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Tom Malone

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59 years experience in applying human systems integration and human factors to complex systems, beginning with the Apollo Lunar Module, and Three Mile Island accident human error implications, Navy ship design, Army weapon systems design, European Union research, FAA crew resource management, and currently Department of Homeland Security technology design for end-user usability.

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Noel B. Salazar

KU Leuven

Javier Díaz Noci

Pompeu Fabra University

Chiara Valentini

University of Jyväskylä

Microsoft Research

Radhika Gajjala

Bowling Green State University

Kansas State University

Armando Marques-Guedes

UNL - New University of Lisbon

Craig E Carroll

Rice University

The University of Newcastle

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Papers by Tom Malone

Earth orbital teleoperator system man-machine interface evaluation

The teleoperator system man-machine interface evaluation develops and implements a program to det... more

Space Station Workstation Technology Workshop Report

This report describes the results of a workshop conducted at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) t... more This report describes the results of a workshop conducted at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to identify current and anticipated trends in human-computer interface technology that may influence the design or operation of a space station workstation. The workshop was attended by approximately 40 persons from government and academia who were selected for their expertise in some aspect of human-machine interaction research. The focus of the workshop was a 1 1/2 brainstorming/forecasting session in which the attendees were assigned to interdisciplinary working groups and instructed to develop predictions for each of the following technology areas: (1) user interface, (2) resource management, (3) control language, (4) data base systems, (5) automatic software development, (6) communications, (7) training, and (8) simulation. This report is significant in that it provides a unique perspective on workstation design for the space station. This perspective, which is characterized by a maj...

Human Factors Engineering For Maritime Systems

WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 1970

The major challenges to maritime systems in the 1990's include: escalating operating costs; a... more The major challenges to maritime systems in the 1990's include: escalating operating costs; adaptation of advanced technology in an operational environment; and the high rate of human error as a cause of ship and port system accidents. Each of these challenges can be addressed by the discipline of Human Factors Engineering (HFE). The major component of maritime system operating costs is costs associated with personnel in the system. Operating costs can be significantly lowered through a system design approach that results in reductions in manning levels (and costs associated with system manpower), training time, system downtime, and accident rates. HFE is the formal discipline concerned with reducing manning with no adverse impact on human performance and safety. Application of HFE also results in increased efficiency in training, improved system availability, and reduced accident rates through reduced human error rates. HFE contributes to improved human performance in highly au...

Panel 2: Human Computer Interaction and Information Systems

Research Study of Ambulance Operations and Best Practice Considerations for Emergency Medical Services Personnel: First Responders Group

Application of Human Factors in Reducing Human Error in Existing Offshore Facilities

Heuristics for designing enjoyable user interfaces

Proceedings of the 1982 conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '82, 1982

An Overview of the Role of the Navsea Human Factors Engineering Program in Ship Design

Naval Engineers Journal, 1983

This paper provides a context within which the role of human factors engineering (HFE) for Naval ... more This paper provides a context within which the role of human factors engineering (HFE) for Naval ship design may be understood. HFE is defined and its history as part of engineering design teams is traced. The role of HFE in ship systems design is defined, the rationale for its inclusion in the design process is presented, the methodology whereby it is incorporated into the design process is detailed, methodology to assess the application of HFE is outlined, and the benefits that will accrue as a result of inclusion of HFE considerations in the design process are documented. The counterpoint to inclusion 's illustrated through instances of design-induced human errors. A specific application of HFE in the acquisition process is illustrated through use of the Landing Craft, Air Cushion HFE program plan. The difficulties which may be encountered as the size of the target system expands) are described. Potential roadblocks to the required incorporation of HFE are

Human Engineering Design Criteria for Modern Control/Display Components and Standard Parts

This report describes the results of the technical effort performed by Essex Corporation under Co... more This report describes the results of the technical effort performed by Essex Corporation under Contract No. DAAK40-79-C-0144. I V i=I 1.0 INTRODUCTION MIL-STD-1472 establishes general human engineering criteria for design and development of military systems, equipment, and facilities. The primary objective of human engineering criteria is to provide the designer with specifications and guidelines on design characteristics which have a direct and measurable impact on human performance. Ideally, such criteria are derived from empirical study and are regularly amended to reflect advances in both the human factors discipline and relevant engineering technologies. When properly developed and applied, human engineering design criteria can improve overall system performance in four major areas: * Operability (reduced workload, error likelihood, and safety hazards) * Maintainability (reduced downtime) * Manning (optimized use of the workforce) * Training (reduced training requirements and skill levels). Paragraph 1.2 of MIL-STD-1472 states: "The purpose of this standard is to present human engineering design criteria, principles, and practices to achieve mission success through integration of the human into the system, subsystem, equipment, and facility, and achieve effectiveness, simplicity, efficiency, reliability, and safety of system operation, training and maintenance." To effect these objectives, 1472 must achieve the following: " The criteria must address the range and level of technologies currently being employed in military system development. " The criteria must be relevant to actual system performance requirements. " The standard must be responsive to practical constraints imposed by the system acquisition process. " The content of the standard must be organized and formatted in a manner conducive to its effective application. This report describes the results of a technical effort conducted by Essex Corporation to improve the adequacy of MIL-STD-1472, primarily in the areas of design criteria for modern control and display components, and to reduce the incidence of waiver requests. The specific objectives of the effort as mandated by the Technical Scope of Work were as follows: * To incorporate criteria and guidelines for modern control, display, and other operator/maintainer interface hardware into MIL-STD-1472 " Psychological Abstracts " INSPEC (Electrical Engineering) In addition, the Journal of Ergonomics and the Human Factors Journal indexes were reviewed. DDC and NASA STIF data bases were also searched. Human engineers specializing in industrial and military design were surveyed to acquire empirical data not contained in the open literature. 2.6 Task 6-Identify Human Engineering Design Requirements Purpose-To identify human engineering design requirements for components currently utilized in military system design. Method-Components and characteristics identified in previous tasks were reviewed within the context of empirical data on human performance to determine what requirements existed for human engineering design criteria. The focus of this task was directed at isolating those component characteristics which have been empirically demonstrated to significantly affect human performance, primarily in the areas of speed and accuracy of response. These characteristics were then analyzed to determine what design requirements would optimize human performance. 2.7 Task 7-Compare Content of 1472 to Human Engineering Design Requirements and Available Components Purpose-To determine how well MIL-STD-1472 addressed the design requirements for available components identified in previous tasks. Method-The content of MIL-STr'-1472 was reviewed to: (1) determine the degree to which the standard provided guidance in the application and design of modern components, and (2) identify provisions which unnecessarily preclude the use of generally available parts. 2.8 Task 8-Identify and Review Conflicting Standards and Specifications Purpose-To identify areas of conflict between MIL-STD-1472 and other military standards and specifications which may result in requests for waiver of MIL-STD-1472. Method-The original intent of this task was to review those standards and specifications which were frequently cited in requests for waiver of MIL-STD-1472 (Task 4). However, since comprehensive waiver history documentation was not available, 6 a review was conducted of 69 specifications and standards identified as having potential for conflicting with MIL-STD-1472. This review focused on analyzing the qualitative and quantitative provisions of the various specifications and standards to identify variance in design requirements which could result in unnecessary requests for waivers. 2.9 Task 9-Identify Inadequacies in MIL-STD-1472 Purpose-To identify specific paragraphs in MIL-STD-1472 that fail to meet requirements for designing and/or evaluating the human engineering aspects of military systems currently in operation or under development.

Advanced Human Factors Engineering Tool Technologies

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 1987

This paper presents the results of a study to identify the human factors engineering (HFE) techno... more This paper presents the results of a study to identify the human factors engineering (HFE) technologies or tools presently used, and projected for use, by HFE specialists. Both traditional and advanced tools were candidates for inclusion in the study, although emphasis of the study was placed on advanced computer applications. Human factors practitioners representing the government, academia and private industry were surveyed to identify those tools most frequently used or viewed as most important for conducting HFE related work. If advanced tool capabilities did not meet existing job requirements, the specialists identified the types of tools they would like to see developed to fill the existing technology gaps. To facilitate the inclusion of new technologies as they become available, and to aid in the search and retrieval of a tool's capabilities, information obtained on the tools was entered into a database. The survey resulted in the identification of 88 advanced tools. The ...

Design Approaches and Tools to Enhance the Human Factors Engineering Design of Marine Systems

This paper presents progress in the design of advanced manning for marine systems, and progress i... more This paper presents progress in the design of advanced manning for marine systems, and progress in the development of human factors engineering (HFE) analysis and design tools that support the achievement of safe and effective HFE designs. The effort was directed at achieving safe and competitive levels of reduced manning for commercial Sealift ship, but the process and tools developed are considered to be applicable to marine systems in general. A major contributor to the overall safety and effectiveness of marine systems is the performance and readiness of the crew. HFE initiatives are directed toward addressing personnel requirements in marine systems design. The driving objective of HFE is to influence design with personnel requirements and considerations. This is achieved through an approach that ensures that personnel considerations are addressed early in system development, that emphasizes attention to the role of the human vs. automation in system operation and maintenance, and that requires the use of simulation to model human performance and workload. Ancillary objectives of HFE as applied to marine systems are: a) reduced manning as compared with baseline comparison systems; b) improved readiness of Sealift ships and systems due to reduced skills, reduced workloads, and task simplification; c) improved reliability of Sealift ships and ship systems due to an emphasis on software and a reduction of human error rates; d) improved personnel availability and survivability due to reduced hazards and accidents; e) enhanced system and equipment availability through reductions in time to repair; and f) enhanced system affordability, resulting from the reductions in manpower support cost, training cost, cost of systems unavailability, cost of human errors, and cost of accidents. Tools developed as part of the effort address HFE issues and activities including: functions analysis and allocation , issue tracking, development of HFE design standards, task and operations performance simulation, selection of non developmental items, and hazards analysis. 2. Human Factors Engineering Requirements 2.1 The HFE Domain. The domain of HFE is the human in the system, specifically his or her roles, responsibilities, and requirements, and design features required of system hardware, software and procedures to enable the human to meet performance requirements in a manner that is safe for the human in the system, the general public, and the environment. HFE is primarily concerned with system integration, involving

Survey of Reduced Workload and Crewing Strategies for Ocean Patrol Vessels

Naval Engineers Journal, 2001

The U.S. Coast Guard is in the concept exploration phase of its Integrated Deepwater System (IDS)... more The U.S. Coast Guard is in the concept exploration phase of its Integrated Deepwater System (IDS) acquisition project. This project will define the next generation of surface, air and command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) assets used to perform the Coast Guard's missions in the IDS environment (>50 NM off the U.S. coastline). As part of early technology investigations, the needs exist to: (1) analyze the workload requirements of the IDS, (2) identify alternative means to perform ship's work, and (3) optimize ship manning consistent with ship workload, performance criteria, and the available tools and equipment aboard. To reduce shipboard work requires an understanding of the mission and support requirements placed on the vessel and crew, how these requirements are currently met, and how requirements might otherwise be met to reduce workload and crew size. This study examined currently implemented workload and manpower reducing approaches of commercial maritime fleets, U.S. and foreign navies, and foreign coast guards. These approaches were analyzed according to evaluation criteria approved by the IDS acquisition project team. From this, strategies for shipboard work reduction that may be considered for adoption by the IDS were identified and analyzed according to performance and costs factors. Ten workload-reducing strategies were

<title>HSI top-down requirements analysis for ship manpower reduction</title>

Integrated Command Environments, 2000

U.S. Navy ship acquisition programs such as DD 21 and CVNX are increasingly relying on top down r... more U.S. Navy ship acquisition programs such as DD 21 and CVNX are increasingly relying on top down requirements analysis (TDRA) to define and assess design approaches for workload and manpower reduction, and for ensuring required levels of human performance, reliability, safety, and quality of life at sea. The human systems integration (HSI) approach to TDRA begins with a function analysis which identifies the functions derived from the requirements in the Operational Requirements Document (ORD). The function analysis serves as the function baseline for the ship, and also supports the definition of RDT&E and Total Ownership Cost requirements. A mission analysis is then conducted to identify mission scenarios, again based on requirements in the ORD, and the Design Reference Mission (DRM). This is followed by a mission/function analysis which establishes the function requirements to successfully perform the ship's missions. Function requirements of major importance for HSI are information, performance, decision, and support requirements associated with each function. An allocation of functions defines the roles of humans and automation in performing the functions associated with a mission. Alternate design concepts, based on function allocation strategies, are then described, and task networks associated with the concepts are developed. Task network simulations are conducted to assess workloads and human performance capabilities associated with alternate concepts. An assessment of the affordability and risk associated with alternate concepts is performed, and manning estimates are developed for feasible design concepts.

Human System Integration (Hsi) and Manprint Requirements and Tools

Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Proceedings, 1992

The U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory (USAHEL) approach to HSI in the early stages of materi... more The U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory (USAHEL) approach to HSI in the early stages of materiel development is to base the process for accomplishing HSI/MANPRINT on the HFE front-end analysis methodology as described in MIL-H 46855B. The USAHEL under contract with Carlow International Incorporated is developing an HSI standardized and formalized process tied to the events, activities, products and milestones for all phases of the WSAP and incorporating a set of automated tools and information systems to support the application of the HSI process. The system, including the process, associated tools and information resources, have been designated the HSI Integrated Decision/Engineering Aid or IDEA. A major element of IDEA then is the standardized and formalized HSI process tied to the events, activities, products and milestones of each phase of the WSAP as directed in DoD 5000.1, 5000.2, and 5000.2M, and incorporating a set of automated tools to support the application of the HSI ...

Earth orbital teleoperator system man-machine interface evaluation

The teleoperator system man-machine interface evaluation develops and implements a program to det... more

Space Station Workstation Technology Workshop Report

This report describes the results of a workshop conducted at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) t... more This report describes the results of a workshop conducted at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to identify current and anticipated trends in human-computer interface technology that may influence the design or operation of a space station workstation. The workshop was attended by approximately 40 persons from government and academia who were selected for their expertise in some aspect of human-machine interaction research. The focus of the workshop was a 1 1/2 brainstorming/forecasting session in which the attendees were assigned to interdisciplinary working groups and instructed to develop predictions for each of the following technology areas: (1) user interface, (2) resource management, (3) control language, (4) data base systems, (5) automatic software development, (6) communications, (7) training, and (8) simulation. This report is significant in that it provides a unique perspective on workstation design for the space station. This perspective, which is characterized by a maj...

Human Factors Engineering For Maritime Systems

WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 1970

The major challenges to maritime systems in the 1990's include: escalating operating costs; a... more The major challenges to maritime systems in the 1990's include: escalating operating costs; adaptation of advanced technology in an operational environment; and the high rate of human error as a cause of ship and port system accidents. Each of these challenges can be addressed by the discipline of Human Factors Engineering (HFE). The major component of maritime system operating costs is costs associated with personnel in the system. Operating costs can be significantly lowered through a system design approach that results in reductions in manning levels (and costs associated with system manpower), training time, system downtime, and accident rates. HFE is the formal discipline concerned with reducing manning with no adverse impact on human performance and safety. Application of HFE also results in increased efficiency in training, improved system availability, and reduced accident rates through reduced human error rates. HFE contributes to improved human performance in highly au...

Panel 2: Human Computer Interaction and Information Systems

Research Study of Ambulance Operations and Best Practice Considerations for Emergency Medical Services Personnel: First Responders Group

Application of Human Factors in Reducing Human Error in Existing Offshore Facilities

Heuristics for designing enjoyable user interfaces

Proceedings of the 1982 conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '82, 1982

An Overview of the Role of the Navsea Human Factors Engineering Program in Ship Design

Naval Engineers Journal, 1983

This paper provides a context within which the role of human factors engineering (HFE) for Naval ... more This paper provides a context within which the role of human factors engineering (HFE) for Naval ship design may be understood. HFE is defined and its history as part of engineering design teams is traced. The role of HFE in ship systems design is defined, the rationale for its inclusion in the design process is presented, the methodology whereby it is incorporated into the design process is detailed, methodology to assess the application of HFE is outlined, and the benefits that will accrue as a result of inclusion of HFE considerations in the design process are documented. The counterpoint to inclusion 's illustrated through instances of design-induced human errors. A specific application of HFE in the acquisition process is illustrated through use of the Landing Craft, Air Cushion HFE program plan. The difficulties which may be encountered as the size of the target system expands) are described. Potential roadblocks to the required incorporation of HFE are

Human Engineering Design Criteria for Modern Control/Display Components and Standard Parts

This report describes the results of the technical effort performed by Essex Corporation under Co... more This report describes the results of the technical effort performed by Essex Corporation under Contract No. DAAK40-79-C-0144. I V i=I 1.0 INTRODUCTION MIL-STD-1472 establishes general human engineering criteria for design and development of military systems, equipment, and facilities. The primary objective of human engineering criteria is to provide the designer with specifications and guidelines on design characteristics which have a direct and measurable impact on human performance. Ideally, such criteria are derived from empirical study and are regularly amended to reflect advances in both the human factors discipline and relevant engineering technologies. When properly developed and applied, human engineering design criteria can improve overall system performance in four major areas: * Operability (reduced workload, error likelihood, and safety hazards) * Maintainability (reduced downtime) * Manning (optimized use of the workforce) * Training (reduced training requirements and skill levels). Paragraph 1.2 of MIL-STD-1472 states: "The purpose of this standard is to present human engineering design criteria, principles, and practices to achieve mission success through integration of the human into the system, subsystem, equipment, and facility, and achieve effectiveness, simplicity, efficiency, reliability, and safety of system operation, training and maintenance." To effect these objectives, 1472 must achieve the following: " The criteria must address the range and level of technologies currently being employed in military system development. " The criteria must be relevant to actual system performance requirements. " The standard must be responsive to practical constraints imposed by the system acquisition process. " The content of the standard must be organized and formatted in a manner conducive to its effective application. This report describes the results of a technical effort conducted by Essex Corporation to improve the adequacy of MIL-STD-1472, primarily in the areas of design criteria for modern control and display components, and to reduce the incidence of waiver requests. The specific objectives of the effort as mandated by the Technical Scope of Work were as follows: * To incorporate criteria and guidelines for modern control, display, and other operator/maintainer interface hardware into MIL-STD-1472 " Psychological Abstracts " INSPEC (Electrical Engineering) In addition, the Journal of Ergonomics and the Human Factors Journal indexes were reviewed. DDC and NASA STIF data bases were also searched. Human engineers specializing in industrial and military design were surveyed to acquire empirical data not contained in the open literature. 2.6 Task 6-Identify Human Engineering Design Requirements Purpose-To identify human engineering design requirements for components currently utilized in military system design. Method-Components and characteristics identified in previous tasks were reviewed within the context of empirical data on human performance to determine what requirements existed for human engineering design criteria. The focus of this task was directed at isolating those component characteristics which have been empirically demonstrated to significantly affect human performance, primarily in the areas of speed and accuracy of response. These characteristics were then analyzed to determine what design requirements would optimize human performance. 2.7 Task 7-Compare Content of 1472 to Human Engineering Design Requirements and Available Components Purpose-To determine how well MIL-STD-1472 addressed the design requirements for available components identified in previous tasks. Method-The content of MIL-STr'-1472 was reviewed to: (1) determine the degree to which the standard provided guidance in the application and design of modern components, and (2) identify provisions which unnecessarily preclude the use of generally available parts. 2.8 Task 8-Identify and Review Conflicting Standards and Specifications Purpose-To identify areas of conflict between MIL-STD-1472 and other military standards and specifications which may result in requests for waiver of MIL-STD-1472. Method-The original intent of this task was to review those standards and specifications which were frequently cited in requests for waiver of MIL-STD-1472 (Task 4). However, since comprehensive waiver history documentation was not available, 6 a review was conducted of 69 specifications and standards identified as having potential for conflicting with MIL-STD-1472. This review focused on analyzing the qualitative and quantitative provisions of the various specifications and standards to identify variance in design requirements which could result in unnecessary requests for waivers. 2.9 Task 9-Identify Inadequacies in MIL-STD-1472 Purpose-To identify specific paragraphs in MIL-STD-1472 that fail to meet requirements for designing and/or evaluating the human engineering aspects of military systems currently in operation or under development.

Advanced Human Factors Engineering Tool Technologies

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 1987

This paper presents the results of a study to identify the human factors engineering (HFE) techno... more This paper presents the results of a study to identify the human factors engineering (HFE) technologies or tools presently used, and projected for use, by HFE specialists. Both traditional and advanced tools were candidates for inclusion in the study, although emphasis of the study was placed on advanced computer applications. Human factors practitioners representing the government, academia and private industry were surveyed to identify those tools most frequently used or viewed as most important for conducting HFE related work. If advanced tool capabilities did not meet existing job requirements, the specialists identified the types of tools they would like to see developed to fill the existing technology gaps. To facilitate the inclusion of new technologies as they become available, and to aid in the search and retrieval of a tool's capabilities, information obtained on the tools was entered into a database. The survey resulted in the identification of 88 advanced tools. The ...

Design Approaches and Tools to Enhance the Human Factors Engineering Design of Marine Systems

This paper presents progress in the design of advanced manning for marine systems, and progress i... more This paper presents progress in the design of advanced manning for marine systems, and progress in the development of human factors engineering (HFE) analysis and design tools that support the achievement of safe and effective HFE designs. The effort was directed at achieving safe and competitive levels of reduced manning for commercial Sealift ship, but the process and tools developed are considered to be applicable to marine systems in general. A major contributor to the overall safety and effectiveness of marine systems is the performance and readiness of the crew. HFE initiatives are directed toward addressing personnel requirements in marine systems design. The driving objective of HFE is to influence design with personnel requirements and considerations. This is achieved through an approach that ensures that personnel considerations are addressed early in system development, that emphasizes attention to the role of the human vs. automation in system operation and maintenance, and that requires the use of simulation to model human performance and workload. Ancillary objectives of HFE as applied to marine systems are: a) reduced manning as compared with baseline comparison systems; b) improved readiness of Sealift ships and systems due to reduced skills, reduced workloads, and task simplification; c) improved reliability of Sealift ships and ship systems due to an emphasis on software and a reduction of human error rates; d) improved personnel availability and survivability due to reduced hazards and accidents; e) enhanced system and equipment availability through reductions in time to repair; and f) enhanced system affordability, resulting from the reductions in manpower support cost, training cost, cost of systems unavailability, cost of human errors, and cost of accidents. Tools developed as part of the effort address HFE issues and activities including: functions analysis and allocation , issue tracking, development of HFE design standards, task and operations performance simulation, selection of non developmental items, and hazards analysis. 2. Human Factors Engineering Requirements 2.1 The HFE Domain. The domain of HFE is the human in the system, specifically his or her roles, responsibilities, and requirements, and design features required of system hardware, software and procedures to enable the human to meet performance requirements in a manner that is safe for the human in the system, the general public, and the environment. HFE is primarily concerned with system integration, involving

Survey of Reduced Workload and Crewing Strategies for Ocean Patrol Vessels

Naval Engineers Journal, 2001

The U.S. Coast Guard is in the concept exploration phase of its Integrated Deepwater System (IDS)... more The U.S. Coast Guard is in the concept exploration phase of its Integrated Deepwater System (IDS) acquisition project. This project will define the next generation of surface, air and command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) assets used to perform the Coast Guard's missions in the IDS environment (>50 NM off the U.S. coastline). As part of early technology investigations, the needs exist to: (1) analyze the workload requirements of the IDS, (2) identify alternative means to perform ship's work, and (3) optimize ship manning consistent with ship workload, performance criteria, and the available tools and equipment aboard. To reduce shipboard work requires an understanding of the mission and support requirements placed on the vessel and crew, how these requirements are currently met, and how requirements might otherwise be met to reduce workload and crew size. This study examined currently implemented workload and manpower reducing approaches of commercial maritime fleets, U.S. and foreign navies, and foreign coast guards. These approaches were analyzed according to evaluation criteria approved by the IDS acquisition project team. From this, strategies for shipboard work reduction that may be considered for adoption by the IDS were identified and analyzed according to performance and costs factors. Ten workload-reducing strategies were

<title>HSI top-down requirements analysis for ship manpower reduction</title>

Integrated Command Environments, 2000

U.S. Navy ship acquisition programs such as DD 21 and CVNX are increasingly relying on top down r... more U.S. Navy ship acquisition programs such as DD 21 and CVNX are increasingly relying on top down requirements analysis (TDRA) to define and assess design approaches for workload and manpower reduction, and for ensuring required levels of human performance, reliability, safety, and quality of life at sea. The human systems integration (HSI) approach to TDRA begins with a function analysis which identifies the functions derived from the requirements in the Operational Requirements Document (ORD). The function analysis serves as the function baseline for the ship, and also supports the definition of RDT&E and Total Ownership Cost requirements. A mission analysis is then conducted to identify mission scenarios, again based on requirements in the ORD, and the Design Reference Mission (DRM). This is followed by a mission/function analysis which establishes the function requirements to successfully perform the ship's missions. Function requirements of major importance for HSI are information, performance, decision, and support requirements associated with each function. An allocation of functions defines the roles of humans and automation in performing the functions associated with a mission. Alternate design concepts, based on function allocation strategies, are then described, and task networks associated with the concepts are developed. Task network simulations are conducted to assess workloads and human performance capabilities associated with alternate concepts. An assessment of the affordability and risk associated with alternate concepts is performed, and manning estimates are developed for feasible design concepts.

Human System Integration (Hsi) and Manprint Requirements and Tools

Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Proceedings, 1992

The U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory (USAHEL) approach to HSI in the early stages of materi... more The U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory (USAHEL) approach to HSI in the early stages of materiel development is to base the process for accomplishing HSI/MANPRINT on the HFE front-end analysis methodology as described in MIL-H 46855B. The USAHEL under contract with Carlow International Incorporated is developing an HSI standardized and formalized process tied to the events, activities, products and milestones for all phases of the WSAP and incorporating a set of automated tools and information systems to support the application of the HSI process. The system, including the process, associated tools and information resources, have been designated the HSI Integrated Decision/Engineering Aid or IDEA. A major element of IDEA then is the standardized and formalized HSI process tied to the events, activities, products and milestones of each phase of the WSAP as directed in DoD 5000.1, 5000.2, and 5000.2M, and incorporating a set of automated tools to support the application of the HSI ...