Cytokine Production in Arthritis Susceptible and Resistant Rats: A Study with Arthritogenic and Non-arthritogenic Lactobacillus Cell Walls
Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 2001
The basis of the different susceptibility to bacterial cell wall-induced arthritis between Lewis ... more The basis of the different susceptibility to bacterial cell wall-induced arthritis between Lewis and Fischer rats is unclear. Likewise, it is not known why cell walls of some species of Lactobacillus are arthritogenic and those of others are not. With these two questions in mind, we investigated the role of anti-inflammatory (interleukin (IL)-10, IL-4) and proinflammatory (tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-1 beta) cytokines in Lewis and Fischer rats injected intraperitoneally with cell walls from arthritogenic or nonarthritogenic species of Lactobacillus. Cytokine levels in the serum and in vitro production by peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes were studied. The results obtained indicate that the differences in the production of IL-10, IL-4, TNF-alpha or IL-1 beta do not explain the difference in the arthritis susceptibility between Lewis and Fischer rats. Likewise, the arthritogenicity of different Lactobacillus cell walls appears not to be dependent on their capacity to stimulate cytokine production.
A. Effect of Carrier Preimmunization on the Anti-Hapten Response in the Chicken. Scand. J. Immuno... more A. Effect of Carrier Preimmunization on the Anti-Hapten Response in the Chicken. Scand. J. Immunol. 3, 455-460, 1974. We found that chickens responded to an injection of 1 mg of alum-precipitated conjugates of (4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenyl)acetyl and bovine serum albumin (NIP-BSA) or human gammaglobulin (NIP-HGG) with an anti-NIP response. This response was enhanced to fivefold titers if the birds were given a small dose (2 or 0.2 jtig) of the carrier protein in complete Freund's adjuvant a week before injection. If the dose of the carrier was large (200-2,000 ^g), it decreased the subsequent anti-NIP response to the conjugate. The effect of the preimmunization correlated with the formation of anti-carrier antibodies: a good anti-carrier response was connected with inhibition and a poor anti-carrier response with enhancement of the anti-NIP response. Large preimmunization doses of the carrier caused enhanced anti-hapten responses if the carrier was methylated or dodecanoylated; in this case the anti-carrier humoral responses were weak. Large doses of the native carrier increased the subsequent anti-hapten response if spleen cells of the preimmunized donors were injected into cyclophosphamide-treated donors, who were then immunized with the hapten conjugate. The results confirm earlier studies indicating that collaboration of carrier-specific cells and haptenspecific cells is required in the chicken for an optimal anti-hapten response. They further indicate that carrier-primed cells do not reside in the thymus and that, also in birds, immunization by methylated or dodecanoylated protein causes good priming for helper function but bad priming for the antibody formation against the protein.
D-D Recombination Diversifies the CDR 3 Region of Chicken Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains
Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 1991
The occurrence of D-D recombination during the embryonic differentiation of chicken B cells was s... more The occurrence of D-D recombination during the embryonic differentiation of chicken B cells was studied. Ig heavy (H) chains were amplified by polymerase chain reaction from day-12 bursal cDNA, and 30 random V-D-J regions were analysed by DNA sequencing. No gene conversion events were observed in any of the V regions, indicating that diversification of the H chains by gene conversion is not yet activated at this stage of embryonic B-cell development. In contrast, the V-D-J joint regions were extremely heterogeneous. Most of the sequenced V-D-J joints were formed by direct joining of the single-germline V mu 1 gene, one of the multiple-germline D elements, and the single J gene. However, three V-D-J regions were clearly longer in size, and their D-region structure indicated recombination between two or three different germline D elements. Thus, the present data suggest that D-D recombination may have a role in diversification of the Ig H-chain repertoire.
We investigated cellular aspects of immunological tolerance to protein antigens in chickens by ex... more We investigated cellular aspects of immunological tolerance to protein antigens in chickens by examining the immune responses of bursal and splenic celis from tolerant or normal chickens after transfer into cyclophosphamide (CP)-trcated recipients. Newly-hatched chicks were made tolerant to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by injection of IIW mg of the antigen. When bursa cells from 4-day-old BSA-unresponsive chicks were transferred into C"P-trcated recipients, the reconstituted birds were able to respond to a subsequent injection of BSA almost as well as normal birds, iind as well as CP-treated birds that had been reconstituted wilh normal bursa cells. To investigate whether the presence of the BSA antigen might affect recovery from tolerance, we injected CP-treated recipients with BSA at the time of transfer of bursai cells. The presence of the tmtigen prevented the recovery of the anti-BSA response in reconstituted birds. When spleen cells from 6.5-week-oUf unresponsive chicks were transferred into CP-treatcd recipients, no recovery of responsiveness to BSA could be demonstrated. A likely reason for the failure of splenic B cells to recover responsiveness on transfer Is their inability to generate somatic variants of Ig genes in the same way as bursal stem eells. Thus, when the bursa involutes, the chicken's antibody repertoire may be frozen in a less adaptable stale thanihat ofa mammal.
Spacecraft Observations of Intense Electric and Magnetic Field Fluctuations and Associated Earthward Magnetic Field -aligned Poynting Flux Throughout the Plasma Sheet at 4-6 Re Altitudes during Major Geomagnetic Storms
We present observations from the EFI and MFE instruments on the Polar spacecraft obtained during ... more We present observations from the EFI and MFE instruments on the Polar spacecraft obtained during several major geomagnetic storms (Dst 40 mV/m, ptp) and magnetic field fluctuations (40-80 nT, ptp). The fluctuations have periods ranging from 0.25 to 600 seconds. These spatially extensive field fluctuations are observed at altitudes of 4-6 Re and last for 10-30 minutes in the spacecraft frame and can exist over the entire spatial extent of the plasma sheet. The fields map to a latitudinal extent on the ground of 4-6 degrees. This is a much larger spatial extent than the previously reported (Wygant et al., 2000;Keiling et al., 2000) observations of intense Poynting flux due to Alfven wave at the outer boundary of the plasma sheet. The Poynting flux associated with the fields presented herein is directed along the magnetic field direction towards the Earth and exceeds .25 erg/cm2 . If mapped to 100 km altitude along converging magnetic field lines, the Poynting flux peak values can exce...
Furthermore 3 molecules of Escherichia co/i (Signal recognition protein, colicin M and maltodextr... more Furthermore 3 molecules of Escherichia co/i (Signal recognition protein, colicin M and maltodextrtn glucosidase) share sequences with the bovine "ption" sequence NMKHVAG.
With the advances in contemporary active and passive sensor technologies with higher spectral and... more With the advances in contemporary active and passive sensor technologies with higher spectral and/or spatial resolutions and faster scanning speeds, more powerful airborne and spaceborne instruments.
Cytokine Production in Arthritis Susceptible and Resistant Rats: A Study with Arthritogenic and Non-arthritogenic Lactobacillus Cell Walls
Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 2001
The basis of the different susceptibility to bacterial cell wall-induced arthritis between Lewis ... more The basis of the different susceptibility to bacterial cell wall-induced arthritis between Lewis and Fischer rats is unclear. Likewise, it is not known why cell walls of some species of Lactobacillus are arthritogenic and those of others are not. With these two questions in mind, we investigated the role of anti-inflammatory (interleukin (IL)-10, IL-4) and proinflammatory (tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-1 beta) cytokines in Lewis and Fischer rats injected intraperitoneally with cell walls from arthritogenic or nonarthritogenic species of Lactobacillus. Cytokine levels in the serum and in vitro production by peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes were studied. The results obtained indicate that the differences in the production of IL-10, IL-4, TNF-alpha or IL-1 beta do not explain the difference in the arthritis susceptibility between Lewis and Fischer rats. Likewise, the arthritogenicity of different Lactobacillus cell walls appears not to be dependent on their capacity to stimulate cytokine production.
A. Effect of Carrier Preimmunization on the Anti-Hapten Response in the Chicken. Scand. J. Immuno... more A. Effect of Carrier Preimmunization on the Anti-Hapten Response in the Chicken. Scand. J. Immunol. 3, 455-460, 1974. We found that chickens responded to an injection of 1 mg of alum-precipitated conjugates of (4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenyl)acetyl and bovine serum albumin (NIP-BSA) or human gammaglobulin (NIP-HGG) with an anti-NIP response. This response was enhanced to fivefold titers if the birds were given a small dose (2 or 0.2 jtig) of the carrier protein in complete Freund's adjuvant a week before injection. If the dose of the carrier was large (200-2,000 ^g), it decreased the subsequent anti-NIP response to the conjugate. The effect of the preimmunization correlated with the formation of anti-carrier antibodies: a good anti-carrier response was connected with inhibition and a poor anti-carrier response with enhancement of the anti-NIP response. Large preimmunization doses of the carrier caused enhanced anti-hapten responses if the carrier was methylated or dodecanoylated; in this case the anti-carrier humoral responses were weak. Large doses of the native carrier increased the subsequent anti-hapten response if spleen cells of the preimmunized donors were injected into cyclophosphamide-treated donors, who were then immunized with the hapten conjugate. The results confirm earlier studies indicating that collaboration of carrier-specific cells and haptenspecific cells is required in the chicken for an optimal anti-hapten response. They further indicate that carrier-primed cells do not reside in the thymus and that, also in birds, immunization by methylated or dodecanoylated protein causes good priming for helper function but bad priming for the antibody formation against the protein.
D-D Recombination Diversifies the CDR 3 Region of Chicken Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains
Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 1991
The occurrence of D-D recombination during the embryonic differentiation of chicken B cells was s... more The occurrence of D-D recombination during the embryonic differentiation of chicken B cells was studied. Ig heavy (H) chains were amplified by polymerase chain reaction from day-12 bursal cDNA, and 30 random V-D-J regions were analysed by DNA sequencing. No gene conversion events were observed in any of the V regions, indicating that diversification of the H chains by gene conversion is not yet activated at this stage of embryonic B-cell development. In contrast, the V-D-J joint regions were extremely heterogeneous. Most of the sequenced V-D-J joints were formed by direct joining of the single-germline V mu 1 gene, one of the multiple-germline D elements, and the single J gene. However, three V-D-J regions were clearly longer in size, and their D-region structure indicated recombination between two or three different germline D elements. Thus, the present data suggest that D-D recombination may have a role in diversification of the Ig H-chain repertoire.
We investigated cellular aspects of immunological tolerance to protein antigens in chickens by ex... more We investigated cellular aspects of immunological tolerance to protein antigens in chickens by examining the immune responses of bursal and splenic celis from tolerant or normal chickens after transfer into cyclophosphamide (CP)-trcated recipients. Newly-hatched chicks were made tolerant to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by injection of IIW mg of the antigen. When bursa cells from 4-day-old BSA-unresponsive chicks were transferred into C"P-trcated recipients, the reconstituted birds were able to respond to a subsequent injection of BSA almost as well as normal birds, iind as well as CP-treated birds that had been reconstituted wilh normal bursa cells. To investigate whether the presence of the BSA antigen might affect recovery from tolerance, we injected CP-treated recipients with BSA at the time of transfer of bursai cells. The presence of the tmtigen prevented the recovery of the anti-BSA response in reconstituted birds. When spleen cells from 6.5-week-oUf unresponsive chicks were transferred into CP-treatcd recipients, no recovery of responsiveness to BSA could be demonstrated. A likely reason for the failure of splenic B cells to recover responsiveness on transfer Is their inability to generate somatic variants of Ig genes in the same way as bursal stem eells. Thus, when the bursa involutes, the chicken's antibody repertoire may be frozen in a less adaptable stale thanihat ofa mammal.
Spacecraft Observations of Intense Electric and Magnetic Field Fluctuations and Associated Earthward Magnetic Field -aligned Poynting Flux Throughout the Plasma Sheet at 4-6 Re Altitudes during Major Geomagnetic Storms
We present observations from the EFI and MFE instruments on the Polar spacecraft obtained during ... more We present observations from the EFI and MFE instruments on the Polar spacecraft obtained during several major geomagnetic storms (Dst 40 mV/m, ptp) and magnetic field fluctuations (40-80 nT, ptp). The fluctuations have periods ranging from 0.25 to 600 seconds. These spatially extensive field fluctuations are observed at altitudes of 4-6 Re and last for 10-30 minutes in the spacecraft frame and can exist over the entire spatial extent of the plasma sheet. The fields map to a latitudinal extent on the ground of 4-6 degrees. This is a much larger spatial extent than the previously reported (Wygant et al., 2000;Keiling et al., 2000) observations of intense Poynting flux due to Alfven wave at the outer boundary of the plasma sheet. The Poynting flux associated with the fields presented herein is directed along the magnetic field direction towards the Earth and exceeds .25 erg/cm2 . If mapped to 100 km altitude along converging magnetic field lines, the Poynting flux peak values can exce...
Furthermore 3 molecules of Escherichia co/i (Signal recognition protein, colicin M and maltodextr... more Furthermore 3 molecules of Escherichia co/i (Signal recognition protein, colicin M and maltodextrtn glucosidase) share sequences with the bovine "ption" sequence NMKHVAG.
With the advances in contemporary active and passive sensor technologies with higher spectral and... more With the advances in contemporary active and passive sensor technologies with higher spectral and/or spatial resolutions and faster scanning speeds, more powerful airborne and spaceborne instruments.
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