This study presents an emission measurement campaign on commercial ships plying the east coast of... more This study presents an emission measurement campaign on commercial ships plying the east coast of Australia. Detailed investigation of engine performance and emissions from main and auxiliary marine diesel engines using heavy fuel were undertaken. Marine diesel engine gaseous (O2, CO, CO2, SO2 and NOx) and particle number and mass emissions were measured using research grade instrumentation. The measurements were performed in October and November 2015 on two large cargo ships at berth, manoeuvring and during travel between the ports of Brisbane, Gladstone and Newcastle. Detailed measurements on an auxiliary engine at berth are analysed in this paper, and include engine power and RPM, fuel oil consumption, exhaust gas temperature and exhaust particle and gaseous emissions. It was found that some ship emissions were up to several orders of magnitude higher than corresponding land-based diesel emission levels. Significant variations in emissions were also related to fuel sulphur conten...
Improving oxygen storage capacity (OSC) of metal oxides by doping with metal cations can produce ... more Improving oxygen storage capacity (OSC) of metal oxides by doping with metal cations can produce a catalyst with superior properties to improve engine performance and reduce emissions. In this study, Mg cations were incorporated into a ferric oxide lattice to form Mg 0.25 Fe 2.75 O 4 via the solution combustion method. The structure, texture, morphology, and oxygen storage capacity of the samples were deeply investigated. The catalytic activity of Mg 0.25 Fe 2.75 O 4 was finally compared with Fe 3 O 4 as a reference nanocatalyst in terms of its combustion emissions using a six-cylinder Cummins diesel engine. It was found that the doped catalyst presented high crystallinity containing a mixture of the spinel-type crystal lattice and α-Fe 2 O 3 structure, which confirms the ability of the solution combustion method for the fabrication of well-crystalline catalysts. The crystalline structure, surface area, and porosities and vacancy of spinel structure of Mg doped catalyst compared to the inverse spinel structure of Fe 3 O 4 affect OSC of the samples, such that a significant increase in OSC of Fe 3 O 4 (7941 µmol/g) occurred by loading of Mg cations (8661 µmol/g). Based on the engine emissions results, synthesized nanocatalysts are beneficial for decreasing the hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particle mass (PM 1.0) emissions. More specifically, the effect of nanocatalysts OSC would be dominated by the impact of increased soot oxidation, leading to PM 1.0 reduction.
In this study, emission factors of both particle and gaseous phases are characterised on board tw... more In this study, emission factors of both particle and gaseous phases are characterised on board two large cargo vessels operating on the east coast of Australia during manoeuvring conditions. In order to investigate the difference in particle number and mass size distributions, measurements were conducted on two 2-stroke engines of two vessels using Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) with nearly the same sulphur content. Results showed that manoeuvring compared to ocean-going conditions resulted in higher emission factors for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2), unburnt hydrocarbon (HC), particulate matter (PM) and particle number (PN), which can have significant negative effects on human health and the environment in coastal and port areas. Importantly, a significant difference was observed in particle number size distributions between the two vessels. Those observed for Vessel II were mono-modal with the peak at 40-50 nm and dominated by ultrafine particles (D < 100 nm), while for Vessel I a bimodal distribution with a nucleation peak at around 20 nm and a major peak at larger diameter of 60 nm was observed. The difference in particle number size distributions between the two vessels may be due to the difference in sampling location and/or marine engine characteristics, including age and technology. The effects of fuel sulphur content on PN and PM emissions observed in this study are also compared with the results available from previous measurements in the literature. Engine load was also found to be an important influence on all emission factors.
Gerald O'Collins' understanding of symbols, experience and divine revelation : an accommodation for a christian approach to the world religions and interreligious dialogue in the line of Jacques Dupuis
Jesus’ questions to his disciples “Who do the people say I am?” “Who do you say I am?” (Mk. 8: 28... more Jesus’ questions to his disciples “Who do the people say I am?” “Who do you say I am?” (Mk. 8: 28-29). are still relevant. These questions which concern Jesus Christ and his role in the order of salvation and revelation are important to both Christians and non-Christians. They have to do with the heart of Christian faith, and are associated with many other fundamental questions, such as the credibility of Christianity, the role of the Church and that of the liturgy, sacraments and rites of the Christian life, in God’s plan of salvation and revelation for humankind. The present awareness that the Christian religion is only one of several major religions also challenges the faith of traditional believers. In what way one can maintain that Jesus Christ, as the only Son of God Incarnate, is the Savior of the world and the only savior? In maintaining the traditional understanding of Jesus Christ as the unique and universal Savior, or of his salvific mediation as absolute and universal, one is also facing the question of the role of the Holy Spirit. What role does the Holy Spirit, whose presence and activity are universal, play in God’s plan for human salvation? The Catholic Christian is faced with the additional challenge that the Church has maintained for centuries as the guardian of the true faith and that salvation is mediated only through her. What values can one attribute in this context to other religions and what possibility is there for non-Christians to be saved? Is there any religious, spiritual or salvific value in non-Christian religions? These religions do not merely exist, or simply survive. In many cases, they give clear evidence of a revival and continue to inspire and influence the lives of millions of men and women, their adherents. What is their role in relation to the salvation of their own adherents? Do they exercise any kind of salvific mediation? If so, do they exercise a mediation that can be understood as parallel to or as complementing that of Jesus Christ? In what sense can they be considered legitimate and effective ways of salvation in their own right? How are the meaning and the salvific value of Jesus Christ to be seen in relation to other religious paths of salvation? All these questions and many more are major issues in contemporary theological discourse and will be for years to come. They concern a Christian self-understanding and a Christian understanding of the world religions in the one divine plan of salvation and revelation for humankind. In making this dissertation, I cannot pretend to offer a definitive answer to all the above-mentioned issues and challenges, or even to present or evaluate adequately the different aspects of the Christian faith and Christian identity. Rather, I try to do justice to O’Collins’ understanding of symbols, experience and revelation, which is the core of the Christian faith. It shows the integrity of the Christian life, or Christian faith, which includes orthodoxy and orthopraxy, individual and collective dimensions, traditional and renewal factors, and so forth. Moreover, it also offers a positive view of the role of all religions in the order of salvation and revelation, which is better viewed and further developed in Dupuis’ theology of religions. Standing together, O’Collins’ understanding of symbols, experience and revelation, and Dupuis’ theology of religions can be a great help for Christians in today’s world, who need to have an expression of Christian faith that is meaningful not only for themselves, but also for those who are religiously and culturally different from them. They also provide a theological foundation and encouragement for Christians to enter into interreligious dialogue.
Rising pollution levels resulting from vehicular emissions and the depletion of petroleum-based f... more Rising pollution levels resulting from vehicular emissions and the depletion of petroleum-based fuels have left mankind in pursuit of alternatives. There are stringent regulations around the world to control the particulate matter (PM) emissions from internal combustion engines. To this end, researchers have been exploring different measures to reduce PM emissions such as using modern combustion techniques, after-treatment systems such as diesel particulate filter (DPF) and gasoline particulate filter (GPF), and alternative fuels. Alternative fuels such as biodiesel (derived from edible, nonedible, and waste resources), alcohol fuels (ethanol, n-butanol, and n-pentanol), and fuel additives have been investigated over the last decade. PM characterization and toxicity analysis is still growing as researchers are developing methodologies to reduce particle emissions using various approaches such as fuel modification and after-treatment devices. To address these aspects, this review pap...
International journal of Computer Networks & Communications, 2012
The similarity between trajectory patterns in clustering has played an important role in discover... more The similarity between trajectory patterns in clustering has played an important role in discovering movement behaviour of different groups of mobile objects. Several approaches have been proposed to measure the similarity between sequences in trajectory data. Most of these measures are based on Euclidean space or on spatial network and some of them have been concerned with temporal aspect or ordering types. However, they are not appropriate to characteristics of spatiotemporal mobility patterns in wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a new similarity measure for mobility patterns in cellular space of wireless network. The framework for constructing our measure is composed of two phases as follows. First, we present formal definitions to capture mathematically two spatial and temporal similarity measures for mobility patterns. And then, we define the total similarity measure by means of a weighted combination of these similarities. The truth of the partial and total similarity measures are proved in mathematics. Furthermore, instead of the time interval or ordering, our work makes use of the timestamp at which two mobility patterns share the same cell. A case study is also described to give a comparison of the combination measure with other ones.
This study presents an emission measurement campaign on commercial ships plying the east coast of... more This study presents an emission measurement campaign on commercial ships plying the east coast of Australia. Detailed investigation of engine performance and emissions from main and auxiliary marine diesel engines using heavy fuel were undertaken. Marine diesel engine gaseous (O2, CO, CO2, SO2 and NOx) and particle number and mass emissions were measured using research grade instrumentation. The measurements were performed in October and November 2015 on two large cargo ships at berth, manoeuvring and during travel between the ports of Brisbane, Gladstone and Newcastle. Detailed measurements on an auxiliary engine at berth are analysed in this paper, and include engine power and RPM, fuel oil consumption, exhaust gas temperature and exhaust particle and gaseous emissions. It was found that some ship emissions were up to several orders of magnitude higher than corresponding land-based diesel emission levels. Significant variations in emissions were also related to fuel sulphur conten...
Improving oxygen storage capacity (OSC) of metal oxides by doping with metal cations can produce ... more Improving oxygen storage capacity (OSC) of metal oxides by doping with metal cations can produce a catalyst with superior properties to improve engine performance and reduce emissions. In this study, Mg cations were incorporated into a ferric oxide lattice to form Mg 0.25 Fe 2.75 O 4 via the solution combustion method. The structure, texture, morphology, and oxygen storage capacity of the samples were deeply investigated. The catalytic activity of Mg 0.25 Fe 2.75 O 4 was finally compared with Fe 3 O 4 as a reference nanocatalyst in terms of its combustion emissions using a six-cylinder Cummins diesel engine. It was found that the doped catalyst presented high crystallinity containing a mixture of the spinel-type crystal lattice and α-Fe 2 O 3 structure, which confirms the ability of the solution combustion method for the fabrication of well-crystalline catalysts. The crystalline structure, surface area, and porosities and vacancy of spinel structure of Mg doped catalyst compared to the inverse spinel structure of Fe 3 O 4 affect OSC of the samples, such that a significant increase in OSC of Fe 3 O 4 (7941 µmol/g) occurred by loading of Mg cations (8661 µmol/g). Based on the engine emissions results, synthesized nanocatalysts are beneficial for decreasing the hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particle mass (PM 1.0) emissions. More specifically, the effect of nanocatalysts OSC would be dominated by the impact of increased soot oxidation, leading to PM 1.0 reduction.
In this study, emission factors of both particle and gaseous phases are characterised on board tw... more In this study, emission factors of both particle and gaseous phases are characterised on board two large cargo vessels operating on the east coast of Australia during manoeuvring conditions. In order to investigate the difference in particle number and mass size distributions, measurements were conducted on two 2-stroke engines of two vessels using Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) with nearly the same sulphur content. Results showed that manoeuvring compared to ocean-going conditions resulted in higher emission factors for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2), unburnt hydrocarbon (HC), particulate matter (PM) and particle number (PN), which can have significant negative effects on human health and the environment in coastal and port areas. Importantly, a significant difference was observed in particle number size distributions between the two vessels. Those observed for Vessel II were mono-modal with the peak at 40-50 nm and dominated by ultrafine particles (D < 100 nm), while for Vessel I a bimodal distribution with a nucleation peak at around 20 nm and a major peak at larger diameter of 60 nm was observed. The difference in particle number size distributions between the two vessels may be due to the difference in sampling location and/or marine engine characteristics, including age and technology. The effects of fuel sulphur content on PN and PM emissions observed in this study are also compared with the results available from previous measurements in the literature. Engine load was also found to be an important influence on all emission factors.
Gerald O'Collins' understanding of symbols, experience and divine revelation : an accommodation for a christian approach to the world religions and interreligious dialogue in the line of Jacques Dupuis
Jesus’ questions to his disciples “Who do the people say I am?” “Who do you say I am?” (Mk. 8: 28... more Jesus’ questions to his disciples “Who do the people say I am?” “Who do you say I am?” (Mk. 8: 28-29). are still relevant. These questions which concern Jesus Christ and his role in the order of salvation and revelation are important to both Christians and non-Christians. They have to do with the heart of Christian faith, and are associated with many other fundamental questions, such as the credibility of Christianity, the role of the Church and that of the liturgy, sacraments and rites of the Christian life, in God’s plan of salvation and revelation for humankind. The present awareness that the Christian religion is only one of several major religions also challenges the faith of traditional believers. In what way one can maintain that Jesus Christ, as the only Son of God Incarnate, is the Savior of the world and the only savior? In maintaining the traditional understanding of Jesus Christ as the unique and universal Savior, or of his salvific mediation as absolute and universal, one is also facing the question of the role of the Holy Spirit. What role does the Holy Spirit, whose presence and activity are universal, play in God’s plan for human salvation? The Catholic Christian is faced with the additional challenge that the Church has maintained for centuries as the guardian of the true faith and that salvation is mediated only through her. What values can one attribute in this context to other religions and what possibility is there for non-Christians to be saved? Is there any religious, spiritual or salvific value in non-Christian religions? These religions do not merely exist, or simply survive. In many cases, they give clear evidence of a revival and continue to inspire and influence the lives of millions of men and women, their adherents. What is their role in relation to the salvation of their own adherents? Do they exercise any kind of salvific mediation? If so, do they exercise a mediation that can be understood as parallel to or as complementing that of Jesus Christ? In what sense can they be considered legitimate and effective ways of salvation in their own right? How are the meaning and the salvific value of Jesus Christ to be seen in relation to other religious paths of salvation? All these questions and many more are major issues in contemporary theological discourse and will be for years to come. They concern a Christian self-understanding and a Christian understanding of the world religions in the one divine plan of salvation and revelation for humankind. In making this dissertation, I cannot pretend to offer a definitive answer to all the above-mentioned issues and challenges, or even to present or evaluate adequately the different aspects of the Christian faith and Christian identity. Rather, I try to do justice to O’Collins’ understanding of symbols, experience and revelation, which is the core of the Christian faith. It shows the integrity of the Christian life, or Christian faith, which includes orthodoxy and orthopraxy, individual and collective dimensions, traditional and renewal factors, and so forth. Moreover, it also offers a positive view of the role of all religions in the order of salvation and revelation, which is better viewed and further developed in Dupuis’ theology of religions. Standing together, O’Collins’ understanding of symbols, experience and revelation, and Dupuis’ theology of religions can be a great help for Christians in today’s world, who need to have an expression of Christian faith that is meaningful not only for themselves, but also for those who are religiously and culturally different from them. They also provide a theological foundation and encouragement for Christians to enter into interreligious dialogue.
Rising pollution levels resulting from vehicular emissions and the depletion of petroleum-based f... more Rising pollution levels resulting from vehicular emissions and the depletion of petroleum-based fuels have left mankind in pursuit of alternatives. There are stringent regulations around the world to control the particulate matter (PM) emissions from internal combustion engines. To this end, researchers have been exploring different measures to reduce PM emissions such as using modern combustion techniques, after-treatment systems such as diesel particulate filter (DPF) and gasoline particulate filter (GPF), and alternative fuels. Alternative fuels such as biodiesel (derived from edible, nonedible, and waste resources), alcohol fuels (ethanol, n-butanol, and n-pentanol), and fuel additives have been investigated over the last decade. PM characterization and toxicity analysis is still growing as researchers are developing methodologies to reduce particle emissions using various approaches such as fuel modification and after-treatment devices. To address these aspects, this review pap...
International journal of Computer Networks & Communications, 2012
The similarity between trajectory patterns in clustering has played an important role in discover... more The similarity between trajectory patterns in clustering has played an important role in discovering movement behaviour of different groups of mobile objects. Several approaches have been proposed to measure the similarity between sequences in trajectory data. Most of these measures are based on Euclidean space or on spatial network and some of them have been concerned with temporal aspect or ordering types. However, they are not appropriate to characteristics of spatiotemporal mobility patterns in wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a new similarity measure for mobility patterns in cellular space of wireless network. The framework for constructing our measure is composed of two phases as follows. First, we present formal definitions to capture mathematically two spatial and temporal similarity measures for mobility patterns. And then, we define the total similarity measure by means of a weighted combination of these similarities. The truth of the partial and total similarity measures are proved in mathematics. Furthermore, instead of the time interval or ordering, our work makes use of the timestamp at which two mobility patterns share the same cell. A case study is also described to give a comparison of the combination measure with other ones.
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