... This idea of cooperation of states and the specific measure of justice governing their relati... more ... This idea of cooperation of states and the specific measure of justice governing their relationships in these areas is reflected by the ... Very likely, this measure of justice has to be taken into account when applying or interpreting the CBD's provisions on benefit-sharing at a ...
Members, Having in mind the overall objective of the Members to improve and strengthen the intern... more Members, Having in mind the overall objective of the Members to improve and strengthen the international trading system based on GATT 1994; Recognizing the need to clarify and reinforce the disciplines of GATT 1994, and specifically those of its Article XIX (Emergency Action on Imports of Particular Products), to re-establish multilateral control over safeguards and eliminate measures that escape such control;
In this publication, a number of recognized practitioners and scholars undertake to explore the r... more In this publication, a number of recognized practitioners and scholars undertake to explore the realities and the conceptual underpinnings of environmental compliance mechanisms. In a relatively short period of time, such mechanisms were introduced in a wide range of new and existing environmental regimes. Yet, little is known about their function in practice and their implications. This is puzzling when considering, that the new mechanisms considerably depart from traditional patterns of counteraction and dispute settlement. Instead they build on partnership and cooperation and include a wide range of possible reactions, which range from those having coercive power to supportive measures. Quite a number of those mechanisms and their functioning are explained in the publication in order to lay ground for some cross-cutting analysis, which covers inter alia reporting, inspection and monitoring, supportive financial incentives and the interrelationship between compliance mechanisms and the principle of state responsibility and dispute settlement. Finally the role of non-governmental organizations is addressed. Practitioners and scholars in international environmental affairs and international law more generally will benefit significantly from the inside views and thorough reflection as provided for in this book. For more information see brill.com
The duty raised on goods crossing borders is called a customs duty, or tariff. While the fiscal f... more The duty raised on goods crossing borders is called a customs duty, or tariff. While the fiscal function of tariffs plays only a minor role in most countries, the protective function is still of significance: customs duties are still a fundamental instrument for protection. The aim of binding these defined and changeable customs duties as well as their gradual reduction were central elements of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947. After the coming into force of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement, the permanent lowering of customs duties remains - under the catchword of market access - one of the significant concessiorns of the WTO. The customs classification and valuation rules make demands on national administrations which have not yet been fulfilled by all WTO Members. The shipment inspection includes inspection and control of products in the exporting country, before they are transported to the importing country.Keywords: customs valuation rules; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); market access; preshipment inspection; tariff classification; World Trade Organization (WTO)
Recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted... more Recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, ensuring full employment and a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand, and expanding the production of and trade in goods and services, while allowing for the optimal use of the world's resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development, seeking both to protect and preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so in a manner consistent with their respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic development, Recognizing further that there is need for positive efforts designed to ensure that developing countries, and especially the least developed among them, secure a share in the growth in international trade commensurate with the needs of their economic development, Being desirous of contributing to these objectives by entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangements directed to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international trade relations, Resolved, therefore, to develop an integrated, more viable and durable multilateral trading system encompassing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the results of past trade liberalization efforts, and all of the results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Determined to preserve the basic principles and to further the objectives underlying this multilateral trading system, Agree as follows: Article I Establishment of the Organization The World Trade Organization (hereinafter referred to as "the WTO") is hereby established.
... This idea of cooperation of states and the specific measure of justice governing their relati... more ... This idea of cooperation of states and the specific measure of justice governing their relationships in these areas is reflected by the ... Very likely, this measure of justice has to be taken into account when applying or interpreting the CBD's provisions on benefit-sharing at a ...
Members, Having in mind the overall objective of the Members to improve and strengthen the intern... more Members, Having in mind the overall objective of the Members to improve and strengthen the international trading system based on GATT 1994; Recognizing the need to clarify and reinforce the disciplines of GATT 1994, and specifically those of its Article XIX (Emergency Action on Imports of Particular Products), to re-establish multilateral control over safeguards and eliminate measures that escape such control;
In this publication, a number of recognized practitioners and scholars undertake to explore the r... more In this publication, a number of recognized practitioners and scholars undertake to explore the realities and the conceptual underpinnings of environmental compliance mechanisms. In a relatively short period of time, such mechanisms were introduced in a wide range of new and existing environmental regimes. Yet, little is known about their function in practice and their implications. This is puzzling when considering, that the new mechanisms considerably depart from traditional patterns of counteraction and dispute settlement. Instead they build on partnership and cooperation and include a wide range of possible reactions, which range from those having coercive power to supportive measures. Quite a number of those mechanisms and their functioning are explained in the publication in order to lay ground for some cross-cutting analysis, which covers inter alia reporting, inspection and monitoring, supportive financial incentives and the interrelationship between compliance mechanisms and the principle of state responsibility and dispute settlement. Finally the role of non-governmental organizations is addressed. Practitioners and scholars in international environmental affairs and international law more generally will benefit significantly from the inside views and thorough reflection as provided for in this book. For more information see brill.com
The duty raised on goods crossing borders is called a customs duty, or tariff. While the fiscal f... more The duty raised on goods crossing borders is called a customs duty, or tariff. While the fiscal function of tariffs plays only a minor role in most countries, the protective function is still of significance: customs duties are still a fundamental instrument for protection. The aim of binding these defined and changeable customs duties as well as their gradual reduction were central elements of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947. After the coming into force of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement, the permanent lowering of customs duties remains - under the catchword of market access - one of the significant concessiorns of the WTO. The customs classification and valuation rules make demands on national administrations which have not yet been fulfilled by all WTO Members. The shipment inspection includes inspection and control of products in the exporting country, before they are transported to the importing country.Keywords: customs valuation rules; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); market access; preshipment inspection; tariff classification; World Trade Organization (WTO)
Recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted... more Recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, ensuring full employment and a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand, and expanding the production of and trade in goods and services, while allowing for the optimal use of the world's resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development, seeking both to protect and preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so in a manner consistent with their respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic development, Recognizing further that there is need for positive efforts designed to ensure that developing countries, and especially the least developed among them, secure a share in the growth in international trade commensurate with the needs of their economic development, Being desirous of contributing to these objectives by entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangements directed to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international trade relations, Resolved, therefore, to develop an integrated, more viable and durable multilateral trading system encompassing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the results of past trade liberalization efforts, and all of the results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Determined to preserve the basic principles and to further the objectives underlying this multilateral trading system, Agree as follows: Article I Establishment of the Organization The World Trade Organization (hereinafter referred to as "the WTO") is hereby established.
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