E-commerce has grown tremendously over the past decade. This paper focuses on E-commerce adoption... more E-commerce has grown tremendously over the past decade. This paper focuses on E-commerce adoption within the franchising sector. We formulate various hypotheses on the factors that influence the adoption of an E-commerce strategy by franchisors, namely the percentage of company-owned stores in the network, network size and age, franchisor resources (franchising fees and franchising royalties), and the allocation of exclusive
... Elles portent sur des categories sensibles de jeunes sortant du systeme educatif et se preten... more ... Elles portent sur des categories sensibles de jeunes sortant du systeme educatif et se pretent particulierement bien a l'analyse d'evaluation. ... On sait que la formation generale eleve la capacite productive du tra-vailleur dans un grand nombre d'entreprises. ...
Regulation in telecommunication industry is one of the most sophisticated sectorial regulation. T... more Regulation in telecommunication industry is one of the most sophisticated sectorial regulation. Two main goals are targeted by public authorities. In one hand, the regulator is trying to build a competitive market to replace the historic monopolistic situation. Now the emphasis is less on the monopolization of the market by the former public operator and more on the risk of
With the expanding reach of Information Technologies (IT), a digital divide has been appearing in... more With the expanding reach of Information Technologies (IT), a digital divide has been appearing inside the European Union and between the EU and its neighborhood (between the intensive-IT countries and the poor-IT countries) that could broaden inequalities in economic development. This article aims to describe the features of this digital divide and to understand how IT diffusion and IT convergence
This paper addresses the dual distribution issue, focusing on French franchise chains. More speci... more This paper addresses the dual distribution issue, focusing on French franchise chains. More specifically, we have a panel data set with information from 1996 to 2000 concerning 275 franchisors. We explore how the value of the trademark can influence the level of managerial control. We defend the idea that the relationship is rather complex and may involve the royalty rate.
Assembling consist in gathering goods and arranging them in packages to provide customers with mo... more Assembling consist in gathering goods and arranging them in packages to provide customers with modular goods that fit to their needs and preferences. The paper proposes, first, an analytical framework aimed at contrasting the possible business models available to produce these composite goods. It is based on four criteria: whether the assembling is performed by an intermediary or by the
This article is aimed at analyzing the motivations on the part of firms to invest in websites. Wh... more This article is aimed at analyzing the motivations on the part of firms to invest in websites. What are the drivers behind such investments? In order to address this issue, we have considered two alternative theoretical frameworks. The first relies upon resourcebased theory; the approach herein states that firms with greater resources and competencies are expected to invest more heavily
International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 2013
ABSTRACT E-commerce has grown tremendously over the past decade in most business sectors, includi... more ABSTRACT E-commerce has grown tremendously over the past decade in most business sectors, including the franchising sector. This paper applies the resource-based view to examine e-commerce strategy in franchise networks and to identify the potential determinants of the presence of transactional capabilities on franchisors' Web sites. Our empirical study is based on 486 U.S. franchise networks in the retail and service sectors. When data were collected in 2009, only 20 percent of the sampled franchisors had adopted an e-commerce strategy. Our main findings show that the percentage of company-owned stores and network size have a positive impact on the implementation of e-commerce strategy, whereas network age has a negative effect. Moreover, a franchisor is more likely to launch a transactional Web site in the retail sector and the hotel and restaurant sector. This paper highlights the relevance of using the resource-based view to investigate e-commerce strategy and provides guidance to franchisors on how to implement a transactional Web site.
1 Abstract: French E-commerce sales have tremendously grown these last two years, even if the est... more 1 Abstract: French E-commerce sales have tremendously grown these last two years, even if the estimated amount of transaction is still marginal. Beyond this relative success, E-commerce raises many questions. Are electronic markets more competitive than traditional markets? How can we explain price dispersion on Internet? This paper deals with the pricing strategies of on-line retailers. For this purpose, we have collected data about CD prices on Internet during June and July 2001. This data set enables us to establish that online prices are strongly dispersed and rather volatile. Then we develop a repeated game model to analyze behaviors of CD retailers. Hence we prove that the probability of price collusion should increase with the age of a CD and decrease with its popularity. In other words, a collusion between CD retailers is more likely when the demand for a CD declines. This hypothesis is not rejected by econometric regressions on price level and price dispersion. These result...
In 2009, sponsored search advertisements generated over $11 billion in revenue for search engines... more In 2009, sponsored search advertisements generated over $11 billion in revenue for search engines in the US market and increased by 11% for the first half of 2010. Most of these advertisements were sold using an auction mechanism. Several existing papers analyze the auction mechanism currently used by search engines under the assumption that there are only sponsored links. We extend this literature to incorporate two important market features. In particular, we consider the impact of a second access channel, organic search listings which appear beneath the sponsored links, and we allow for the possibility that both relevance of the advertising firm as well as its position in the sponsored link listings impact the click-through-rate. Our results demonstrate that the existence of an outside alternative leads to less aggressive bidding behavior. The outside alternative also creates an important role for the minimum cost-per-click established by the search engine in maximizing auction r...
Cet article s'attache a determiner la politique optimale de lutte contre les ententes en prix... more Cet article s'attache a determiner la politique optimale de lutte contre les ententes en prix lorsque les autorites concurrentielles observent imparfaitement le cout des firmes.
This article aims to examine how the size of P2P fi le-sharing communities affects their function... more This article aims to examine how the size of P2P fi le-sharing communities affects their functioning and performance (i.e. their capacity to share and distribute content). Olson (1965) argued that small communities are more able to prov ide collective goods. Using an original database on BitTorrent file-sharing communities, ou r article finds a positive relation between the size of a community and the amount of collectiv e good provided ; However, the individual propensity to cooperate decreases with community si ze. These two features seem to indicate that P2P file-sharing communities provide a pure (n on rival) public good. We also show that specialized communities are more efficient than gen eral communities to encourage cooperative behavior. Finally, the rules designed b y the administrators of these communities play an active role to stimulate voluntary contribu tions and improve the self-sustainability of file-sharing.
The aim of this communication is to analyse the Internet's contribution in the social capital... more The aim of this communication is to analyse the Internet's contribution in the social capital inequality. Does the Internet usage increase or decrease the gap between individuals who have an important social capital (a large social network) and individuals who have a limited social capital? Firstly, we will analyse this question at a theoretical level with a micro economic model of social capital investment. Secondly, thanks to Luxembourg data, we are going to evaluate the deciding factors of the investment in social capital over the Internet. The results show a limited complementarity between the online investment and the social capital of the individuals: Internet doesn't increase the inequalities in social capital; in consequence, Internet could be an alternative way to generate social capital.
Within developed countries, the market penetration of cell phones and the Internet has progressed... more Within developed countries, the market penetration of cell phones and the Internet has progressed in tandem and the point of market saturation is nearly to be reached in both markets. In contrast, the African continent has been characterized by a more uneven level of progress, with the penetration of cell phones (41% in 2010) considerably outpacing the penetration of the Internet (9.6% in 2010). The question is then raised as to whether cell phone and Internet services in Africa are following the same path towards widespread diffusion, yet with a several-year time delay, or alternatively has the expansion of Internet use been constrained by the presence of specific obstacles? The objective of this article is to compare the determinants and hindrances of both Internet and cell phone use in Gabon, based on individual survey data. Our econometric results show that the primary factors stimulating Internet use consist of a high level of education and computer skill. Social neighborhood a...
This paper aims to understand the impact of the Internet on social capital. Does the Internet usa... more This paper aims to understand the impact of the Internet on social capital. Does the Internet usage influence the investments in social networks? First, we theoretically address this question with a micro-economic model of social capital. Second, thanks to Luxembourg data, we evaluate the determinants of the investments in social capital via the Internet. The results show a complementarity between the online investments and the offline investments (measured by the belonging to some associations or formal organizations), except for individuals who have had professional or personal mobility and who tend to intensively use the Internet to invest in social capital.
This paper reports the results of a laboratory experiment that aims at investigating the effect o... more This paper reports the results of a laboratory experiment that aims at investigating the effect of manipulating reputation in the context of online decentralized feedback systems, such as eBay. Our experimental results indicate that the agents do not hesitate to manipulate their reputation even when it is costly, which influences the decisions of evaluation and has a negative impact on
E-commerce has grown tremendously over the past decade. This paper focuses on E-commerce adoption... more E-commerce has grown tremendously over the past decade. This paper focuses on E-commerce adoption within the franchising sector. We formulate various hypotheses on the factors that influence the adoption of an E-commerce strategy by franchisors, namely the percentage of company-owned stores in the network, network size and age, franchisor resources (franchising fees and franchising royalties), and the allocation of exclusive
... Elles portent sur des categories sensibles de jeunes sortant du systeme educatif et se preten... more ... Elles portent sur des categories sensibles de jeunes sortant du systeme educatif et se pretent particulierement bien a l'analyse d'evaluation. ... On sait que la formation generale eleve la capacite productive du tra-vailleur dans un grand nombre d'entreprises. ...
Regulation in telecommunication industry is one of the most sophisticated sectorial regulation. T... more Regulation in telecommunication industry is one of the most sophisticated sectorial regulation. Two main goals are targeted by public authorities. In one hand, the regulator is trying to build a competitive market to replace the historic monopolistic situation. Now the emphasis is less on the monopolization of the market by the former public operator and more on the risk of
With the expanding reach of Information Technologies (IT), a digital divide has been appearing in... more With the expanding reach of Information Technologies (IT), a digital divide has been appearing inside the European Union and between the EU and its neighborhood (between the intensive-IT countries and the poor-IT countries) that could broaden inequalities in economic development. This article aims to describe the features of this digital divide and to understand how IT diffusion and IT convergence
This paper addresses the dual distribution issue, focusing on French franchise chains. More speci... more This paper addresses the dual distribution issue, focusing on French franchise chains. More specifically, we have a panel data set with information from 1996 to 2000 concerning 275 franchisors. We explore how the value of the trademark can influence the level of managerial control. We defend the idea that the relationship is rather complex and may involve the royalty rate.
Assembling consist in gathering goods and arranging them in packages to provide customers with mo... more Assembling consist in gathering goods and arranging them in packages to provide customers with modular goods that fit to their needs and preferences. The paper proposes, first, an analytical framework aimed at contrasting the possible business models available to produce these composite goods. It is based on four criteria: whether the assembling is performed by an intermediary or by the
This article is aimed at analyzing the motivations on the part of firms to invest in websites. Wh... more This article is aimed at analyzing the motivations on the part of firms to invest in websites. What are the drivers behind such investments? In order to address this issue, we have considered two alternative theoretical frameworks. The first relies upon resourcebased theory; the approach herein states that firms with greater resources and competencies are expected to invest more heavily
International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 2013
ABSTRACT E-commerce has grown tremendously over the past decade in most business sectors, includi... more ABSTRACT E-commerce has grown tremendously over the past decade in most business sectors, including the franchising sector. This paper applies the resource-based view to examine e-commerce strategy in franchise networks and to identify the potential determinants of the presence of transactional capabilities on franchisors' Web sites. Our empirical study is based on 486 U.S. franchise networks in the retail and service sectors. When data were collected in 2009, only 20 percent of the sampled franchisors had adopted an e-commerce strategy. Our main findings show that the percentage of company-owned stores and network size have a positive impact on the implementation of e-commerce strategy, whereas network age has a negative effect. Moreover, a franchisor is more likely to launch a transactional Web site in the retail sector and the hotel and restaurant sector. This paper highlights the relevance of using the resource-based view to investigate e-commerce strategy and provides guidance to franchisors on how to implement a transactional Web site.
1 Abstract: French E-commerce sales have tremendously grown these last two years, even if the est... more 1 Abstract: French E-commerce sales have tremendously grown these last two years, even if the estimated amount of transaction is still marginal. Beyond this relative success, E-commerce raises many questions. Are electronic markets more competitive than traditional markets? How can we explain price dispersion on Internet? This paper deals with the pricing strategies of on-line retailers. For this purpose, we have collected data about CD prices on Internet during June and July 2001. This data set enables us to establish that online prices are strongly dispersed and rather volatile. Then we develop a repeated game model to analyze behaviors of CD retailers. Hence we prove that the probability of price collusion should increase with the age of a CD and decrease with its popularity. In other words, a collusion between CD retailers is more likely when the demand for a CD declines. This hypothesis is not rejected by econometric regressions on price level and price dispersion. These result...
In 2009, sponsored search advertisements generated over $11 billion in revenue for search engines... more In 2009, sponsored search advertisements generated over $11 billion in revenue for search engines in the US market and increased by 11% for the first half of 2010. Most of these advertisements were sold using an auction mechanism. Several existing papers analyze the auction mechanism currently used by search engines under the assumption that there are only sponsored links. We extend this literature to incorporate two important market features. In particular, we consider the impact of a second access channel, organic search listings which appear beneath the sponsored links, and we allow for the possibility that both relevance of the advertising firm as well as its position in the sponsored link listings impact the click-through-rate. Our results demonstrate that the existence of an outside alternative leads to less aggressive bidding behavior. The outside alternative also creates an important role for the minimum cost-per-click established by the search engine in maximizing auction r...
Cet article s'attache a determiner la politique optimale de lutte contre les ententes en prix... more Cet article s'attache a determiner la politique optimale de lutte contre les ententes en prix lorsque les autorites concurrentielles observent imparfaitement le cout des firmes.
This article aims to examine how the size of P2P fi le-sharing communities affects their function... more This article aims to examine how the size of P2P fi le-sharing communities affects their functioning and performance (i.e. their capacity to share and distribute content). Olson (1965) argued that small communities are more able to prov ide collective goods. Using an original database on BitTorrent file-sharing communities, ou r article finds a positive relation between the size of a community and the amount of collectiv e good provided ; However, the individual propensity to cooperate decreases with community si ze. These two features seem to indicate that P2P file-sharing communities provide a pure (n on rival) public good. We also show that specialized communities are more efficient than gen eral communities to encourage cooperative behavior. Finally, the rules designed b y the administrators of these communities play an active role to stimulate voluntary contribu tions and improve the self-sustainability of file-sharing.
The aim of this communication is to analyse the Internet's contribution in the social capital... more The aim of this communication is to analyse the Internet's contribution in the social capital inequality. Does the Internet usage increase or decrease the gap between individuals who have an important social capital (a large social network) and individuals who have a limited social capital? Firstly, we will analyse this question at a theoretical level with a micro economic model of social capital investment. Secondly, thanks to Luxembourg data, we are going to evaluate the deciding factors of the investment in social capital over the Internet. The results show a limited complementarity between the online investment and the social capital of the individuals: Internet doesn't increase the inequalities in social capital; in consequence, Internet could be an alternative way to generate social capital.
Within developed countries, the market penetration of cell phones and the Internet has progressed... more Within developed countries, the market penetration of cell phones and the Internet has progressed in tandem and the point of market saturation is nearly to be reached in both markets. In contrast, the African continent has been characterized by a more uneven level of progress, with the penetration of cell phones (41% in 2010) considerably outpacing the penetration of the Internet (9.6% in 2010). The question is then raised as to whether cell phone and Internet services in Africa are following the same path towards widespread diffusion, yet with a several-year time delay, or alternatively has the expansion of Internet use been constrained by the presence of specific obstacles? The objective of this article is to compare the determinants and hindrances of both Internet and cell phone use in Gabon, based on individual survey data. Our econometric results show that the primary factors stimulating Internet use consist of a high level of education and computer skill. Social neighborhood a...
This paper aims to understand the impact of the Internet on social capital. Does the Internet usa... more This paper aims to understand the impact of the Internet on social capital. Does the Internet usage influence the investments in social networks? First, we theoretically address this question with a micro-economic model of social capital. Second, thanks to Luxembourg data, we evaluate the determinants of the investments in social capital via the Internet. The results show a complementarity between the online investments and the offline investments (measured by the belonging to some associations or formal organizations), except for individuals who have had professional or personal mobility and who tend to intensively use the Internet to invest in social capital.
This paper reports the results of a laboratory experiment that aims at investigating the effect o... more This paper reports the results of a laboratory experiment that aims at investigating the effect of manipulating reputation in the context of online decentralized feedback systems, such as eBay. Our experimental results indicate that the agents do not hesitate to manipulate their reputation even when it is costly, which influences the decisions of evaluation and has a negative impact on
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