To compare the mean pain score through Visual Analogue Scale in patients undergoing laparoscopic ... more To compare the mean pain score through Visual Analogue Scale in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with and without intraperitoneal bupivacaine. Study design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and duration of study: General surgery department, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, New Delhi from March 2017 till June 2017 for a period of three months. Methodology: Total ninty eight patients were selected for the study. Patients were admitted through OPD. Two were exempted from the study. Both groups had 49 patients. Group A patients received 20 ml of 0.5% of intraperitoneal bupivacaine while Group B patients did not receive intraperitoneal bupivacaine. The anesthetic technique was standardized for the two groups. The degree of postoperative pain was assessed using Visual Analogue Scale at 4,8,12 and 24 hours after the surgery. The results were analyzed on SPSS version 18. Results: The mean pain scores were lower in group A than in group B at rest. Consumption of analgesics was also lower in patients of group A(28%) while it was 71% in patients of group B. The incidence of abdominal pain was significantly lower in patients receiving intraperitoneal bupivacaine. Mean VAS pain scores from 4-24 hrs postoperatively of group A was 0.90± 0.51 with 95% confidence interval while in group B it was 0.96±0.90 with 95% confidence interval. Conclusion: Instillation of 20 ml of 0.5%of intraperitoneal bupivacaine after removal of gall bladder in laparoscopic cholecystectomy offers good analgesia.
Deterioration of groundwater quality due to anthropogenic activities is increasing at an alarming... more Deterioration of groundwater quality due to anthropogenic activities is increasing at an alarming rate in most parts of the Punjab, but limited work has been carried out on groundwater quality and monitoring. This paper highlights the groundwater quality and compares its suitability for drinking and irrigation purpose in Malwa region, a southwestern part of Punjab. The Malwa region makes up the most cultivated area of Punjab with high consumption of pesticides and fertilizers. Twenty-four water samples representing groundwater sources were collected and analyzed for almost all major cations, anions and other physicochemical parameters. Analytical results of physicochemical analysis showed majority of the samples above the permissible limits of the Indian standards. The groundwater of the study area was very hard and the relative abundance of major cations and anions was Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3− > SO42− > Cl−. Fluoride content was higher than permissible limit ...
Background: Significant number of induced pregnancies land in caesarean delivery. Cervical assess... more Background: Significant number of induced pregnancies land in caesarean delivery. Cervical assessment is integral to successful outcome of induction of labour. Objective of this study was to study preinduction transvaginal ultrasonographic cervical length and to compare it with Bishop Score in predicting successful labour.Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala on 150 patients. A total of 150 women were studied from January 2015 to June 2016 after taking an informed consent. The sociodemographic particulars were recorded, detailed history was taken and examination performed. Transvaginal ultrasound was done to assess cervical length after evacuation of bladder. Bishop score was then determined by separate observer. The occurrence of vaginal delivery was considered as primary outcome. All statistics collected were entered in statistical software SPSS-15. ROC curves were constructed for both Bishop Score an...
Uterine anomalies are the result of disturbances in the development, formation or fusion of the m... more Uterine anomalies are the result of disturbances in the development, formation or fusion of the mullerian ducts during foetal life with an incidence of 0.001%-10% in general population. These patients most often present with amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, dyspareunia and infertility. Women with these anomalies are more prone to poor foetal outcomes such as first trimester losses or preterm labour. We report a case of a 35 years old female with septate uterus with cervical duplication and a longitudinal vaginal septum. Diagnosis was obtained by physical examination, ultrasound imaging, hysterosalphingography and magnetic resonance imaging and hysterolaproscopy. The clinical presentation of such a case & surgical options available were studied, and the excision of the vaginal septum was done. This case of congenital uterine anomaly does not fit into the current classification system of mullerian anomalies by American fertility society, which is based on the traditional caudal to cranial,...
Thyroid dysfunction is associated with menstrual abnormalities in females of all age groups. Thes... more Thyroid dysfunction is associated with menstrual abnormalities in females of all age groups. These menstrual irregularities can be of polymenorrhoea, menorrhagia, menometrorrhagia, intermenstrual bleeding, oligo/amenorrhoea etc. Since thyroid dysfunction is prevalent in women, so present study was conducted to know the levels of thyroid hormones in dysfunctional uterine bleeding patients. Hundred females with dysfunctional uterine bleeding attending the OPD of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Sri Amritsar were selected for estimation of serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), serum T3, serum T4. The majority of the patients were of the age between 31-40 years (42%). Of the total 100 cases, 22 were found to be hypothyroid, 2 hyperthyroid and the rest of the patients were euthyroid. The commonest menstrual complaint was menorrhagia constituting 50% followed by polymenorrhoea (19%), menometrorrhagia (18%), metropathia haemorrhagi...
Heavy metals are known for their toxicity which poses risk to human health even at very low level... more Heavy metals are known for their toxicity which poses risk to human health even at very low levels. In the present work, groundwater from 24 different sites of Malwa region were analyzed for heavy metal contents (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Manganese, Lead, and Zinc) and possible health risks along with ecotoxicological impact of contaminated groundwater using stress biomarkers in Brassica juncea seedlings. Mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, and Zn (µg/l) in groundwater samples was found to be 1.00, 6.16, 70.40, 0.27, 709.23, 59.38, and 368.15, respectively, during summer and 0.69, 4.03, 53.75, 1.21, 98.21, 69.58, and 254.92, respectively, during winter season. The concentrations of detected metals were above the acceptable groundwater standard limits for Mn, Hg and Pb. The average daily dose (ADD) and hazard quotient (HQ) values for Cu and Pb were above the threshold values at Bathinda during both the seasons. The results of phytotoxicity indicated that the grou...
Image processing and its applications in terms of skin segmentation are gaining importance in the... more Image processing and its applications in terms of skin segmentation are gaining importance in these days due to wide use it in virtually every field. Detection and tracking of human faces are important for gesture recognition and human computer interaction. In this paper, a RGB and HSV based skin segmentation technique is being presented. We frequently tested RGB, HSV color models for skin segmentation. These color models with thresholds, help to remove non skin like pixels from an image. In different lighting conditions it becomes paramount importance to switch to different Color spaces than the traditional RGB (Red-Green-Blue) model to achieve greater efficiency in pixel detection rate. We have analyzed and tested various color models like RGB, HSV, YCbCr, HIS, nRGB and lighting conditions has been kept to as most vary as it can be. Under various lighting conditions and noise, a list of experiments has been performed to detect human skin. The experiment result shows that, the algo...
Introduction: Uterine artery Doppler study, in addition to the conventional Doppler of umbilical ... more Introduction: Uterine artery Doppler study, in addition to the conventional Doppler of umbilical artery can be used as a screening tool to predict fetal and maternal outcome in high risk pregnancies. Aims and objectives: To evaluate the value of Third Trimester Uterine Artery Doppler (Ut A), in addition to Umblical artery doppler, to predict adverse perinatal outcomes in high risk pregnancies. Settings and design: Prospective study done in 100 high risk pregnant patients, during two years. Material and methods: High risk pregnancies between 28–40 weeks were recruited. Doppler study of uterine artery was done and compared with adverse fetal outcome. Statistical analysis used: Parameters and outcome, both maternal and foetal were tabulated and statistically analysed using Chi square test. If during statistical analysis expected cell frequency was less than 5, fisher exact test was used. P value of less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Almost half of the cases, with ab...
Abstract This paper analyses the growth of the Indian sugar industry over the period 1966/67-1998... more Abstract This paper analyses the growth of the Indian sugar industry over the period 1966/67-1998/99 and the factors that have contributed to its growth. Policy measures for the sugar industry are suggested. The overall period is divided into two sub-periods: 1966/67-1980/ ...
International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology
The field of computing has covered a long path. From Mainframes to traditional desktop and then t... more The field of computing has covered a long path. From Mainframes to traditional desktop and then towards Ubiquitous Computing. Ubiquitous Computing combined with wireless Network embedded with cloud computing have given rise to new type of concept known as Internet of Things. But this is not the final destination. A new edge is added further to this which is known as Edge Computing or Fog Computing. With less maintenance and cost based on service usage, cloud computing’s layered architecture allows the client to purchase services at different levels such as IaaS, PaaS and SaaS. It permits location independence facility as users can access these services anywhere with an internet connection and a web browser. IoT devices generate data constantly, and often analysis must be very rapid. Main sources of this huge amount of data are devices, sensors or actuators. Handling the volume, variety, and velocity of IoT data requires a new computing model. Also the time it takes to makes its way ...
The land use/ land cover changes, as the dynamic forces of global environmental change, are centr... more The land use/ land cover changes, as the dynamic forces of global environmental change, are central to the sustainable development debate. These changes have an impact on a wide range of environmental and landscape attributes including the quality of water, land and air resources, ecosystem processes and function of settlements and the climate system itself through greenhouse gas influxes and surface effects. The land use/ land cover pattern of a region is an outcome of natural and socio-economic factors and their utilization by the man in time and space. An attempt has been made in this paper to compare the changing land use/ land cover (LU/LC) of Jammu and Srinagar cities between 1981 and 2011. The study was conducted with a vision to detect the land consumption rate/ urban expansion and the changes that have taken place predominantly in their built-up land, to predict probable changes that might take place in the next thirty years using both Geographic Information System (GIS) an...
International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Background: Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways associated with ai... more Background: Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways associated with airway hyperresponsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing particularly at night or in the early morning.Methods: This study has recruited 25 newly (male/female) cases of Bronchial Asthma diagnosed on the basis of spirometry in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital (ELMC&H). Patients were received Fluticasone/Formoterol (200/10 μg OD). The drugs were administered through metered-dose inhaler (MDI).Results: The mean forced expiratory volume recorded before treatment 54.92±4.47 in a group who were treated with formoterol/fluticasone combination changed to 75.48±5.03 after the treatment. No significant adverse effect of this regimens was observed.Conclusions: The results of this study revealed this regimen showed a significant improvement in lung functions without any significant adverse event.
International Journal of Computer and Communication Technology
In medical image processing, image denoising has become a very essential exercise all through the... more In medical image processing, image denoising has become a very essential exercise all through the diagnose. Negotiation between the preservation of useful diagnostic information and noise suppression must be treasured in medical images. In case of ultrasonic images a special type of acoustic noise, technically known as speckle noise, is the major factor of image quality degradation. Many denoising techniques have been proposed for effective suppression of speckle noise. Removing noise from the original image or signal is still a challenging problem for researchers. In this paper, a Curvelet transform based denoising with improved thresholds is proposed for ultrasound images.
International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Background: This study was undertaken because of paucity of literature regarding outcomes of inha... more Background: This study was undertaken because of paucity of literature regarding outcomes of inhaled formeterol/fluticasone versus formoterol/mometasone in asthmatic patients.Methods: Fifty newly (male/female) recruited cases of bronchial asthma were diagnosed on the basis of spirometry. The patients were allocated to two groups viz group A and B. Group-A received mometasone furoate/formoterol (200/10 μg OD) and Group-B received fluticasone/formoterol (200/10 μg OD) respectively. The drugs were administered through metered-dose inhaler (MDI).Results: The mean FEV1/FVC ratio recorded (64.40±9.01) before starting the treatment has significantly changed to (68.92±8.58) after starting the treatment. Mean forced expiratory volume (47.56±14.73%) noted before the use of bronchodilator also changed to mean FEV1 63.98±15.17. Mean forced expiratory volume recorded before treatment (55.02±5.01) in a group who were treated with formoterol/mometasone combination changed to (72.06±5.86) after tre...
The term heavy metals refer to any metallic element that possesses a specific density, mainly >5 ... more The term heavy metals refer to any metallic element that possesses a specific density, mainly >5 g/cm 3 [1]. Heavy metals may enter into the aquatic ecosystem by natural as well asanthropogenic activities. The widespread contamination of aquatic bodies by these metals has engrossed worldwide attention due to their persistence and bio-accumulative nature [2-3]. Heavy metal pollution can be traced back to the Roman Empire [4]. A perusal of literature reveals that heavy metal contamination has been widely reported in water samples [5], soil [6], sediments and fishes [7] and lakes [8]. Anthropogenic activities like smelting,
To compare the mean pain score through Visual Analogue Scale in patients undergoing laparoscopic ... more To compare the mean pain score through Visual Analogue Scale in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with and without intraperitoneal bupivacaine. Study design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and duration of study: General surgery department, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, New Delhi from March 2017 till June 2017 for a period of three months. Methodology: Total ninty eight patients were selected for the study. Patients were admitted through OPD. Two were exempted from the study. Both groups had 49 patients. Group A patients received 20 ml of 0.5% of intraperitoneal bupivacaine while Group B patients did not receive intraperitoneal bupivacaine. The anesthetic technique was standardized for the two groups. The degree of postoperative pain was assessed using Visual Analogue Scale at 4,8,12 and 24 hours after the surgery. The results were analyzed on SPSS version 18. Results: The mean pain scores were lower in group A than in group B at rest. Consumption of analgesics was also lower in patients of group A(28%) while it was 71% in patients of group B. The incidence of abdominal pain was significantly lower in patients receiving intraperitoneal bupivacaine. Mean VAS pain scores from 4-24 hrs postoperatively of group A was 0.90± 0.51 with 95% confidence interval while in group B it was 0.96±0.90 with 95% confidence interval. Conclusion: Instillation of 20 ml of 0.5%of intraperitoneal bupivacaine after removal of gall bladder in laparoscopic cholecystectomy offers good analgesia.
Deterioration of groundwater quality due to anthropogenic activities is increasing at an alarming... more Deterioration of groundwater quality due to anthropogenic activities is increasing at an alarming rate in most parts of the Punjab, but limited work has been carried out on groundwater quality and monitoring. This paper highlights the groundwater quality and compares its suitability for drinking and irrigation purpose in Malwa region, a southwestern part of Punjab. The Malwa region makes up the most cultivated area of Punjab with high consumption of pesticides and fertilizers. Twenty-four water samples representing groundwater sources were collected and analyzed for almost all major cations, anions and other physicochemical parameters. Analytical results of physicochemical analysis showed majority of the samples above the permissible limits of the Indian standards. The groundwater of the study area was very hard and the relative abundance of major cations and anions was Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3− > SO42− > Cl−. Fluoride content was higher than permissible limit ...
Background: Significant number of induced pregnancies land in caesarean delivery. Cervical assess... more Background: Significant number of induced pregnancies land in caesarean delivery. Cervical assessment is integral to successful outcome of induction of labour. Objective of this study was to study preinduction transvaginal ultrasonographic cervical length and to compare it with Bishop Score in predicting successful labour.Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala on 150 patients. A total of 150 women were studied from January 2015 to June 2016 after taking an informed consent. The sociodemographic particulars were recorded, detailed history was taken and examination performed. Transvaginal ultrasound was done to assess cervical length after evacuation of bladder. Bishop score was then determined by separate observer. The occurrence of vaginal delivery was considered as primary outcome. All statistics collected were entered in statistical software SPSS-15. ROC curves were constructed for both Bishop Score an...
Uterine anomalies are the result of disturbances in the development, formation or fusion of the m... more Uterine anomalies are the result of disturbances in the development, formation or fusion of the mullerian ducts during foetal life with an incidence of 0.001%-10% in general population. These patients most often present with amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, dyspareunia and infertility. Women with these anomalies are more prone to poor foetal outcomes such as first trimester losses or preterm labour. We report a case of a 35 years old female with septate uterus with cervical duplication and a longitudinal vaginal septum. Diagnosis was obtained by physical examination, ultrasound imaging, hysterosalphingography and magnetic resonance imaging and hysterolaproscopy. The clinical presentation of such a case & surgical options available were studied, and the excision of the vaginal septum was done. This case of congenital uterine anomaly does not fit into the current classification system of mullerian anomalies by American fertility society, which is based on the traditional caudal to cranial,...
Thyroid dysfunction is associated with menstrual abnormalities in females of all age groups. Thes... more Thyroid dysfunction is associated with menstrual abnormalities in females of all age groups. These menstrual irregularities can be of polymenorrhoea, menorrhagia, menometrorrhagia, intermenstrual bleeding, oligo/amenorrhoea etc. Since thyroid dysfunction is prevalent in women, so present study was conducted to know the levels of thyroid hormones in dysfunctional uterine bleeding patients. Hundred females with dysfunctional uterine bleeding attending the OPD of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Sri Amritsar were selected for estimation of serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), serum T3, serum T4. The majority of the patients were of the age between 31-40 years (42%). Of the total 100 cases, 22 were found to be hypothyroid, 2 hyperthyroid and the rest of the patients were euthyroid. The commonest menstrual complaint was menorrhagia constituting 50% followed by polymenorrhoea (19%), menometrorrhagia (18%), metropathia haemorrhagi...
Heavy metals are known for their toxicity which poses risk to human health even at very low level... more Heavy metals are known for their toxicity which poses risk to human health even at very low levels. In the present work, groundwater from 24 different sites of Malwa region were analyzed for heavy metal contents (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Manganese, Lead, and Zinc) and possible health risks along with ecotoxicological impact of contaminated groundwater using stress biomarkers in Brassica juncea seedlings. Mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, and Zn (µg/l) in groundwater samples was found to be 1.00, 6.16, 70.40, 0.27, 709.23, 59.38, and 368.15, respectively, during summer and 0.69, 4.03, 53.75, 1.21, 98.21, 69.58, and 254.92, respectively, during winter season. The concentrations of detected metals were above the acceptable groundwater standard limits for Mn, Hg and Pb. The average daily dose (ADD) and hazard quotient (HQ) values for Cu and Pb were above the threshold values at Bathinda during both the seasons. The results of phytotoxicity indicated that the grou...
Image processing and its applications in terms of skin segmentation are gaining importance in the... more Image processing and its applications in terms of skin segmentation are gaining importance in these days due to wide use it in virtually every field. Detection and tracking of human faces are important for gesture recognition and human computer interaction. In this paper, a RGB and HSV based skin segmentation technique is being presented. We frequently tested RGB, HSV color models for skin segmentation. These color models with thresholds, help to remove non skin like pixels from an image. In different lighting conditions it becomes paramount importance to switch to different Color spaces than the traditional RGB (Red-Green-Blue) model to achieve greater efficiency in pixel detection rate. We have analyzed and tested various color models like RGB, HSV, YCbCr, HIS, nRGB and lighting conditions has been kept to as most vary as it can be. Under various lighting conditions and noise, a list of experiments has been performed to detect human skin. The experiment result shows that, the algo...
Introduction: Uterine artery Doppler study, in addition to the conventional Doppler of umbilical ... more Introduction: Uterine artery Doppler study, in addition to the conventional Doppler of umbilical artery can be used as a screening tool to predict fetal and maternal outcome in high risk pregnancies. Aims and objectives: To evaluate the value of Third Trimester Uterine Artery Doppler (Ut A), in addition to Umblical artery doppler, to predict adverse perinatal outcomes in high risk pregnancies. Settings and design: Prospective study done in 100 high risk pregnant patients, during two years. Material and methods: High risk pregnancies between 28–40 weeks were recruited. Doppler study of uterine artery was done and compared with adverse fetal outcome. Statistical analysis used: Parameters and outcome, both maternal and foetal were tabulated and statistically analysed using Chi square test. If during statistical analysis expected cell frequency was less than 5, fisher exact test was used. P value of less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Almost half of the cases, with ab...
Abstract This paper analyses the growth of the Indian sugar industry over the period 1966/67-1998... more Abstract This paper analyses the growth of the Indian sugar industry over the period 1966/67-1998/99 and the factors that have contributed to its growth. Policy measures for the sugar industry are suggested. The overall period is divided into two sub-periods: 1966/67-1980/ ...
International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology
The field of computing has covered a long path. From Mainframes to traditional desktop and then t... more The field of computing has covered a long path. From Mainframes to traditional desktop and then towards Ubiquitous Computing. Ubiquitous Computing combined with wireless Network embedded with cloud computing have given rise to new type of concept known as Internet of Things. But this is not the final destination. A new edge is added further to this which is known as Edge Computing or Fog Computing. With less maintenance and cost based on service usage, cloud computing’s layered architecture allows the client to purchase services at different levels such as IaaS, PaaS and SaaS. It permits location independence facility as users can access these services anywhere with an internet connection and a web browser. IoT devices generate data constantly, and often analysis must be very rapid. Main sources of this huge amount of data are devices, sensors or actuators. Handling the volume, variety, and velocity of IoT data requires a new computing model. Also the time it takes to makes its way ...
The land use/ land cover changes, as the dynamic forces of global environmental change, are centr... more The land use/ land cover changes, as the dynamic forces of global environmental change, are central to the sustainable development debate. These changes have an impact on a wide range of environmental and landscape attributes including the quality of water, land and air resources, ecosystem processes and function of settlements and the climate system itself through greenhouse gas influxes and surface effects. The land use/ land cover pattern of a region is an outcome of natural and socio-economic factors and their utilization by the man in time and space. An attempt has been made in this paper to compare the changing land use/ land cover (LU/LC) of Jammu and Srinagar cities between 1981 and 2011. The study was conducted with a vision to detect the land consumption rate/ urban expansion and the changes that have taken place predominantly in their built-up land, to predict probable changes that might take place in the next thirty years using both Geographic Information System (GIS) an...
International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Background: Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways associated with ai... more Background: Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways associated with airway hyperresponsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing particularly at night or in the early morning.Methods: This study has recruited 25 newly (male/female) cases of Bronchial Asthma diagnosed on the basis of spirometry in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital (ELMC&H). Patients were received Fluticasone/Formoterol (200/10 μg OD). The drugs were administered through metered-dose inhaler (MDI).Results: The mean forced expiratory volume recorded before treatment 54.92±4.47 in a group who were treated with formoterol/fluticasone combination changed to 75.48±5.03 after the treatment. No significant adverse effect of this regimens was observed.Conclusions: The results of this study revealed this regimen showed a significant improvement in lung functions without any significant adverse event.
International Journal of Computer and Communication Technology
In medical image processing, image denoising has become a very essential exercise all through the... more In medical image processing, image denoising has become a very essential exercise all through the diagnose. Negotiation between the preservation of useful diagnostic information and noise suppression must be treasured in medical images. In case of ultrasonic images a special type of acoustic noise, technically known as speckle noise, is the major factor of image quality degradation. Many denoising techniques have been proposed for effective suppression of speckle noise. Removing noise from the original image or signal is still a challenging problem for researchers. In this paper, a Curvelet transform based denoising with improved thresholds is proposed for ultrasound images.
International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Background: This study was undertaken because of paucity of literature regarding outcomes of inha... more Background: This study was undertaken because of paucity of literature regarding outcomes of inhaled formeterol/fluticasone versus formoterol/mometasone in asthmatic patients.Methods: Fifty newly (male/female) recruited cases of bronchial asthma were diagnosed on the basis of spirometry. The patients were allocated to two groups viz group A and B. Group-A received mometasone furoate/formoterol (200/10 μg OD) and Group-B received fluticasone/formoterol (200/10 μg OD) respectively. The drugs were administered through metered-dose inhaler (MDI).Results: The mean FEV1/FVC ratio recorded (64.40±9.01) before starting the treatment has significantly changed to (68.92±8.58) after starting the treatment. Mean forced expiratory volume (47.56±14.73%) noted before the use of bronchodilator also changed to mean FEV1 63.98±15.17. Mean forced expiratory volume recorded before treatment (55.02±5.01) in a group who were treated with formoterol/mometasone combination changed to (72.06±5.86) after tre...
The term heavy metals refer to any metallic element that possesses a specific density, mainly >5 ... more The term heavy metals refer to any metallic element that possesses a specific density, mainly >5 g/cm 3 [1]. Heavy metals may enter into the aquatic ecosystem by natural as well asanthropogenic activities. The widespread contamination of aquatic bodies by these metals has engrossed worldwide attention due to their persistence and bio-accumulative nature [2-3]. Heavy metal pollution can be traced back to the Roman Empire [4]. A perusal of literature reveals that heavy metal contamination has been widely reported in water samples [5], soil [6], sediments and fishes [7] and lakes [8]. Anthropogenic activities like smelting,
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