As a partial conclusion, we do argue that indeed, using the T-M formula as the theoretical refere... more As a partial conclusion, we do argue that indeed, using the T-M formula as the theoretical reference is a ‘strong’ assumption which explains that a bivariate solution to elasticity is better that a monovariate one. However, beyond reflecting the “hydrological good sense”, it also reflects the visual impression from the graphs that we present in supplement. Moreover, we believe that the T-M formula’s assumptions are likely to be shared by most hydrologists, and that the T-M formula is both extremely simple and widely-used, which should turn our demonstration acceptable to many of our readers. We thank AV for his suggestion to show graphically that the TM formula implies well defined elasticities at moderate aridity conditions, and we will use this graph in the revised version.
A software to predict the impact of revegetation strategies on the Coarse Sandy Hilly Region of t... more A software to predict the impact of revegetation strategies on the Coarse Sandy Hilly Region of the Loess Plateau of China
Forest plantations can access water from some unconfined aquifers that also contain nitrate at co... more Forest plantations can access water from some unconfined aquifers that also contain nitrate at concentrations that could support hydroponic culture, but the separate effects of such additional water and nitrogen availability on tree growth have not hitherto been quantified. We demonstrate these effects using simulation modelling at two contrasting sites supporting Eucalyptus globulus Labill. or Pinus radiata D.Don plantations. The APSIM Eucalyptus and Pinus models simulated plantation growth within 2% of observed growth where the water table was at 4 m depth for eucalypts (height 28 m, MAI 32 m3 ha−1 year−1) and at 23 m for pines (height 37 m, MAI 20 m3 ha−1 year−1). In simulations without an aquifer, observed growth could only be matched using unrealistically high surface soil nitrogen (N) supply, suggesting this is an unlikely mechanism. Simulated aquifer N concentrations, evapotranspiration, and net N mineralization and leaching (emergent properties of modelling) were similar to ...
The objective of this paper was to evaluate the accuracy of two advanced blending algorithms, Spa... more The objective of this paper was to evaluate the accuracy of two advanced blending algorithms, Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (STARFM) and Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (ESTARFM) to downscale Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) indices to the spatial resolution of Landsat. We tested two approaches: (i) "Index-then-Blend" (IB); and (ii) "Blend-then-Index" (BI) when simulating nine indices, which are widely used for vegetation studies, environmental moisture assessment and standing water identification. Landsat-like indices, generated using both IB and BI, were simulated on 45 dates in total from three sites. The outputs were then compared with indices calculated from observed Landsat data and pixel-to-pixel accuracy of each simulation was assessed by calculating the: (i) bias; (ii) R 2 ; and (iii) Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD). The IB approach produced higher accuracies than the BI approach for both blending algorithms for
The views, opinions and conclusions expressed by the authors in this publication are not necessar... more The views, opinions and conclusions expressed by the authors in this publication are not necessarily those of the MDBA or the Commonwealth. To the extent permitted by law, the MDBA and the Commonwealth excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this report (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained within it. Australian Government Departments and Agencies are required by the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cwlth) to ensure that information and services can be accessed by people with disabilities. If you encounter accessibility difficulties or the information you require is in a format that you cannot access, please contact us. (including the important sphagnum bogs); (ii) likelihood of tree encroachment in the alpine and sub-alpine landscapes; (iii) observed ecohydrological responses of montane forests to the climate dynamics and weather extremes; and (iv) observed variability and change of rain depth and (where possible) sub-daily rainfall intensity. The following stakeholders were invited to attend the workshop. They have a range of backgrounds including water resource managers, those involved with policy formulation for water resource management planning, consultants, and researchers with expertise in forest hydrology and plant physiology. The 34 participants able to attend the workshop held on Tuesday 3 rd August 2010 are identified with an asterisk in the following list. Murray-Darling Basin Authority (MDBA)
mission of the Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Rice Production and/or the individual ... more mission of the Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Rice Production and/or the individual parties to that joint venture (the " Parties "). Disclaimer The information in this publication is based on knowledge available at the time of writing. The publication is presented in good faith and has been made available by the Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Rice Production (Rice CRC) on the basis that recipients of the publication should make their own enquiries and obtain appropriate professional advice before relying on any information or any expression of opinion or prediction contained in this publication. Neither the joint venture known as the Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Rice Production (Rice CRC) nor its individual member parties accept liability for any losses, damages or costs resulting from the use of information contained in or omitted from this publication. The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those o...
The true location of the same road intersection (green point) is compared to its own position on ... more The true location of the same road intersection (green point) is compared to its own position on two different Geographic Information System (GIS) datasets (yellow points). The yellow point on the top represents the position of the road intersection based on the Digital Topographic Data Base (DTDB) roads layer, that is 'before' correction. The yellow point on the bottom represents the position of that same road intersection based on the final image product of this application, that is 'after' correction. The old geographic reference layer is about 97 m from its true position at this point. The new geographic reference is about 10 m from its true position at this point. The continuity of the background image to the roads layers in both images demonstrates the improved accuracies.
This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been th... more This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as
Proceedings of First International Electronic Conference on the Hydrological Cycle, Nov 5, 2017
This study proposes a new methodology for calculating the Standardized Evapotranspiration Deficit... more This study proposes a new methodology for calculating the Standardized Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (SEDI) at the global scale based on the log-logistic distribution to fit the evaporation deficit (ED). The SEDI has been proposed recently to quantify drought severity based on the difference between actual evapotranspiration (ET) and the atmospheric evaporative demand (AED). Our findings demonstrate that, regardless of the AED dataset used for calculations, a log-logistic distribution is needed in order to fit the ED time series.
Proceedings of First International Electronic Conference on the Hydrological Cycle, Nov 8, 2017
Atmospheric evaporative demand (AED) trends at global scale are important to understand the impac... more Atmospheric evaporative demand (AED) trends at global scale are important to understand the impact of global warming in the hydrological cycle. To shed light on the AED variability in Estonia we have studied the spatial and temporal variability of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) from 1951 to 2015. We have computed ET0 from 9 high-quality meteorological stations by means of a Penman-Monteith equation. We have analysed the spatial and temporal variability of ET0 and its main drivers i.e. maximum temperature, minimum temperature, wind speed, sunshine duration, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure. ET0, at annual and country scale, shows a positive and significant trend with a magnitude of change during the studied period of 5.3 mm decade-1 , with the highest values during the spring (4.1 mm decade-1). High significant correlation (r=0.7-0.8) has been found among computed ET0 and observed pan evaporation (Epan) during the period 1968-2005. ET0 is highly correlated with sunshine (positive), relative humidity (negative) and maximum temperature (positive). Meanwhile sunshine has no significant trend, maximum temperature shows positive and significant trend in all the series and seasons and relative humidity shows significant negative trends in 8 of the 9 series studied in spring.
To improve the understanding of water-vegetation relationships, direct comparative studies assess... more To improve the understanding of water-vegetation relationships, direct comparative studies assessing the utility of satellite remotely sensed soil moisture, gridded precipitation products, and land surface model output are needed. A case study was investigated for a water-limited, lateral inflow receiving area in northeastern Australia during December 2008 to May 2009. In January 2009, monthly precipitation showed strong positive anomalies, which led to strong positive soil moisture anomalies. The precipitation anomalies disappeared within a month. In contrast, the soil moisture anomalies persisted for months. Positive anomalies of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) appeared in February, in response to water supply, and then persisted for several months. In addition to these temporal characteristics, the spatial patterns of NDVI anomalies were more similar to soil moisture patterns than to those of precipitation and land surface model output. The long memory of soil moisture mainly relates to the presence of clay-rich soils. Modeled soil moisture from four of five global land surface models failed to capture the memory length of soil moisture and all five models failed to present the influence of lateral inflow. This case study indicates that satellite-based soil moisture is a better predictor of vegetation water availability than precipitation in environments having a memory of several months and thus is able to persistently affect vegetation dynamics. These results illustrate the usefulness of satellite remotely sensed soil moisture in ecohydrology studies. This case study has the potential to be used as a benchmark for global land surface model evaluations. The advantages of using satellite remotely sensed soil moisture over gridded precipitation products are mainly expected in lateral-inflow and/or clay-rich regions worldwide.
Clima, sociedad, riesgos y ordenación del territorio, 2016
Este estudio analiza por primera vez el impacto del intervalo de medida en la estimación de la me... more Este estudio analiza por primera vez el impacto del intervalo de medida en la estimación de la media y las tendencias de la velocidad del viento, como posible causa del fenómeno "stilling" (descenso de la velocidad media del viento). Los dos intervalos de medida corresponden a la velocidad del viento obtenida a partir de: (i) 4-horas sinópticas (0000, 0700, 1300 y 1800 UTC; WS); y (ii) recorrido del viento en 24 horas (WR). Esta investigación se realizó en España utilizando la disponibilidad de series en paralelo de WS y WR para 1961-2011 (12 estaciones) y 1979-2008 (19 estaciones). Los resultados indican que la velocidad media del viento es estadísticamente 0.24 m s-1 mayor para la WS frente al WR, mostrando un ciclo estacional con mayores diferencias en julio (0.49 m s-1) y menores en diciembre (-0.01 m s-1); y que para el periodo 1979-2008 la WS (-0.057 m s-1 decada-1) presenta una tendencia más negativa en comparación al WR (-0.011 m s-1 decada-1), aunque muy pocas diferencias en estas tendencias entre WS y WR son estadísticamente significativas. De forma contraria, estas diferencias no son estadísticamente significativas para 1961-2011. Palabras clave: intervalos de medida, velocidad media del viento, recorrido del viento, tendencias, "stilling".
Australia is founding its future on science and innovation. Its national science agency, CSIRO, i... more Australia is founding its future on science and innovation. Its national science agency, CSIRO, is a powerhouse of ideas, technologies and skills. CSIRO initiated the National Research Flagships to address Australia's major research challenges and opportunities. They apply large scale, long term, multidisciplinary science and aim for widespread adoption of solutions. The Flagship Collaboration Fund supports the best and brightest researchers to address these complex challenges through partnerships between CSIRO, universities, research agencies and industry. The Water for a Healthy Country Flagship aims to provide Australia with solutions for water resource management, creating economic gains of $3 billion per annum by 2030, while protecting or restoring our major water ecosystems. The work contained in this report is collaboration between CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology.
Important disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises g... more Important disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it.
Using AVHRR data and meteorological surfaces as covariates to spatially interpolate moisture avai... more Using AVHRR data and meteorological surfaces as covariates to spatially interpolate moisture availability in the Murray-Darling Basin, CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report 50/99, Canberra, Australia. 45 pp.
The onus for monitoring crop growth from space is its ability to be applied anytime and anywhere,... more The onus for monitoring crop growth from space is its ability to be applied anytime and anywhere, to produce crop yield estimates that are consistent at both the subfield scale for farming management strategies and the country level for national crop yield assessment. Historically, the requirements for satellites to successfully monitor crop growth and yield differed depending on the extent of the area being monitored. Diverging imaging capabilities can be reconciled by blending images from high-temporal-frequency (HTF) and high-spatial-resolution (HSR) sensors to produce images that possess both HTF and HSR characteristics across large areas. We evaluated the relative performance of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Landsat, and blended imagery for crop yield estimates (2009–2015) using a carbon-turnover yield model deployed across the Australian cropping area. Based on the fraction of missing Landsat observations, we further developed a parsimonious framework ...
We present new global maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification at an unprecedented 1-km r... more We present new global maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification at an unprecedented 1-km resolution for the present-day (1980-2016) and for projected future conditions (2071-2100) under climate change. The present-day map is derived from an ensemble of four high-resolution, topographically-corrected climatic maps. The future map is derived from an ensemble of 32 climate model projections (scenario RCP8.5), by superimposing the projected climate change anomaly on the baseline high-resolution climatic maps. For both time periods we calculate confidence levels from the ensemble spread, providing valuable indications of the reliability of the classifications. The new maps exhibit a higher classification accuracy and substantially more detail than previous maps, particularly in regions with sharp spatial or elevation gradients. We anticipate the new maps will be useful for numerous applications, including species and vegetation distribution modeling. The new maps including the ass...
Elevated atmospheric COconcentration (eC) might reduce forest water-use, due to decreased transpi... more Elevated atmospheric COconcentration (eC) might reduce forest water-use, due to decreased transpiration, following partial stomatal closure, thus enhancing water-use efficiency and productivity at low water availability. If evapotranspiration (E) is reduced, it may subsequently increase soil water storage (ΔS) or surface runoff (R) and drainage (D), although these could be offset or even reversed by changes in vegetation structure, mainly increased leaf area index (L). To understand the effect of eCin a water-limited ecosystem, we tested whether two years of eC(~40% increase) affected the hydrological partitioning in a mature water-limited Eucalyptus woodland exposed to Free-Air COEnrichment (FACE). This timeframe allowed us to evaluate whether physiological effects of eCreduced stand water-use irrespective of L, which was unaffected by eCin this timeframe. We hypothesized that eCwould reduce tree-canopy transpiration (E), but excess water from reduced Ewould be lost via increased s...
As a partial conclusion, we do argue that indeed, using the T-M formula as the theoretical refere... more As a partial conclusion, we do argue that indeed, using the T-M formula as the theoretical reference is a ‘strong’ assumption which explains that a bivariate solution to elasticity is better that a monovariate one. However, beyond reflecting the “hydrological good sense”, it also reflects the visual impression from the graphs that we present in supplement. Moreover, we believe that the T-M formula’s assumptions are likely to be shared by most hydrologists, and that the T-M formula is both extremely simple and widely-used, which should turn our demonstration acceptable to many of our readers. We thank AV for his suggestion to show graphically that the TM formula implies well defined elasticities at moderate aridity conditions, and we will use this graph in the revised version.
A software to predict the impact of revegetation strategies on the Coarse Sandy Hilly Region of t... more A software to predict the impact of revegetation strategies on the Coarse Sandy Hilly Region of the Loess Plateau of China
Forest plantations can access water from some unconfined aquifers that also contain nitrate at co... more Forest plantations can access water from some unconfined aquifers that also contain nitrate at concentrations that could support hydroponic culture, but the separate effects of such additional water and nitrogen availability on tree growth have not hitherto been quantified. We demonstrate these effects using simulation modelling at two contrasting sites supporting Eucalyptus globulus Labill. or Pinus radiata D.Don plantations. The APSIM Eucalyptus and Pinus models simulated plantation growth within 2% of observed growth where the water table was at 4 m depth for eucalypts (height 28 m, MAI 32 m3 ha−1 year−1) and at 23 m for pines (height 37 m, MAI 20 m3 ha−1 year−1). In simulations without an aquifer, observed growth could only be matched using unrealistically high surface soil nitrogen (N) supply, suggesting this is an unlikely mechanism. Simulated aquifer N concentrations, evapotranspiration, and net N mineralization and leaching (emergent properties of modelling) were similar to ...
The objective of this paper was to evaluate the accuracy of two advanced blending algorithms, Spa... more The objective of this paper was to evaluate the accuracy of two advanced blending algorithms, Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (STARFM) and Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (ESTARFM) to downscale Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) indices to the spatial resolution of Landsat. We tested two approaches: (i) "Index-then-Blend" (IB); and (ii) "Blend-then-Index" (BI) when simulating nine indices, which are widely used for vegetation studies, environmental moisture assessment and standing water identification. Landsat-like indices, generated using both IB and BI, were simulated on 45 dates in total from three sites. The outputs were then compared with indices calculated from observed Landsat data and pixel-to-pixel accuracy of each simulation was assessed by calculating the: (i) bias; (ii) R 2 ; and (iii) Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD). The IB approach produced higher accuracies than the BI approach for both blending algorithms for
The views, opinions and conclusions expressed by the authors in this publication are not necessar... more The views, opinions and conclusions expressed by the authors in this publication are not necessarily those of the MDBA or the Commonwealth. To the extent permitted by law, the MDBA and the Commonwealth excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this report (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained within it. Australian Government Departments and Agencies are required by the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cwlth) to ensure that information and services can be accessed by people with disabilities. If you encounter accessibility difficulties or the information you require is in a format that you cannot access, please contact us. (including the important sphagnum bogs); (ii) likelihood of tree encroachment in the alpine and sub-alpine landscapes; (iii) observed ecohydrological responses of montane forests to the climate dynamics and weather extremes; and (iv) observed variability and change of rain depth and (where possible) sub-daily rainfall intensity. The following stakeholders were invited to attend the workshop. They have a range of backgrounds including water resource managers, those involved with policy formulation for water resource management planning, consultants, and researchers with expertise in forest hydrology and plant physiology. The 34 participants able to attend the workshop held on Tuesday 3 rd August 2010 are identified with an asterisk in the following list. Murray-Darling Basin Authority (MDBA)
mission of the Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Rice Production and/or the individual ... more mission of the Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Rice Production and/or the individual parties to that joint venture (the " Parties "). Disclaimer The information in this publication is based on knowledge available at the time of writing. The publication is presented in good faith and has been made available by the Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Rice Production (Rice CRC) on the basis that recipients of the publication should make their own enquiries and obtain appropriate professional advice before relying on any information or any expression of opinion or prediction contained in this publication. Neither the joint venture known as the Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Rice Production (Rice CRC) nor its individual member parties accept liability for any losses, damages or costs resulting from the use of information contained in or omitted from this publication. The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those o...
The true location of the same road intersection (green point) is compared to its own position on ... more The true location of the same road intersection (green point) is compared to its own position on two different Geographic Information System (GIS) datasets (yellow points). The yellow point on the top represents the position of the road intersection based on the Digital Topographic Data Base (DTDB) roads layer, that is 'before' correction. The yellow point on the bottom represents the position of that same road intersection based on the final image product of this application, that is 'after' correction. The old geographic reference layer is about 97 m from its true position at this point. The new geographic reference is about 10 m from its true position at this point. The continuity of the background image to the roads layers in both images demonstrates the improved accuracies.
This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been th... more This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as
Proceedings of First International Electronic Conference on the Hydrological Cycle, Nov 5, 2017
This study proposes a new methodology for calculating the Standardized Evapotranspiration Deficit... more This study proposes a new methodology for calculating the Standardized Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (SEDI) at the global scale based on the log-logistic distribution to fit the evaporation deficit (ED). The SEDI has been proposed recently to quantify drought severity based on the difference between actual evapotranspiration (ET) and the atmospheric evaporative demand (AED). Our findings demonstrate that, regardless of the AED dataset used for calculations, a log-logistic distribution is needed in order to fit the ED time series.
Proceedings of First International Electronic Conference on the Hydrological Cycle, Nov 8, 2017
Atmospheric evaporative demand (AED) trends at global scale are important to understand the impac... more Atmospheric evaporative demand (AED) trends at global scale are important to understand the impact of global warming in the hydrological cycle. To shed light on the AED variability in Estonia we have studied the spatial and temporal variability of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) from 1951 to 2015. We have computed ET0 from 9 high-quality meteorological stations by means of a Penman-Monteith equation. We have analysed the spatial and temporal variability of ET0 and its main drivers i.e. maximum temperature, minimum temperature, wind speed, sunshine duration, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure. ET0, at annual and country scale, shows a positive and significant trend with a magnitude of change during the studied period of 5.3 mm decade-1 , with the highest values during the spring (4.1 mm decade-1). High significant correlation (r=0.7-0.8) has been found among computed ET0 and observed pan evaporation (Epan) during the period 1968-2005. ET0 is highly correlated with sunshine (positive), relative humidity (negative) and maximum temperature (positive). Meanwhile sunshine has no significant trend, maximum temperature shows positive and significant trend in all the series and seasons and relative humidity shows significant negative trends in 8 of the 9 series studied in spring.
To improve the understanding of water-vegetation relationships, direct comparative studies assess... more To improve the understanding of water-vegetation relationships, direct comparative studies assessing the utility of satellite remotely sensed soil moisture, gridded precipitation products, and land surface model output are needed. A case study was investigated for a water-limited, lateral inflow receiving area in northeastern Australia during December 2008 to May 2009. In January 2009, monthly precipitation showed strong positive anomalies, which led to strong positive soil moisture anomalies. The precipitation anomalies disappeared within a month. In contrast, the soil moisture anomalies persisted for months. Positive anomalies of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) appeared in February, in response to water supply, and then persisted for several months. In addition to these temporal characteristics, the spatial patterns of NDVI anomalies were more similar to soil moisture patterns than to those of precipitation and land surface model output. The long memory of soil moisture mainly relates to the presence of clay-rich soils. Modeled soil moisture from four of five global land surface models failed to capture the memory length of soil moisture and all five models failed to present the influence of lateral inflow. This case study indicates that satellite-based soil moisture is a better predictor of vegetation water availability than precipitation in environments having a memory of several months and thus is able to persistently affect vegetation dynamics. These results illustrate the usefulness of satellite remotely sensed soil moisture in ecohydrology studies. This case study has the potential to be used as a benchmark for global land surface model evaluations. The advantages of using satellite remotely sensed soil moisture over gridded precipitation products are mainly expected in lateral-inflow and/or clay-rich regions worldwide.
Clima, sociedad, riesgos y ordenación del territorio, 2016
Este estudio analiza por primera vez el impacto del intervalo de medida en la estimación de la me... more Este estudio analiza por primera vez el impacto del intervalo de medida en la estimación de la media y las tendencias de la velocidad del viento, como posible causa del fenómeno "stilling" (descenso de la velocidad media del viento). Los dos intervalos de medida corresponden a la velocidad del viento obtenida a partir de: (i) 4-horas sinópticas (0000, 0700, 1300 y 1800 UTC; WS); y (ii) recorrido del viento en 24 horas (WR). Esta investigación se realizó en España utilizando la disponibilidad de series en paralelo de WS y WR para 1961-2011 (12 estaciones) y 1979-2008 (19 estaciones). Los resultados indican que la velocidad media del viento es estadísticamente 0.24 m s-1 mayor para la WS frente al WR, mostrando un ciclo estacional con mayores diferencias en julio (0.49 m s-1) y menores en diciembre (-0.01 m s-1); y que para el periodo 1979-2008 la WS (-0.057 m s-1 decada-1) presenta una tendencia más negativa en comparación al WR (-0.011 m s-1 decada-1), aunque muy pocas diferencias en estas tendencias entre WS y WR son estadísticamente significativas. De forma contraria, estas diferencias no son estadísticamente significativas para 1961-2011. Palabras clave: intervalos de medida, velocidad media del viento, recorrido del viento, tendencias, "stilling".
Australia is founding its future on science and innovation. Its national science agency, CSIRO, i... more Australia is founding its future on science and innovation. Its national science agency, CSIRO, is a powerhouse of ideas, technologies and skills. CSIRO initiated the National Research Flagships to address Australia's major research challenges and opportunities. They apply large scale, long term, multidisciplinary science and aim for widespread adoption of solutions. The Flagship Collaboration Fund supports the best and brightest researchers to address these complex challenges through partnerships between CSIRO, universities, research agencies and industry. The Water for a Healthy Country Flagship aims to provide Australia with solutions for water resource management, creating economic gains of $3 billion per annum by 2030, while protecting or restoring our major water ecosystems. The work contained in this report is collaboration between CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology.
Important disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises g... more Important disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it.
Using AVHRR data and meteorological surfaces as covariates to spatially interpolate moisture avai... more Using AVHRR data and meteorological surfaces as covariates to spatially interpolate moisture availability in the Murray-Darling Basin, CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report 50/99, Canberra, Australia. 45 pp.
The onus for monitoring crop growth from space is its ability to be applied anytime and anywhere,... more The onus for monitoring crop growth from space is its ability to be applied anytime and anywhere, to produce crop yield estimates that are consistent at both the subfield scale for farming management strategies and the country level for national crop yield assessment. Historically, the requirements for satellites to successfully monitor crop growth and yield differed depending on the extent of the area being monitored. Diverging imaging capabilities can be reconciled by blending images from high-temporal-frequency (HTF) and high-spatial-resolution (HSR) sensors to produce images that possess both HTF and HSR characteristics across large areas. We evaluated the relative performance of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Landsat, and blended imagery for crop yield estimates (2009–2015) using a carbon-turnover yield model deployed across the Australian cropping area. Based on the fraction of missing Landsat observations, we further developed a parsimonious framework ...
We present new global maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification at an unprecedented 1-km r... more We present new global maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification at an unprecedented 1-km resolution for the present-day (1980-2016) and for projected future conditions (2071-2100) under climate change. The present-day map is derived from an ensemble of four high-resolution, topographically-corrected climatic maps. The future map is derived from an ensemble of 32 climate model projections (scenario RCP8.5), by superimposing the projected climate change anomaly on the baseline high-resolution climatic maps. For both time periods we calculate confidence levels from the ensemble spread, providing valuable indications of the reliability of the classifications. The new maps exhibit a higher classification accuracy and substantially more detail than previous maps, particularly in regions with sharp spatial or elevation gradients. We anticipate the new maps will be useful for numerous applications, including species and vegetation distribution modeling. The new maps including the ass...
Elevated atmospheric COconcentration (eC) might reduce forest water-use, due to decreased transpi... more Elevated atmospheric COconcentration (eC) might reduce forest water-use, due to decreased transpiration, following partial stomatal closure, thus enhancing water-use efficiency and productivity at low water availability. If evapotranspiration (E) is reduced, it may subsequently increase soil water storage (ΔS) or surface runoff (R) and drainage (D), although these could be offset or even reversed by changes in vegetation structure, mainly increased leaf area index (L). To understand the effect of eCin a water-limited ecosystem, we tested whether two years of eC(~40% increase) affected the hydrological partitioning in a mature water-limited Eucalyptus woodland exposed to Free-Air COEnrichment (FACE). This timeframe allowed us to evaluate whether physiological effects of eCreduced stand water-use irrespective of L, which was unaffected by eCin this timeframe. We hypothesized that eCwould reduce tree-canopy transpiration (E), but excess water from reduced Ewould be lost via increased s...
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