... Page 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON NORWEGIAN EV ALUATION STUDlES ETC. 2 7. Angell, Valter Environmental ... more ... Page 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON NORWEGIAN EV ALUATION STUDlES ETC. 2 7. Angell, Valter Environmental policies in Kenya and Botswana: and casestudies of World Bank projects I Valter Angell; Sam Engelstad ; Pål Vedeld ; World Bank. - Washington DC, 1987. - 51 p. + app. ...
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, 2017
To understand the role of the modern Nile in African history, it is first necessary to have famil... more To understand the role of the modern Nile in African history, it is first necessary to have familiarity with the premodern “natural” Nile, including both its hydrology and societal importance. It is well known that no river basin in the world has a longer, more complex, and more eventful history. The Nile water issue in modern times is a history of how economic and political developments in East and North Africa have been fundamentally shaped by the interconnectedness of the Nile’s particular physical and hydrological character; the efforts of adapting to, controlling, using, and sharing the waters of the river; and the different ideas and ambitions that political leaders have had for the Nile.
'Our intellectual tools are filters for reducing reality to a manageable simplicity. To asser... more 'Our intellectual tools are filters for reducing reality to a manageable simplicity. To assert that we have ever completely captured reality in an equation or a string of words would be extremely arrogant Each filter captures only part of reality' (Hardin 1986: 21). Journalistenes måte å beskrive og ordne verden på påvirkes selvsagt av dominerende perspektiv og tankestrømninger i samtiden. Denne artikkelen analyserer hvordan norske journalister på slutten av 1980-tallet beskrev Kenya, eller 'erobret' det konseptuelt, innenfor et svært meningstungt og billedskapende perspektiv og språk. Representasjonens historisitet gjøres tydeligere ved å sammenlikne Kenya-bildet med andre europeiske bilder av 'De andre'.
The distribution and abundance of fish in Jebel Aulia reservoir were investigated over a period o... more The distribution and abundance of fish in Jebel Aulia reservoir were investigated over a period of one year. The major part of the catch was obtained from the middle region of the reservoir, i.e. Dobasi, Kawa and Kosti stations, which together contributed more than 52 percent of the total catch. The northern part of the reservoir was the least productive (i.e. Giteina and Jebel Aulia stations).
How has water been perceived in different societies and across different eras of world history? H... more How has water been perceived in different societies and across different eras of world history? How have these changing conceptions informed and influenced our ideas about society and ourselves? In "The Idea of Water" leading international scholars explore the rich record of our ideas, from the beliefs of early societies to the latest scientific views on the nature of this unique substance. Ranging across all aspects - scientific, cultural and religious - this important work both challenges conventional interpretations and understanding of water in nature and represents one of the first attempts to provide a history of our changing conceptions of the role and significance of water in human society.
Several public offices in Egypt, Uganda and Sudan were also visited in search of literature and r... more Several public offices in Egypt, Uganda and Sudan were also visited in search of literature and reports and to enquire for further suggestions. Press. One of many papers on Nile issues by the Egyptian expert who co-authored Nile basin studies with Hurst and Black. Y.M. Simaika, 1940. The suspended matter in the Nile. Report on Investigations relating to the Aswan Reservoir. Cairo, Egypt, Schindler's Press. Simaika argues that more research is needed in order to find out whether the Aswan Dam could be used as a flood protection reservoir.
Leukemia is amongst the cancers accountable for substantial mortality around the world. Tomentosi... more Leukemia is amongst the cancers accountable for substantial mortality around the world. Tomentosin is a bioactive compound with a pharmacological significance, and its anticancer property against human leukemia MOLT-4 cell line has never been reported. Hence, the objective of this study was to explore the anticancer activity of tomentosin in MOLT-4 human leukemia cells. In the current investigation, the cytotoxic effects of tomentosin ensuing potent toxicity (IC50 : 10 µM) in MOLT-4 cells after incubation at 24 h have been presented. Furthermore, tomentosin triggered intracellular reactive oxygen species production and showed the induction of intrinsic/mitochondrial pathways in treated MOLT-4 cells, revealing a significant cytotoxicity activity. Also, fluorescent microscopic studies using acridine orange/ethidium bromide and propidium iodide staining confirmed the occurrence of apoptosis in tomentosin-treated MOLT-4 cells. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction presented a negative regulation of cyclin D1 and BcL-2 expression and a positive regulated BAX and caspase-3 messenger RNA expression in tomentosin-treated MOLT-4 cells. Tomentosin further inhibited the inflammatory transcription factors such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and IL-6. Additionally, inhibition of the m-TOR/PI3K/AKT protein expression by tomentosin in MOLT-4 cells was confirmed. Overall, these findings lead to a conclusion that tomentosin induces apoptosis in MOLT-4 cells through caspase-facilitated proapoptotic pathway, and inhibition of the NF-κB-stimulated Bcl-2 facilitated the antiapoptotic pathway.
Rivers and Society explores the ways in which human/river relations have shaped important histori... more Rivers and Society explores the ways in which human/river relations have shaped important historical transformation processes. With examples ranging from explorations of classical agrarian civilisations such as the Indus, Angkor and Maya, to analyses of the role of water in the modernisation process of countries such as Spain, Britain and Japan, the international contributors shed new light on the ways in which the key relationship between humans and water has given rise to new forms of social organisation, new technologies and economic activities.
There can be no doubt that the dominant tradition in urban studies has given scant attention to t... more There can be no doubt that the dominant tradition in urban studies has given scant attention to the universal and structural importance of water in urbanization processes. Peter Hall, in his acclaimed Cities in Civilization (1998), does discuss the role of water in the development of Rome, Paris and London, but this volume on cities in civilization has a register with no general entries on either sewage, water supply system, rivers, canals, or aqueducts. In the same author's book on the future of cities from 2002, the water issue is of marginal interest (Hall, 2002). A summary of the content of all the volumes of the journal Urban Studies between 2006 and 2012 shows that out of 14,363 pages, only 86 pages were devoted to the water issue. These pages were not concerned with the physical or man-made environment impacting city development and affected by city development, or with its role in shaping patterns of social activities, power, or control. The few articles dealt with water as a case in studies of politicaleconomic issues, mainly and not surprisingly the water-pricing issue. There were altogether four articles that dealt with such issues. None analyzed the interaction between water systems and cities, and how these impacted the social and economic life of the people in the cities. The book with the allincluding title Understanding the City (Eade and Mele, 2002) does not give the water issue any attention whatsoever. A textbook in sociology in an influential series on sociology in the twenty-first century, The World of Cities, are only dealing with social aspects of urbanization, although it claims to be broad and comprehensive in its outlook. The book promises to "take a journey across time and space, over the urban landscape and to be historical and comparative in perspective" (Orum and Xiangming Chen, 2003: xi). It has, however, no discussion on the relationship between cities and water whatsoever, and carries not one reference to either water, rivers, sewage or waterways and canals (Orum and Xiangming Chen, 2003). Theoretical books on urban politics are neither concerned with the urban/ water issue and how it frames and shapes both power relations in cities and makes footprints in the water landscape (see, for example, Parker, 2003; and Davies and Imbroscio, 2009). This volume and article takes as a starting point that modern urban studies have persistently tended to
The Nile Basin is a vast and varied area of 350 million people. Parts of the basin have become th... more The Nile Basin is a vast and varied area of 350 million people. Parts of the basin have become the very symbols of African misery, suffering drought, genocide, state failure and aid dependency. At its heart lies the Nile itself. Yet whilst the importance of the river is well documented for the colonial period there is no comprehensive account of its management after independence. "The River Nile in the Post-Colonial Age" details the modern development of the Nile Basin and the efforts to manage its waters. With important new material by researchers from each of the countries through which the Nile passes, it provides an indispensable aid to understanding the complex history of the basin, the politics surrounding it and the efforts being made to jointly manage it.
Mens historikermiljøet var sentralt i for-tolkningen av det nasjonale gjennombrud-det på 1800-tal... more Mens historikermiljøet var sentralt i for-tolkningen av det nasjonale gjennombrud-det på 1800-tallet og av arbeiderklassens inntog i stats-styret på første halvdel av 1900-tallet, har det i stor grad stått utenfor fortolkningen av det «internasjonale gjen-nombruddet» og globaliseringens betydning for Norges utvikling de siste tiårene. Hvordan denne historiografiske situasjonen fortolkes har betydning for historikermiljøets selvforståelse og for de institusjonelle, teoretiske og meto-dologiske valg som blir tatt. Denne artikkelen drøfter frukt-barheten av det begrepet som Norges forskningsråd gjen-nom sin evaluering av historikermiljøet har lansert for å forstå denne situasjonen: «metodologisk nasjonalisme». 1 Den viser at begrepet av teoretiske, empiriske og konseptu-elle grunner er lite hensiktsmessig om målet er en balan-sert refleksjon over historiefagets utvikling og metodo-logiske konvensjoner og muligheter. Artikkelen fremmer en annen, mindre politisert historiografisk fortolkning og drøfter et annet begrep og en alternativ metode som vil kunne bidra til at historikere kan utforske samfunnsut-viklingen, inkludert nasjonens utvikling, på nye og frukt-bare måter i internasjonaliseringens tidsalder.
Everybody concerned with the history of ideas, knows that the history of ideas itself has a histo... more Everybody concerned with the history of ideas, knows that the history of ideas itself has a history. The history of ideas of water has, however, no such history, since it has yet to be written. Few scholarly works have been published about how water has been conceptualised and perceived at different times and in different societies, although all social systems have a hydraulic dimension and water has been interwoven with social interaction from profane activities to religious ceremonies all over the world from time immemorial. This historiographic state-of-affairs continues even though water's centrality in many belief systems has been acknowledged: The influential historian of religious ideas, M. Eliade, for example, writes: "Water symbolises the whole of potentiality: it is the fons et origo, the source of all possible existence … water symbolises the primal substance from which all forms came and to which they will return" (Eliade 1979: 188). And religious texts from all over the world underline the same point. The wording of the famous sanscrit text Mahäbhärata (XII.83.-4) summarises water's general position: "The creator first produced water for the maintenance of life among human beings. The water enriches life and its absence destroys all creatures and plant-life." Images of and ideas about water have been and are central in creation stories and in narratives about "the end of the world", in rituals and rites de passage, in scientific theories about creation and evolution and as a seemingly unending reservoir for metaphors in languages all over the world. So why then, has so very little attention been given to a reconstruction of its history?
This volume is the second of three that explore all aspects of water - social, cultural, politica... more This volume is the second of three that explore all aspects of water - social, cultural, political, religious, historical, economic and technological - from ancient times to the present day. The contributors examine the changing histories of water as a private or common good; the politics of water at local, urban, national and international level; water in cities; great river plans; dams; river biographies; and images of water in religion, myth, literature and art. Empirical and ethnographic case studies from around the world feature.
... Page 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON NORWEGIAN EV ALUATION STUDlES ETC. 2 7. Angell, Valter Environmental ... more ... Page 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON NORWEGIAN EV ALUATION STUDlES ETC. 2 7. Angell, Valter Environmental policies in Kenya and Botswana: and casestudies of World Bank projects I Valter Angell; Sam Engelstad ; Pål Vedeld ; World Bank. - Washington DC, 1987. - 51 p. + app. ...
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, 2017
To understand the role of the modern Nile in African history, it is first necessary to have famil... more To understand the role of the modern Nile in African history, it is first necessary to have familiarity with the premodern “natural” Nile, including both its hydrology and societal importance. It is well known that no river basin in the world has a longer, more complex, and more eventful history. The Nile water issue in modern times is a history of how economic and political developments in East and North Africa have been fundamentally shaped by the interconnectedness of the Nile’s particular physical and hydrological character; the efforts of adapting to, controlling, using, and sharing the waters of the river; and the different ideas and ambitions that political leaders have had for the Nile.
'Our intellectual tools are filters for reducing reality to a manageable simplicity. To asser... more 'Our intellectual tools are filters for reducing reality to a manageable simplicity. To assert that we have ever completely captured reality in an equation or a string of words would be extremely arrogant Each filter captures only part of reality' (Hardin 1986: 21). Journalistenes måte å beskrive og ordne verden på påvirkes selvsagt av dominerende perspektiv og tankestrømninger i samtiden. Denne artikkelen analyserer hvordan norske journalister på slutten av 1980-tallet beskrev Kenya, eller 'erobret' det konseptuelt, innenfor et svært meningstungt og billedskapende perspektiv og språk. Representasjonens historisitet gjøres tydeligere ved å sammenlikne Kenya-bildet med andre europeiske bilder av 'De andre'.
The distribution and abundance of fish in Jebel Aulia reservoir were investigated over a period o... more The distribution and abundance of fish in Jebel Aulia reservoir were investigated over a period of one year. The major part of the catch was obtained from the middle region of the reservoir, i.e. Dobasi, Kawa and Kosti stations, which together contributed more than 52 percent of the total catch. The northern part of the reservoir was the least productive (i.e. Giteina and Jebel Aulia stations).
How has water been perceived in different societies and across different eras of world history? H... more How has water been perceived in different societies and across different eras of world history? How have these changing conceptions informed and influenced our ideas about society and ourselves? In "The Idea of Water" leading international scholars explore the rich record of our ideas, from the beliefs of early societies to the latest scientific views on the nature of this unique substance. Ranging across all aspects - scientific, cultural and religious - this important work both challenges conventional interpretations and understanding of water in nature and represents one of the first attempts to provide a history of our changing conceptions of the role and significance of water in human society.
Several public offices in Egypt, Uganda and Sudan were also visited in search of literature and r... more Several public offices in Egypt, Uganda and Sudan were also visited in search of literature and reports and to enquire for further suggestions. Press. One of many papers on Nile issues by the Egyptian expert who co-authored Nile basin studies with Hurst and Black. Y.M. Simaika, 1940. The suspended matter in the Nile. Report on Investigations relating to the Aswan Reservoir. Cairo, Egypt, Schindler's Press. Simaika argues that more research is needed in order to find out whether the Aswan Dam could be used as a flood protection reservoir.
Leukemia is amongst the cancers accountable for substantial mortality around the world. Tomentosi... more Leukemia is amongst the cancers accountable for substantial mortality around the world. Tomentosin is a bioactive compound with a pharmacological significance, and its anticancer property against human leukemia MOLT-4 cell line has never been reported. Hence, the objective of this study was to explore the anticancer activity of tomentosin in MOLT-4 human leukemia cells. In the current investigation, the cytotoxic effects of tomentosin ensuing potent toxicity (IC50 : 10 µM) in MOLT-4 cells after incubation at 24 h have been presented. Furthermore, tomentosin triggered intracellular reactive oxygen species production and showed the induction of intrinsic/mitochondrial pathways in treated MOLT-4 cells, revealing a significant cytotoxicity activity. Also, fluorescent microscopic studies using acridine orange/ethidium bromide and propidium iodide staining confirmed the occurrence of apoptosis in tomentosin-treated MOLT-4 cells. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction presented a negative regulation of cyclin D1 and BcL-2 expression and a positive regulated BAX and caspase-3 messenger RNA expression in tomentosin-treated MOLT-4 cells. Tomentosin further inhibited the inflammatory transcription factors such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and IL-6. Additionally, inhibition of the m-TOR/PI3K/AKT protein expression by tomentosin in MOLT-4 cells was confirmed. Overall, these findings lead to a conclusion that tomentosin induces apoptosis in MOLT-4 cells through caspase-facilitated proapoptotic pathway, and inhibition of the NF-κB-stimulated Bcl-2 facilitated the antiapoptotic pathway.
Rivers and Society explores the ways in which human/river relations have shaped important histori... more Rivers and Society explores the ways in which human/river relations have shaped important historical transformation processes. With examples ranging from explorations of classical agrarian civilisations such as the Indus, Angkor and Maya, to analyses of the role of water in the modernisation process of countries such as Spain, Britain and Japan, the international contributors shed new light on the ways in which the key relationship between humans and water has given rise to new forms of social organisation, new technologies and economic activities.
There can be no doubt that the dominant tradition in urban studies has given scant attention to t... more There can be no doubt that the dominant tradition in urban studies has given scant attention to the universal and structural importance of water in urbanization processes. Peter Hall, in his acclaimed Cities in Civilization (1998), does discuss the role of water in the development of Rome, Paris and London, but this volume on cities in civilization has a register with no general entries on either sewage, water supply system, rivers, canals, or aqueducts. In the same author's book on the future of cities from 2002, the water issue is of marginal interest (Hall, 2002). A summary of the content of all the volumes of the journal Urban Studies between 2006 and 2012 shows that out of 14,363 pages, only 86 pages were devoted to the water issue. These pages were not concerned with the physical or man-made environment impacting city development and affected by city development, or with its role in shaping patterns of social activities, power, or control. The few articles dealt with water as a case in studies of politicaleconomic issues, mainly and not surprisingly the water-pricing issue. There were altogether four articles that dealt with such issues. None analyzed the interaction between water systems and cities, and how these impacted the social and economic life of the people in the cities. The book with the allincluding title Understanding the City (Eade and Mele, 2002) does not give the water issue any attention whatsoever. A textbook in sociology in an influential series on sociology in the twenty-first century, The World of Cities, are only dealing with social aspects of urbanization, although it claims to be broad and comprehensive in its outlook. The book promises to "take a journey across time and space, over the urban landscape and to be historical and comparative in perspective" (Orum and Xiangming Chen, 2003: xi). It has, however, no discussion on the relationship between cities and water whatsoever, and carries not one reference to either water, rivers, sewage or waterways and canals (Orum and Xiangming Chen, 2003). Theoretical books on urban politics are neither concerned with the urban/ water issue and how it frames and shapes both power relations in cities and makes footprints in the water landscape (see, for example, Parker, 2003; and Davies and Imbroscio, 2009). This volume and article takes as a starting point that modern urban studies have persistently tended to
The Nile Basin is a vast and varied area of 350 million people. Parts of the basin have become th... more The Nile Basin is a vast and varied area of 350 million people. Parts of the basin have become the very symbols of African misery, suffering drought, genocide, state failure and aid dependency. At its heart lies the Nile itself. Yet whilst the importance of the river is well documented for the colonial period there is no comprehensive account of its management after independence. "The River Nile in the Post-Colonial Age" details the modern development of the Nile Basin and the efforts to manage its waters. With important new material by researchers from each of the countries through which the Nile passes, it provides an indispensable aid to understanding the complex history of the basin, the politics surrounding it and the efforts being made to jointly manage it.
Mens historikermiljøet var sentralt i for-tolkningen av det nasjonale gjennombrud-det på 1800-tal... more Mens historikermiljøet var sentralt i for-tolkningen av det nasjonale gjennombrud-det på 1800-tallet og av arbeiderklassens inntog i stats-styret på første halvdel av 1900-tallet, har det i stor grad stått utenfor fortolkningen av det «internasjonale gjen-nombruddet» og globaliseringens betydning for Norges utvikling de siste tiårene. Hvordan denne historiografiske situasjonen fortolkes har betydning for historikermiljøets selvforståelse og for de institusjonelle, teoretiske og meto-dologiske valg som blir tatt. Denne artikkelen drøfter frukt-barheten av det begrepet som Norges forskningsråd gjen-nom sin evaluering av historikermiljøet har lansert for å forstå denne situasjonen: «metodologisk nasjonalisme». 1 Den viser at begrepet av teoretiske, empiriske og konseptu-elle grunner er lite hensiktsmessig om målet er en balan-sert refleksjon over historiefagets utvikling og metodo-logiske konvensjoner og muligheter. Artikkelen fremmer en annen, mindre politisert historiografisk fortolkning og drøfter et annet begrep og en alternativ metode som vil kunne bidra til at historikere kan utforske samfunnsut-viklingen, inkludert nasjonens utvikling, på nye og frukt-bare måter i internasjonaliseringens tidsalder.
Everybody concerned with the history of ideas, knows that the history of ideas itself has a histo... more Everybody concerned with the history of ideas, knows that the history of ideas itself has a history. The history of ideas of water has, however, no such history, since it has yet to be written. Few scholarly works have been published about how water has been conceptualised and perceived at different times and in different societies, although all social systems have a hydraulic dimension and water has been interwoven with social interaction from profane activities to religious ceremonies all over the world from time immemorial. This historiographic state-of-affairs continues even though water's centrality in many belief systems has been acknowledged: The influential historian of religious ideas, M. Eliade, for example, writes: "Water symbolises the whole of potentiality: it is the fons et origo, the source of all possible existence … water symbolises the primal substance from which all forms came and to which they will return" (Eliade 1979: 188). And religious texts from all over the world underline the same point. The wording of the famous sanscrit text Mahäbhärata (XII.83.-4) summarises water's general position: "The creator first produced water for the maintenance of life among human beings. The water enriches life and its absence destroys all creatures and plant-life." Images of and ideas about water have been and are central in creation stories and in narratives about "the end of the world", in rituals and rites de passage, in scientific theories about creation and evolution and as a seemingly unending reservoir for metaphors in languages all over the world. So why then, has so very little attention been given to a reconstruction of its history?
This volume is the second of three that explore all aspects of water - social, cultural, politica... more This volume is the second of three that explore all aspects of water - social, cultural, political, religious, historical, economic and technological - from ancient times to the present day. The contributors examine the changing histories of water as a private or common good; the politics of water at local, urban, national and international level; water in cities; great river plans; dams; river biographies; and images of water in religion, myth, literature and art. Empirical and ethnographic case studies from around the world feature.
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