. The value of-290 ppm, widely accepted from glacier studies for the pre-industrial atmospheric CO 2 level, apparently results from: invalid assumptions; processes in ice sheets; artifacts in ice cores; and arbitrary rejection of high readings. To date, glaciological studies are not able to provide a reliable reconstruction of either the CO 2 level in pre-industrial and ancient atmospheres or paleoclimates. Instead these studies have led to a widely accepted false dogma of man-made climatic warming. This dogma may have enormous negative impact on our common future.
In a paper recently published in the international peer-reviewed journal Energy & Fuels, Dr. Robe... more In a paper recently published in the international peer-reviewed journal Energy & Fuels, Dr. Robert H. Essenhigh (2009), Professor of Energy Conversion at The Ohio State University, addresses the residence time (RT) of anthropogenic CO2 in the air. He finds that the RT for bulk atmospheric CO2, the molecule 12CO2, is ~5 years, in good agreement with other cited sources (Segalstad, 1998), while the RT for the trace molecule 14CO2 is ~16 years. Both of these residence times are much shorter than what is claimed by the IPCC. The rising concentration of atmospheric CO2 in the last century is not consistent with supply from anthropogenic sources. Such anthropogenic sources account for less than 5% of the present atmosphere, compared to the major input/output from natural sources (~95%). Hence, anthropogenic CO2 is too small to be a significant or relevant factor in the global warming process, particularly when comparing with the far more potent greenhouse gas water vapor. The rising atmospheric CO2 is the outcome of rising temperature rather than vice versa. Correspondingly, Dr. Essenhigh concludes that the politically driven target of capture and sequestration of carbon from combustion sources would be a major and pointless waste of physical and financial resources.V.
An unusual Ti-rich oxide mineral of composition Sre.21REEs.26Sis.a3Ti1a.0oFe3.5sV1.2s Cr1.5sO3s h... more An unusual Ti-rich oxide mineral of composition Sre.21REEs.26Sis.a3Ti1a.0oFe3.5sV1.2s Cr1.5sO3s has been found in an anatase-albitite dike at Oslo, Norway. The mineral is metamict because of a small Th content, and contains abundant water (12.14 wt.Vo\.It is black with a metallic to adamantine luster and gives a black-brown streak. The Mohs hardness is 6. The reflectivity is 17.0-17.4% (546 nm) in air, weakly anisotropic. Heating in air or nitrogen gives X-ray powder lines of rutile (7fi), 8fi), and 900"C) or brannerite (10fi) and 12fi)'C). The chemistry of the mineral resembles that of crichtonite.
Chevkinite has been found in three localities of syenite pegmatite in the Oslo region, one of whi... more Chevkinite has been found in three localities of syenite pegmatite in the Oslo region, one of which also carries perrierite. The perrierite and chevkinite do not coexist. The perrierite contains a loparite (with pyrophanite) core. The unheated chevkinites and perrierite gave no X-ray diffraction patterns, due to their metamict state. All chevkinites show well-developed chevkinite X-ray patterns when heated in air, but in the sample with Ce) La the chevkinite pattern is weak and a strong CeO2 pattern is also present. Unit-cell dimensions correspond with cell paramoters given in the literature. The chemical compositions of the chevkinites and perrierite investigated were found to be relatively uniform and suited the lormula,{ ,BCrSirO*2 wherezl:
The Drammen granite batholith is situated in the central part of the Permian Oslo Rift, Norway, a... more The Drammen granite batholith is situated in the central part of the Permian Oslo Rift, Norway, and contains intrawagmatic quartz-vein deposits of MoS2. Sulfur isotopes of MoS2 (C~34ScDT 0.3-3.2%0) indicate a mainly magmatic source with a possible input of sulfur from surrounding Precambrian rock. Oxygen isotopes of vein quartz (d' aOsMow 8.5-9.6%0) indicate a mix of meteoric and magmatic water. Fluid inclusion gas analyses of vein and miarolitic quartz indicate that inclusion fluids generally have a low sulfur content (S<0.01 mole°/0) and sulfur is principally in the oxidized form. Reduced sulfur was found only in fluid inclusions from the MoS2-bearing veins. Lack of significant MoS, mineralization in the Drammen granite is attributed to both low levels and oxidized nature of sulfur in hydrothermal solutions. Total sulfur and H2S/SO2 ratios of fluid ~nclusion analyses are indicated to be an effective guide to Mo mineralization.
We have analyzed the trace-element and isotopic composition of a series of lavas and their consti... more We have analyzed the trace-element and isotopic composition of a series of lavas and their constituent pyroxenes and calcite from near the town of Skien in the Permo-Carboniferous Oslo Rift. The series decreases in alkalinity upsection: the lowermost layaS are n~heli~t~, followed by basanites and finally alkali basalts. This sequence is accompanied by decreasing light ram earth element (LREE), Th, Nb and U concentrations. Nd isotopic change is strongly correlated with the petrologic and chemical evolution. The nephelinites are characterized by cNd (300 Ma) of 1.0 to 1.6, the basanites 1.9 to 2.2 and the alkali basalts 2.4 to 3.9. cSr (300 Ma) ranges from-10 to-15 and shows little change from one group to the next. Calcite segregations in the basaltic rocks show 6'-'C =-2.825, 6'*0 = 7.7 to 9.6%, tsr =-6.5 to-9.9 and Q.+, = 0 to +2, values which are compatible with formation from magmatic CO, exsolved from a mantle-derived silicate melt. The Sr isotope values are unradiogenic relative to Nd for the nephelinites, causing these samples to fall to the lefthand side of most rn~tl~~y~ rocks on a eNd vs. 6sr diagram. They are similar to rocks from "high p" (HIMU) sources and the recently proposed "LoNd array" f HART et al., 1986). The alkali basal&, with their higher cNd, lie close to the mantle array for 300 Ma ago and resemble tholeiitic magmatism in the Oslo Rift. We interpret these trends as representing evolution in which the earliest magmas were derived from a source with HIMU-LoNd characteristics, and successive magmas gradually acquired the more dominant mantle isotopic composition. Model age calculations permit either 1) that the nephelinite source was originally depleted then subsequently re-enriched in LREE or 2) that the nephelinite source was primitive with respect to Nd but had undergone Rb depletion. The nearby Fen carbonatite complex is about 250 Ma older than Skien and its em is slightly more positive. A direct ~~tion~ip between Fen and Skien would favor the first hypothesis.
Petrology of the Skien Basaltic Rocks and the Early Basaltic (B1) Volcanism of the Permian Oslo Rift
Springer eBooks, 1978
A pile of Permian continental basaltic rocks at least 1500 m thick occurs near Skien, some 100 km... more A pile of Permian continental basaltic rocks at least 1500 m thick occurs near Skien, some 100 km SW of Oslo. The pile consists of numerous thin (1–5 m) flows dipping towards the NE. Most flows are porphyric, and amygdules are abundant. Flows of melanite-ankaramite form the lower two third of the basalt pile, and flows of basanite form the upper one third. The basaltic rocks evolved from an assumed olivine-nephelinitic magma at great depths, principally by clinopyroxene crystal fractionation accompanied by later olivine and perhaps melilite reactions at moderate pressure in minor, shallow magma chambers. Chemical analyses of the Oslo B1 basalts show increasing differentiation/evolution with time, from SW towards NE. Assuming one primary magma source, this can be explained by the rise and movement of magma along the rift during its development, or by mantle plume activity associated with movement of the lithosphere.
The pile of Pegi#~r~ continental basaltic rocks near Skien has a minimum thickness of | 500 m, di... more The pile of Pegi#~r~ continental basaltic rocks near Skien has a minimum thickness of | 500 m, dipping 40 ~ towards NE, coasistir~g ~3f several thin lava flows. Most flows are porphyric, though both tufts and aphyric flows occur to a lesser extent. Amysd~!es ~ abundant and a characteristic feature. The flows~ in the lower 2/3 of the basalt pile are mainly cl&ssified as melanite-ankar~ite, some in the middle part as melanite-nephelinite; and the upper 113 of the flows as basanite. The basaJfic rocks evolved from an assumed olivine-nephelinitic magma at great depths principally by clinopyroxcae crystal fractionation accompanied by later olivine and maybe melilite reactions at moderate pressure in minor shallower magma chambers.
Chevkinite has been found in three localities of syenite pegmatite in the Oslo region, one of whi... more Chevkinite has been found in three localities of syenite pegmatite in the Oslo region, one of which also carries perrierite. The perrierite and chevkinite do not coexist. The perrierite contains a loparite (with pyrophanite) core. The unheated chevkinites and perrierite gave no X-ray diffraction patterns, due to their metamict state. All chevkinites show well-developed chevkinite X-ray patterns when heated in air, but in the sample with Ce) La the chevkinite pattern is weak and a strong CeO2 pattern is also present. Unit-cell dimensions correspond with cell paramoters given in the literature. The chemical compositions of the chevkinites and perrierite investigated were found to be relatively uniform and suited the lormula,{ ,BCrSirO*2 wherezl:
Janslti et al ., 1989 2 Calculated from a total mass of marine biota of 1x1018 g (Nriagu, 1978) a... more Janslti et al ., 1989 2 Calculated from a total mass of marine biota of 1x1018 g (Nriagu, 1978) and from carbon concentration in these biota assumed to be the same as in terrestrial mamm als, i.e •. 0.23 gram carbon per gram body weight (ICRP, 1975). ' l Ablation 58 Accumulatlon rate 41, 43, 49 Acid 31 Acidity 25 Adsorption 25 Age of air 42, 43 of lee 41 uncertainty 42 Air 33 Air age 41, 42, 43
An unusual Ti-rich oxide mineral of composition Sre.21REEs.26Sis.a3Ti1a.0oFe3.5sV1.2s Cr1.5sO3s h... more An unusual Ti-rich oxide mineral of composition Sre.21REEs.26Sis.a3Ti1a.0oFe3.5sV1.2s Cr1.5sO3s has been found in an anatase-albitite dike at Oslo, Norway. The mineral is metamict because of a small Th content, and contains abundant water (12.14 wt.Vo\.It is black with a metallic to adamantine luster and gives a black-brown streak. The Mohs hardness is 6. The reflectivity is 17.0-17.4% (546 nm) in air, weakly anisotropic. Heating in air or nitrogen gives X-ray powder lines of rutile (7fi), 8fi), and 900"C) or brannerite (10fi) and 12fi)'C). The chemistry of the mineral resembles that of crichtonite.
Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation, 2006
Norway has a long history of mining dating back to the Akersberg silver mine in Oslo about 1000 y... more Norway has a long history of mining dating back to the Akersberg silver mine in Oslo about 1000 years ago. Larger-scale mining for copper and sulfur became common in the early 1600s. There is no active mining of massive sulfide deposits in Norway today; but the operations have left behind tailings, waste rocks and adits that in many cases discharge low-pH, metal-laden waste streams. Three of the Norwegian sulfide mines (Røros, Råna, and Sulitjelma) where mitigation has taken place, but metal release is still evident are discussed in this paper. The Røros Mining District consists of many massive sulfide deposits mined primarily for copper with minor lead and zinc. Some of the tailings dams have been reclaimed, while others have been left open exposed to weathering. Evidence of oxidation appears in the upper ½ meter in one of the uncovered tailings dams, closed 30 years ago, where pH is 2.5 at the surface increasing to a pH 6 at 70 cm depth. These tailings contain silicate minerals that most likely have a neutralizing potential. The Råna mining area consist of a few smaller massive deposits and a recently closed (2002) nickel deposit associated with a mafic intrusive. Tailings from the nickel mine were emplaced along the shore line. Closure of the tailings included a soil cover 10-20 cm thick. Preliminary investigations indicate that this cover is not efficiently reducing the oxidation of sulfide minerals. Magnesium silicate minerals are most likely, however, neutralizing the acid generated from pyrrhotite, the main sulfide in the ore. The Sulitjelma Mining District also consists of many massive sulfide deposits mined until 1991. Reclamation of the mining district includes a one meter cover on the tailings dam and the discharge of ARD into old underground mine workings. This has resulted in a mass loading reduction of 80-90%. Characterization of these sites has primarily focused on surface water quality, and in some instances, groundwater quality. The water quality data combined with mineralogical, geochemical, and hydrogeological data of the ore deposit and waste material can be used to improve mitigation, resulting in better control of metal release.
The three evidences of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2 (IPCC), tha... more The three evidences of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2 (IPCC), that the apparent contemporary atmospheric CO increase is anthropogenic, 22 is discussed and rejected: CO measurements from ice cores; CO measurements in air; and carbon isotope data in conjunction with carbon cycle modelling. It is shown why the ice core method and its results must be rejected; and that 2 current air CO measurements are not validated and their results subjectively "edited". Further it is shown that carbon cycle modelling based on non-equilibrium models, remote from observed reality and chemical laws, made to fit non-representative data through the use of non-linear ocean evasion "buffer" correction factors constructed from a preconceived idea, constitute a circular argument and with no scientific validity. 2 Both radioactive and stable carbon isotopes show that the real atmospheric CO 2 residence time (lifetime) is only about 5 years, and that the amount of fossil-fuel CO 2 in the atmosphere is maximum 4%. Any CO level rise beyond this can only come from a much larger, but natural, carbon reservoir with much higher 13-C/12-C isotope ratio than that of the fossil fuel pool, namely from the ocean, and/or the lithosphere, and/or the Earth's interior. 2 The apparent annual atmospheric CO level increase, postulated to be 2 anthropogenic, would constitute only some 0.2% of the total annual amount of CO exchanged naturally between the atmosphere and the ocean plus other natural sources 2 and sinks. It is more probable that such a small ripple in the annual natural flow of CO would be caused by natural fluctuations of geophysical processes. 13-C/12-C isotope mass balance calculations show that IPCC's atmospheric 2 residence time of 50-200 years make the atmosphere too light (50% of its current CO mass) to fit its measured 13-C/12-C isotope ratio. This proves why IPCC's wrong model creates its artificial 50% "missing sink". IPCC's 50% inexplicable "missing sink" of about 3 giga-tonnes carbon annually should have led all governments to reject IPCC's model. 2 When such rejection has not yet occurred, it beautifully shows the result of the "scarethem-to-death" influence principle. IPCC's "Greenhouse Effect Global Warming" dogma rests on invalid presumptions and a rejectable non-realistic carbon cycle modelling which simply refutes reality, like the existence of carbonated beer or soda "pop" as we know it.
Karl overforskjellige type,. pegmatiuer i T¢rda/~om,.iJdet. Pegmatitter er bergarter som bestar a... more Karl overforskjellige type,. pegmatiuer i T¢rda/~om,.iJdet. Pegmatitter er bergarter som bestar av store mineraler, med mineralstl'lrrelser fra flere em til flere meter. De store krystallene er attraktive i industri-sammenheng. Feltspat, kvarts og glimmer er vanlig autvi nne fra pegmatitter. Imidlertid kan pegmatitter ogsa vrere rike pa sjeldne grunnstoffer som har deltatt i dannelsen av sjeldne mineraler. Derfor er pegmatitter viktige rastoffkilder for sjeldne grunnstoffer, og naturligvis viktige mal for mineralsamlere.
Until 1985 most studies of CO2 in gas inclusions in pre-industrial ice indicated that CO 2 concen... more Until 1985 most studies of CO2 in gas inclusions in pre-industrial ice indicated that CO 2 concentrations (up to 2450 ppm) were higher than the current atmospheric level. After 1985, lower pre-industrial CO 2 values were reported, and used as evidence for a recent man-made CO2 increase. The errors in these revised values, however, are of a similar magnitude to the apparent increase in atmospheric CO 2 level. The assumptions used in estimating lower CO 2 values in past atmospheres have been: no liquid phase in polar ice; younger age of air than of ice due to free gas exchange between deep firn and the atmosphere; and no change in composition of air inclusions. These assumptions are shown to be invalid. Liquid saline water exists in ice at low temperatures, even below-70°C; airtight ice layers are ubiquitous in Antarctic firn; and more than 20 physico-chemical processes operating in situ and in ice cores contribute to the alteration of the chemical composition of air inclusions. The permeable ice sheet with its capillary liquid network acts as a sieve which redistributes elements, isotopes, and micro-particles. Thirty-six to 100% of air recovered from old ice is contaminated by recent atmospheric air during field and laboratory operations. The value of-290 ppm, widely accepted from glacier studies for the pre-industrial atmospheric CO 2 level, apparently results from: invalid assumptions; processes in ice sheets; artifacts in ice cores; and arbitrary rejection of high readings. To date, glaciological studies are not able to provide a reliable reconstruction of either the CO 2 level in pre-industrial and ancient atmospheres or paleoclimates. Instead these studies have led to a widely accepted false dogma of man-made climatic warming. This dogma may have enormous negative impact on our common future.
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