The label "Classical Newari" was first used by the Danish scholar Hans Jørgensen to refer to a co... more The label "Classical Newari" was first used by the Danish scholar Hans Jørgensen to refer to a collection of late XVIIth century manuscripts consisting mainly of narrative texts. Jørgensen made a thorough study and analysis of these manuscripts, resulting in two pioneering publications in the field, A Dictionary of the Classical Newari (1936) and A Grammar of the Classical Newari (1941). For our present purposes, Classical Newar can be defined as the language which appears in inscriptions, manuscripts, and in legal documents and land grants known as tamsuk, usually written on palm leaves, in the roughly 600-year period from 1114 and 1770 AD. The ongoing Classical Newar Dictionary project, now in its final stages of editing, has led to the compilation of a large database using 38 different manuscripts and written texts as source materials. Here I shall provide a preliminary analysis of Classical Newar verbal morphology based on the lexical and syntactic data drawn from these historical texts and documents. The source materials obviously represent various stages in the evolution of the language, so that this analysis attempts to trace the morphophonemic developments in Classical Newar verb roots and flexional and derivational morphology over six centuries of attested data. In the following, I shall first present my views on the historical development of the Classical Newar verbal system. Against this historical backdrop, I shall subsequently examine various grammaticalized uses of certain verb forms in both Classical and modern Newar. Grammaticalization as a historical process in Newar manifests itself in the form of verb serialization, auxiliarization and morphologization. Lexical and syntactic data are drawn from Classical Newar texts dating back as far as the early 12th century and from modern usage. 1
The central idea of the present analyses of the 'eat' verb has to do with polysemy which ... more The central idea of the present analyses of the 'eat' verb has to do with polysemy which shows diverse meaning relationships in Nepali and Newar. The multiple meanings that can be derived in various contexts have been classified and defined in terms of generative semantic rules that can derive a large number of linguistic categories in both the languages. The sources of data from Nepali and Newar also include idioms, metaphors and metonymy. These serve to indicate a typological relationship which perhaps can be extended to other Indic and Tibetic languages to illustrate the prototypical commonality between languages of the same family and those of other genetic affiliations.
... basic linguistic orientation in orthography and phonology, grammar and discourse. The papers ... more ... basic linguistic orientation in orthography and phonology, grammar and discourse. The papers in compulsory and major English provide a selection of reading materials that are pedagogically difficult in the Nepalese context and inappropriate for learning the language and its ...
... HANSON, Gerd. 1991. The Rai of Eastern Nepal: Ethnic and Linguistic Grouping. Findings of the... more ... HANSON, Gerd. 1991. The Rai of Eastern Nepal: Ethnic and Linguistic Grouping. Findings of the Linguistics Survey of Nepal. ... National Languages Policy Recommendation Commission Report. 1993. Kathmandu: Prajna Bhavan. POKHAREL, Madhav P. 1993. ...
... gva, -ko, -sA and -sem have nominalizing/ adverbial functions and can be attached to any even... more ... gva, -ko, -sA and -sem have nominalizing/ adverbial functions and can be attached to any event verb; while the nominal prefixes tokha-, monda-, tama-and ... e jhu: cAl-a rain-wind-LOC soak-feel-PST '(It) was completely soaked in the storm.' (26) dhebA mhã-cAl-a money save-feel ...
This paper reports on a sociolinguistic study of the Baram language undertaken as a part of the L... more This paper reports on a sociolinguistic study of the Baram language undertaken as a part of the Linguistic and Ethnographic Documentation of the Baram Language (LEDBL) project funded by the Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Documentation Programme (HRELDP) and hosted by the Central Department of Linguistics at Tribhuvan University in Nepal. This study, carried out in different Baram-speaking areas in the Gorkha District (Western Nepal), is based on the analysis of data collected by the LEDBL team between May 2007 and April 2010, employing tools such as sociolinguistic questionnaires and Swadesh Wordlist, as well as interpersonal interactions and conversations with members of the Baram community and Baram language consultants. The main objectives of this sociolinguistic study were to: i. Identify the areas of Baram settlement; ii. Gather information about Baram speakers; iii. Collect details about various sociolinguistic aspects of the language such as the language name, language variation, knowledge and use of the language, language attitudes, vitality and maintenance, and the level of language endangerment.
Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session
10. The Control vs. Non-control Theme in the Accusativity-Ergativ•ity of the Prefixes 11. The Var... more 10. The Control vs. Non-control Theme in the Accusativity-Ergativ•ity of the Prefixes 11. The Various Splits Together 12. Guajajara a CounterExample to Generalizations about Ergativity 13. Some Data from Other Brazilian Languages 14. On the Possible Genesis of the Present State of Affairs 15. On the Possible Source of CB Type Cross-referencing 16. The Predominantly Verbal Character of Guajajara 0.
This paper reports on a sociolinguistic study of the Baram language undertaken as a part of the L... more This paper reports on a sociolinguistic study of the Baram language undertaken as a part of the Linguistic and Ethnographic Documentation of the Baram Language (LEDBL) project funded by the Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Documentation Programme (HRELDP) and hosted by the Central Department of Linguistics at Tribhuvan University in Nepal. This study, carried out in different Baram-speaking areas in the Gorkha District (Western Nepal), is based on the analysis of data collected by the LEDBL team between May 2007 and April 2010, employing tools such as sociolinguistic questionnaires and Swadesh Wordlist, as well as interpersonal interactions and conversations with members of the Baram community and Baram language consultants. The main objectives of this sociolinguistic study were to: i. Identify the areas of Baram settlement; ii. Gather information about Baram speakers; iii. Collect details about various sociolinguistic aspects of the language such as the language name, language variation, knowledge and use of the language, language attitudes, vitality and maintenance, and the level of language endangerment.
... Verbal morphology of the Badikhel Pahari dialect of Newar / Rudra Laxmi Shrestha -- Inter-bor... more ... Verbal morphology of the Badikhel Pahari dialect of Newar / Rudra Laxmi Shrestha -- Inter-borrowing among the Tibeto-Burman languages of North-East India / Chungkham Yashawanta Singh -- Embedded clauses in Manipuri / Karumuri V. Subbarao, Th. Geeta Devi ...
1. Theoretical Assumptions A dictionary entry of any lexical item represents a native speaker'... more 1. Theoretical Assumptions A dictionary entry of any lexical item represents a native speaker's knowledge of the lexical organization of that entry. This could be referred to as a "macro-entry" which includes its basic form, syntactic coding, various definable senses (and subsenses), collocational properties and patterning of examples to illustrate its possible usage(s) in specific contexts. An entry in this sense would not only define the ordering of the parts but also make explicit the syntactic-semantic potentials of the entry. This inter-dependency between syntax and semantics is difficult to code in a bilingual dictionary such as that of the Classical Newari (CN) where the attested morphological form and the usage label given to a particular entry are necessarily restricted to the orthographic representations in the original source materials. Historically, the Classical Newari as recorded in the old written documents and manuscripts differs from contemporary Newar...
The label "Classical Newari" was first used by the Danish scholar Hans Jørgensen to refer to a co... more The label "Classical Newari" was first used by the Danish scholar Hans Jørgensen to refer to a collection of late XVIIth century manuscripts consisting mainly of narrative texts. Jørgensen made a thorough study and analysis of these manuscripts, resulting in two pioneering publications in the field, A Dictionary of the Classical Newari (1936) and A Grammar of the Classical Newari (1941). For our present purposes, Classical Newar can be defined as the language which appears in inscriptions, manuscripts, and in legal documents and land grants known as tamsuk, usually written on palm leaves, in the roughly 600-year period from 1114 and 1770 AD. The ongoing Classical Newar Dictionary project, now in its final stages of editing, has led to the compilation of a large database using 38 different manuscripts and written texts as source materials. Here I shall provide a preliminary analysis of Classical Newar verbal morphology based on the lexical and syntactic data drawn from these historical texts and documents. The source materials obviously represent various stages in the evolution of the language, so that this analysis attempts to trace the morphophonemic developments in Classical Newar verb roots and flexional and derivational morphology over six centuries of attested data. In the following, I shall first present my views on the historical development of the Classical Newar verbal system. Against this historical backdrop, I shall subsequently examine various grammaticalized uses of certain verb forms in both Classical and modern Newar. Grammaticalization as a historical process in Newar manifests itself in the form of verb serialization, auxiliarization and morphologization. Lexical and syntactic data are drawn from Classical Newar texts dating back as far as the early 12th century and from modern usage. 1
The central idea of the present analyses of the 'eat' verb has to do with polysemy which ... more The central idea of the present analyses of the 'eat' verb has to do with polysemy which shows diverse meaning relationships in Nepali and Newar. The multiple meanings that can be derived in various contexts have been classified and defined in terms of generative semantic rules that can derive a large number of linguistic categories in both the languages. The sources of data from Nepali and Newar also include idioms, metaphors and metonymy. These serve to indicate a typological relationship which perhaps can be extended to other Indic and Tibetic languages to illustrate the prototypical commonality between languages of the same family and those of other genetic affiliations.
... basic linguistic orientation in orthography and phonology, grammar and discourse. The papers ... more ... basic linguistic orientation in orthography and phonology, grammar and discourse. The papers in compulsory and major English provide a selection of reading materials that are pedagogically difficult in the Nepalese context and inappropriate for learning the language and its ...
... HANSON, Gerd. 1991. The Rai of Eastern Nepal: Ethnic and Linguistic Grouping. Findings of the... more ... HANSON, Gerd. 1991. The Rai of Eastern Nepal: Ethnic and Linguistic Grouping. Findings of the Linguistics Survey of Nepal. ... National Languages Policy Recommendation Commission Report. 1993. Kathmandu: Prajna Bhavan. POKHAREL, Madhav P. 1993. ...
... gva, -ko, -sA and -sem have nominalizing/ adverbial functions and can be attached to any even... more ... gva, -ko, -sA and -sem have nominalizing/ adverbial functions and can be attached to any event verb; while the nominal prefixes tokha-, monda-, tama-and ... e jhu: cAl-a rain-wind-LOC soak-feel-PST '(It) was completely soaked in the storm.' (26) dhebA mhã-cAl-a money save-feel ...
This paper reports on a sociolinguistic study of the Baram language undertaken as a part of the L... more This paper reports on a sociolinguistic study of the Baram language undertaken as a part of the Linguistic and Ethnographic Documentation of the Baram Language (LEDBL) project funded by the Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Documentation Programme (HRELDP) and hosted by the Central Department of Linguistics at Tribhuvan University in Nepal. This study, carried out in different Baram-speaking areas in the Gorkha District (Western Nepal), is based on the analysis of data collected by the LEDBL team between May 2007 and April 2010, employing tools such as sociolinguistic questionnaires and Swadesh Wordlist, as well as interpersonal interactions and conversations with members of the Baram community and Baram language consultants. The main objectives of this sociolinguistic study were to: i. Identify the areas of Baram settlement; ii. Gather information about Baram speakers; iii. Collect details about various sociolinguistic aspects of the language such as the language name, language variation, knowledge and use of the language, language attitudes, vitality and maintenance, and the level of language endangerment.
Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session
10. The Control vs. Non-control Theme in the Accusativity-Ergativ•ity of the Prefixes 11. The Var... more 10. The Control vs. Non-control Theme in the Accusativity-Ergativ•ity of the Prefixes 11. The Various Splits Together 12. Guajajara a CounterExample to Generalizations about Ergativity 13. Some Data from Other Brazilian Languages 14. On the Possible Genesis of the Present State of Affairs 15. On the Possible Source of CB Type Cross-referencing 16. The Predominantly Verbal Character of Guajajara 0.
This paper reports on a sociolinguistic study of the Baram language undertaken as a part of the L... more This paper reports on a sociolinguistic study of the Baram language undertaken as a part of the Linguistic and Ethnographic Documentation of the Baram Language (LEDBL) project funded by the Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Documentation Programme (HRELDP) and hosted by the Central Department of Linguistics at Tribhuvan University in Nepal. This study, carried out in different Baram-speaking areas in the Gorkha District (Western Nepal), is based on the analysis of data collected by the LEDBL team between May 2007 and April 2010, employing tools such as sociolinguistic questionnaires and Swadesh Wordlist, as well as interpersonal interactions and conversations with members of the Baram community and Baram language consultants. The main objectives of this sociolinguistic study were to: i. Identify the areas of Baram settlement; ii. Gather information about Baram speakers; iii. Collect details about various sociolinguistic aspects of the language such as the language name, language variation, knowledge and use of the language, language attitudes, vitality and maintenance, and the level of language endangerment.
... Verbal morphology of the Badikhel Pahari dialect of Newar / Rudra Laxmi Shrestha -- Inter-bor... more ... Verbal morphology of the Badikhel Pahari dialect of Newar / Rudra Laxmi Shrestha -- Inter-borrowing among the Tibeto-Burman languages of North-East India / Chungkham Yashawanta Singh -- Embedded clauses in Manipuri / Karumuri V. Subbarao, Th. Geeta Devi ...
1. Theoretical Assumptions A dictionary entry of any lexical item represents a native speaker'... more 1. Theoretical Assumptions A dictionary entry of any lexical item represents a native speaker's knowledge of the lexical organization of that entry. This could be referred to as a "macro-entry" which includes its basic form, syntactic coding, various definable senses (and subsenses), collocational properties and patterning of examples to illustrate its possible usage(s) in specific contexts. An entry in this sense would not only define the ordering of the parts but also make explicit the syntactic-semantic potentials of the entry. This inter-dependency between syntax and semantics is difficult to code in a bilingual dictionary such as that of the Classical Newari (CN) where the attested morphological form and the usage label given to a particular entry are necessarily restricted to the orthographic representations in the original source materials. Historically, the Classical Newari as recorded in the old written documents and manuscripts differs from contemporary Newar...
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