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Taiwo Akande

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Sultan Qaboos University

Mabrouk Elsabagh

Kafrelsheikh University

Adham Al-Sagheer

Zagazig University

Md. Istiaque Hossain

University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Fernando Borderas

Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco

University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Marcos I Marcondes

Universidade Federal de Viçosa

Ruhr University Bochum Germany

Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria

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Papers by Taiwo Akande

Growth Promoting and Anti-Lipogenic Characteristics of Three Phytogenic Feed Additives in Broilers’ Diets

Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences

Performance , Egg Qualities and Blood Profile of Laying Hens Fed Mould Contaminated Diets Supplemented with Three Mycotoxin Adsorbents

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of activated charcoal (AC) and two commercial myc... more A study was conducted to investigate the effect of activated charcoal (AC) and two commercial mycotoxin adsorbents (CA1 and CA2) on performance, egg qualities and blood profile of layers fed on mould-contaminated feed. There were eight dietary treatments, diets 1 to 4 contained uninfected maize supplemented with: no adsorbent (NA), AC, CA1 or CA2. Diets 5 to 8 contained infected maize with the supplementation as stated for diets 1 to 4 in a 2× 4 factorial arrangement, (two types of maize: uninfected and infected and four types of supplements: NA, AC, CA1 and CA2). There were five different fungi isolated from infected maize grains. The fungi were identified as F. oxysporum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus and A. parasiticus. The activities of the fungi depleted the organic component protein and lipid contents and the caloric value of the maize grains by 23 %, 51 % and 4.5 % respectively, while compensating in terms of high inorganic elements such as total ash, ...

Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development organised by the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague

Dietary Influence of Fluted Pumpkin and Moringa Leaf Meal Supplementations on Blood and Egg Lipid Profile of ISA Brown Laying Birds

Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 2021

Evaluation of Growth Performance and Hepatic Histological Changes in Albino Rats Fed Varying Levels of Differently Treated Castor Bean Cake Based Diets

Journal of Animal Science Advances, 2014

Forty eight weaned albino rats were used to determine the growth and hepatic histological respons... more Forty eight weaned albino rats were used to determine the growth and hepatic histological response of Albino rats fed varying levels of detoxified castor bean cake based diets. There were 12 treatments, with four rats per treatment arranged in a 4 x 3 experimental layout (four processing methods (Boiling, Lye, Roasting and Germination) and three levels of inclusion (0, 5% and 10%). The animals were individually housed in small fabricated cages. Results showed that the processing methods affected the chemical profile of castor bean cake. There was a short fall in energy values of treated castor bean cake compared to raw bean. The crude protein of the lye treated, boiled, and roasted CBC fell while antinutritional factors were better deactivated by boiling and lye treatment. Boiling and lye treatment were able to achieve about 43% and 55% reduction of lectin (ricin) respectively and this was translated in the higher feed consumption and better (P<0.05) weight gain in rat fed on diet containing 5% lye CBC and 5%boiled CBC compared to others on CBC based diets. Performance parameters measure were not jeopardised by feeding lye treated and boiled CBC up to 10%. The histological changes observed ranges from mild congestion, cellular infiltration and necrosis of the cell in the liver, an indication of substantial residual toxin in processed seed. In this study. lye water was most effective in detoxifying castor bean seeds as there were no serious damages done to the liver of rats placed on lye treated castor bean cake diets at both 5% and 10% inclusion level.

Comparative utilisation of high inclusion rates of four agro-industrial by-products in the diets of egg type chickens

How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage in redalyc.org ... more

Cashew reject meal in diets of laying chickens: nutritional and economic suitability

Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 2015

The present study investigated the nutritional and economic suitability of cashew reject meal (fu... more The present study investigated the nutritional and economic suitability of cashew reject meal (full fat and defatted) as replacement for groundnut cake (GNC) in the diets of laying chickens. A total of eighty four brown shavers at 25 weeks of age were randomly allotted into seven dietary treatments each containing 6 replicates of 2 birds each. The seven diets prepared included diet 1, a control with GNC at 220gkg −1 as main protein source in the diet. Diets 2, 3 and 4 consist of gradual replacement of GNC with defatted cashew reject meal (DCRM) at 50%, 75% and 100% on weight for weight basis respectively while diets 5, 6 and 7 consist of gradual inclusion of full fat cashew reject meal (FCRM) to replace 25%, 35% and 50% of GNC protein respectively. Each group was allotted a diet in a completely randomized design in a study that lasted eight weeks during which records of the chemical constituent of the test ingredients, performance characteristics, egg quality traits and economic indicators were measured. Results showed that the crude protein were 22.10 and 35.4% for FCRM and DCRM respectively. Gross energy of DCRM was 5035 kcal/kg compared to GNC, 4752 kcal/kg. Result of aflatoxin B 1 revealed moderate level between 10 and 17 μg/Kg in DCRM and GNC samples respectively. Birds on control gained 10 g, while those on DCRM and FCRM gained about 35 g and 120 g respectively. Feed intake declined (P < 0.05) with increased level of FCRM. Hen day production was highest in birds fed DCRM, followed by control and lowest value (P < 0.05) was recorded for FCRM. No significant change (P > 0.05) was observed for egg weight and shell thickness. Fat deposition and cholesterol content increased (P > 0.05) with increasing level of FCRM. The cost of feed per kilogram decreased gradually with increased inclusion level of CRM. The prediction equation showed the relative worth of DCRM compared to GNC was 92.3% whereas the actual market price of GNC triples that of DCRM. It was recommended that GNC could be completely replaced by DCRM in layer's diets in regions where this by product is abundant. However, FCRM should be cautiously used in diets of laying chickens.

Nutritional and Economic Value of Leaf Meal ( Tephrosia bracteolata) in Diet of Laying Hens

The performance, egg qualities, costs and dry matter turn-over of Tephrosia bracteolata leaf meal... more The performance, egg qualities, costs and dry matter turn-over of Tephrosia bracteolata leaf meal (TLM) were investigated in diets of egg type chickens. The experiment involved 40, 25 weeks old Nera black layers in a 70 day feeding trial. There were 4 dietary treatments. Diets 1 was the control with 0% TLM while diets 2, 3 and 4 contained 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% levels of TLM, respectively and were arranged in one way analysis of variance in a completely randomized design. Feed intake decline with progressive inclusion of TLM and significantly depressed (p0.05) across the treatments. Similarly, egg quality parameters including shell thickness, albumen and yolk weight were not affected (p>0.05) except for the yolk colour that greatly intensified (p<0.01) with progressive inclusion of the leaf meal. While, dry matter turn-over of TLM was about 30% on as fed basis, egg output and revenue generated showed that control, 2.5 and 5.0% TLM dietary treatments were comparable and that control...

Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Cake in the Diets of Cockerel Chickens

International Journal of Poultry Science, 2008

The response of cockerel chickens fed graded levels of untreated and treated neem seed cake as pa... more The response of cockerel chickens fed graded levels of untreated and treated neem seed cake as partial replacement of Soya Bean Meal (SBM) was investigated. A total of 180 cockerels were subjected to an 8 week feeding trial in a 3x2 factorial design. There were 6 dietary treatments: diets 1 and 2 contained Untreated Neem Seed Cake (UNSC) at 10 and 20%, diets 3 and 4 contained Water Soaked Neem Seed Cake (WNSC) at 10 and 20% levels while diets 5 and 6 contained Charcoal supplemented Neem Seed Cake (CNSC) at 10 and 20% each replacing soyabean meal. The charcoal in diets 5 and 6 was added at a dose of 4 kg/tonne of feed. Results obtained showed that Feed Intake (FI), Body Weight Gain (BWG) and Feed Cost per kilogram Weight Gain (FCWG) were significantly different (p<0.05) across the treatments while feed gain ratio and feed cost did not show any difference among treatment means. Cockerels on WNSC diets had higher FI and BWG while those on UNSC had the least values. FCWG was similar in WNSC and CNSC and was better (p<0.05) than UNSC. Cockerels fed UNSC based diets produced least result in nearly all the carcass indices measured. Bigger breast plate, thigh, drumstick and back parts (p<0.05) were observed for birds on WNSC diets up to 20% level of inclusion. Blood parameters did not show any significant differences (p>0.05) among dietary treatments. It is concluded that treated neem seedcake may replace part of SBM used in the diet of cockerel chickens at the levels studied.

Ethnoveterinary practices among sheep rearers in Ona-Ara Local Government of Oyo state, Nigeria

Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2013

A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to generate data on ethnoveterinary practices used for... more A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to generate data on ethnoveterinary practices used for maintaining the health and curing diseases of sheep in Ona-Ara Local Government, Oyo State, Nigeria. Information was collected from fifty two indigenous sheep rearers using direct observation of household and interview with key informants with the aid of questionnaires. The data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics to generate frequencies and percentages. Demographic characteristics of the respondents show that 57.7% were males while 42.30% were females, 57.69% household sheep owners used extensive system of management while the rest used semi-intensive system. Major causes of losses were diseases and predation. About 7.69% used purely local concoction in solving the problem of ectoparasites and diseases and those who used local remedies claimed to have gained the knowledge through friends, family, radio, books, extension service and others. Data collected revealed that there is low documentation of ethnoveterinary knowledge among sheep owners in Ona-Ara Local Government and this has been responsible for the low patronage of this useful aspect of veterinary services in addressing challenges and complexities of health problems of the modern period.

Physical and Nutrient Characterisation of Raw and Processed Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Seeds in Nigeria

World Journal of Agricultural …, 2012

Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an oilseed shrub of significant economic importance because ... more Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an oilseed shrub of significant economic importance because of its several potential in industry and medicine. Castor seeds from four different locations in Nigeria were sampled and investigated for physical and chemical properties. The seeds size ranged from 0.08-0.9 g by weight and 0.8-1.9 cm by height. Since size is a continuous variation, the seeds were categorized into the small seeded variety (SSV) and the large seeded variety (LSY). More time and energy were expended in dehulling the SSV beside a considerable amount of kernel that were lost to the hull during processing. A tonne of castor seed generated about 53% of kernel for LSV compared to 49% kernel in SSV indicating a higher waste stream for SSV. The fibrous seed coat of 25% was obtained in LSV compared to 31% in SSV. The oil content ranged from 35-37% with higher oil yield in SSV. The energy values and the protein content showed numerical differences in the two seed types. Crude protein content of 26.7% and 24.6% and crude fat of 47.3% and 49.4% and gross energy values of 6.59 kcal/g and 6.89kcal/g were obtained for LSV and SSV respectively. The anti nutritional factors measured revealed that the lectin component of 4.7HU mg/ml obtained for LSV and 3.1HUmg/ml obtained for SSV was lower in LSV because more of the material was required to produce positive agglutination. Values of O.41% and 0.48% phytate and 0.94% and 0.79% oxalate were obtained in LSV and SSV respectively. Different processing methods were attempted on the seed meal samples to neutralize the antinutrients present in them. Lectin were better inactivated with extraction with lye water, pH 9.5 and moist heating at 100°C for 20 min. Phytate levels were slightly decreased by fermentation for 3-day. Handling and nutrient profile favoured LSV over SSV and may have higher preference in livestock feeding system when treated with lye.

Toxicity and Nutritive Assessment of Castor (Ricinus cummunis) Oil and Processed Cake in Rat Diet

Asian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2011

Nutritive value and biochemical changes in broiler chickens fed detoxified castor kernel cake based diets

AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2012

Castor bean (Ricinus communis Linn.) is an important oilseed rich in protein but rarely used as l... more Castor bean (Ricinus communis Linn.) is an important oilseed rich in protein but rarely used as livestock feed due to antinutritional factors. Castor seed was detoxified using combined processing techniques of moist heating and fermentation (5 and 7-day) or lye treatment and fed to150 day-old Anak 2000 broiler chicks at varying levels (0, 10, 15 and 20%) in a 49-day experiment. There were 10 dietary treatments: a control diet, void of castor bean cake (CBC), 3 diets (at 10, 15 and 20%) each containing either heat cum lye treated CBC, heat cum 5-day fermentation or heat cum 7-day fermentation in a completely randomized design. The chemical constituent of detoxified castor kernel, performance, haematology and serum metabolites of the broilers served was evaluated. About 71% of haemaglutinin in the cake which constitutes the major impediment was removed via thermal cum lye treatment while thermal cum fermentation removed about 60%. Feed intake of lye treated CBC was not different (P>0.05) from control up to 20% inclusion although, the weight gained were not the same (P<0.05) with the bird on control. Both feed intake and weight gain in 5 and 7-day fermentation were similar (P>0.05) and significantly lower (P<0.05) than the control and lye treatment. Packed cell volume (PCV) value was highest in control and followed closely by lye treatment at 10% inclusion. A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed at 15% and 20% inclusion particularly on birds placed on fermented based diet. The white blood cell (WBC) increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased level of inclusion of CBC. There was downward trend in serum protein while an upward trend was observed for urea and creatinine with increasing levels of detoxified CBC. It was concluded that heat cum lye treatment can be used to detoxify CBC and such treated product maybe safely used at 15% inclusion rate.

Insects in food and feed systems in sub-Saharan Africa: the untapped potentials

International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 2020

Insects as food and feed have the potential to alleviate food, feed and nutrition insecurity in s... more Insects as food and feed have the potential to alleviate food, feed and nutrition insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) against a backdrop of climate change. Such use has gained unprecedented attention in the past decade and the trend will probably continue due to the species diversity, new discoveries in the nutritional, neutraceutical and medicinal potentials of edible insect species. In order to meet the increasing demand for insects as food and feed, insect farming should complement sustainable wild insect harvesting. The ecological impact of insect farming, economics, species biological and processing aspects deserve empirical investigation. This is crucial in order to effectively guide potential insect producers and processors. Besides the use of insects in folk medicine, several industrial products including polyunsaturated and monosaturated fatty acids, peptides, enzymes, and antimicrobial compounds can be obtained from edible insects. With the teaming world population, value addition via product fortification is a practical strategy to enhance the acceptance of edible insects for human food and nutrition security. The future of insects as food and feed will witness the development of international trade and SSA governments should be ready to comply with product standardization and legislation requirements to penetrate external markets. Despite the diversity of edible insects in SSA and some commonalities therein , not all consumers are well-informed on the inherent risks of allergens, toxicants and antinutritional compounds occurring in some edible species. Further research needs and future strategies to exploit the untapped potential of insects as food and feed in SSA are mapped out.

Growth Promoting and Anti-Lipogenic Characteristics of Three Phytogenic Feed Additives in Broilers’ Diets

Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences

Performance , Egg Qualities and Blood Profile of Laying Hens Fed Mould Contaminated Diets Supplemented with Three Mycotoxin Adsorbents

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of activated charcoal (AC) and two commercial myc... more A study was conducted to investigate the effect of activated charcoal (AC) and two commercial mycotoxin adsorbents (CA1 and CA2) on performance, egg qualities and blood profile of layers fed on mould-contaminated feed. There were eight dietary treatments, diets 1 to 4 contained uninfected maize supplemented with: no adsorbent (NA), AC, CA1 or CA2. Diets 5 to 8 contained infected maize with the supplementation as stated for diets 1 to 4 in a 2× 4 factorial arrangement, (two types of maize: uninfected and infected and four types of supplements: NA, AC, CA1 and CA2). There were five different fungi isolated from infected maize grains. The fungi were identified as F. oxysporum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus and A. parasiticus. The activities of the fungi depleted the organic component protein and lipid contents and the caloric value of the maize grains by 23 %, 51 % and 4.5 % respectively, while compensating in terms of high inorganic elements such as total ash, ...

Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development organised by the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague

Dietary Influence of Fluted Pumpkin and Moringa Leaf Meal Supplementations on Blood and Egg Lipid Profile of ISA Brown Laying Birds

Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 2021

Evaluation of Growth Performance and Hepatic Histological Changes in Albino Rats Fed Varying Levels of Differently Treated Castor Bean Cake Based Diets

Journal of Animal Science Advances, 2014

Forty eight weaned albino rats were used to determine the growth and hepatic histological respons... more Forty eight weaned albino rats were used to determine the growth and hepatic histological response of Albino rats fed varying levels of detoxified castor bean cake based diets. There were 12 treatments, with four rats per treatment arranged in a 4 x 3 experimental layout (four processing methods (Boiling, Lye, Roasting and Germination) and three levels of inclusion (0, 5% and 10%). The animals were individually housed in small fabricated cages. Results showed that the processing methods affected the chemical profile of castor bean cake. There was a short fall in energy values of treated castor bean cake compared to raw bean. The crude protein of the lye treated, boiled, and roasted CBC fell while antinutritional factors were better deactivated by boiling and lye treatment. Boiling and lye treatment were able to achieve about 43% and 55% reduction of lectin (ricin) respectively and this was translated in the higher feed consumption and better (P<0.05) weight gain in rat fed on diet containing 5% lye CBC and 5%boiled CBC compared to others on CBC based diets. Performance parameters measure were not jeopardised by feeding lye treated and boiled CBC up to 10%. The histological changes observed ranges from mild congestion, cellular infiltration and necrosis of the cell in the liver, an indication of substantial residual toxin in processed seed. In this study. lye water was most effective in detoxifying castor bean seeds as there were no serious damages done to the liver of rats placed on lye treated castor bean cake diets at both 5% and 10% inclusion level.

Comparative utilisation of high inclusion rates of four agro-industrial by-products in the diets of egg type chickens

How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage in redalyc.org ... more

Cashew reject meal in diets of laying chickens: nutritional and economic suitability

Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 2015

The present study investigated the nutritional and economic suitability of cashew reject meal (fu... more The present study investigated the nutritional and economic suitability of cashew reject meal (full fat and defatted) as replacement for groundnut cake (GNC) in the diets of laying chickens. A total of eighty four brown shavers at 25 weeks of age were randomly allotted into seven dietary treatments each containing 6 replicates of 2 birds each. The seven diets prepared included diet 1, a control with GNC at 220gkg −1 as main protein source in the diet. Diets 2, 3 and 4 consist of gradual replacement of GNC with defatted cashew reject meal (DCRM) at 50%, 75% and 100% on weight for weight basis respectively while diets 5, 6 and 7 consist of gradual inclusion of full fat cashew reject meal (FCRM) to replace 25%, 35% and 50% of GNC protein respectively. Each group was allotted a diet in a completely randomized design in a study that lasted eight weeks during which records of the chemical constituent of the test ingredients, performance characteristics, egg quality traits and economic indicators were measured. Results showed that the crude protein were 22.10 and 35.4% for FCRM and DCRM respectively. Gross energy of DCRM was 5035 kcal/kg compared to GNC, 4752 kcal/kg. Result of aflatoxin B 1 revealed moderate level between 10 and 17 μg/Kg in DCRM and GNC samples respectively. Birds on control gained 10 g, while those on DCRM and FCRM gained about 35 g and 120 g respectively. Feed intake declined (P < 0.05) with increased level of FCRM. Hen day production was highest in birds fed DCRM, followed by control and lowest value (P < 0.05) was recorded for FCRM. No significant change (P > 0.05) was observed for egg weight and shell thickness. Fat deposition and cholesterol content increased (P > 0.05) with increasing level of FCRM. The cost of feed per kilogram decreased gradually with increased inclusion level of CRM. The prediction equation showed the relative worth of DCRM compared to GNC was 92.3% whereas the actual market price of GNC triples that of DCRM. It was recommended that GNC could be completely replaced by DCRM in layer's diets in regions where this by product is abundant. However, FCRM should be cautiously used in diets of laying chickens.

Nutritional and Economic Value of Leaf Meal ( Tephrosia bracteolata) in Diet of Laying Hens

The performance, egg qualities, costs and dry matter turn-over of Tephrosia bracteolata leaf meal... more The performance, egg qualities, costs and dry matter turn-over of Tephrosia bracteolata leaf meal (TLM) were investigated in diets of egg type chickens. The experiment involved 40, 25 weeks old Nera black layers in a 70 day feeding trial. There were 4 dietary treatments. Diets 1 was the control with 0% TLM while diets 2, 3 and 4 contained 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% levels of TLM, respectively and were arranged in one way analysis of variance in a completely randomized design. Feed intake decline with progressive inclusion of TLM and significantly depressed (p0.05) across the treatments. Similarly, egg quality parameters including shell thickness, albumen and yolk weight were not affected (p>0.05) except for the yolk colour that greatly intensified (p<0.01) with progressive inclusion of the leaf meal. While, dry matter turn-over of TLM was about 30% on as fed basis, egg output and revenue generated showed that control, 2.5 and 5.0% TLM dietary treatments were comparable and that control...

Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Cake in the Diets of Cockerel Chickens

International Journal of Poultry Science, 2008

The response of cockerel chickens fed graded levels of untreated and treated neem seed cake as pa... more The response of cockerel chickens fed graded levels of untreated and treated neem seed cake as partial replacement of Soya Bean Meal (SBM) was investigated. A total of 180 cockerels were subjected to an 8 week feeding trial in a 3x2 factorial design. There were 6 dietary treatments: diets 1 and 2 contained Untreated Neem Seed Cake (UNSC) at 10 and 20%, diets 3 and 4 contained Water Soaked Neem Seed Cake (WNSC) at 10 and 20% levels while diets 5 and 6 contained Charcoal supplemented Neem Seed Cake (CNSC) at 10 and 20% each replacing soyabean meal. The charcoal in diets 5 and 6 was added at a dose of 4 kg/tonne of feed. Results obtained showed that Feed Intake (FI), Body Weight Gain (BWG) and Feed Cost per kilogram Weight Gain (FCWG) were significantly different (p<0.05) across the treatments while feed gain ratio and feed cost did not show any difference among treatment means. Cockerels on WNSC diets had higher FI and BWG while those on UNSC had the least values. FCWG was similar in WNSC and CNSC and was better (p<0.05) than UNSC. Cockerels fed UNSC based diets produced least result in nearly all the carcass indices measured. Bigger breast plate, thigh, drumstick and back parts (p<0.05) were observed for birds on WNSC diets up to 20% level of inclusion. Blood parameters did not show any significant differences (p>0.05) among dietary treatments. It is concluded that treated neem seedcake may replace part of SBM used in the diet of cockerel chickens at the levels studied.

Ethnoveterinary practices among sheep rearers in Ona-Ara Local Government of Oyo state, Nigeria

Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2013

A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to generate data on ethnoveterinary practices used for... more A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to generate data on ethnoveterinary practices used for maintaining the health and curing diseases of sheep in Ona-Ara Local Government, Oyo State, Nigeria. Information was collected from fifty two indigenous sheep rearers using direct observation of household and interview with key informants with the aid of questionnaires. The data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics to generate frequencies and percentages. Demographic characteristics of the respondents show that 57.7% were males while 42.30% were females, 57.69% household sheep owners used extensive system of management while the rest used semi-intensive system. Major causes of losses were diseases and predation. About 7.69% used purely local concoction in solving the problem of ectoparasites and diseases and those who used local remedies claimed to have gained the knowledge through friends, family, radio, books, extension service and others. Data collected revealed that there is low documentation of ethnoveterinary knowledge among sheep owners in Ona-Ara Local Government and this has been responsible for the low patronage of this useful aspect of veterinary services in addressing challenges and complexities of health problems of the modern period.

Physical and Nutrient Characterisation of Raw and Processed Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Seeds in Nigeria

World Journal of Agricultural …, 2012

Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an oilseed shrub of significant economic importance because ... more Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an oilseed shrub of significant economic importance because of its several potential in industry and medicine. Castor seeds from four different locations in Nigeria were sampled and investigated for physical and chemical properties. The seeds size ranged from 0.08-0.9 g by weight and 0.8-1.9 cm by height. Since size is a continuous variation, the seeds were categorized into the small seeded variety (SSV) and the large seeded variety (LSY). More time and energy were expended in dehulling the SSV beside a considerable amount of kernel that were lost to the hull during processing. A tonne of castor seed generated about 53% of kernel for LSV compared to 49% kernel in SSV indicating a higher waste stream for SSV. The fibrous seed coat of 25% was obtained in LSV compared to 31% in SSV. The oil content ranged from 35-37% with higher oil yield in SSV. The energy values and the protein content showed numerical differences in the two seed types. Crude protein content of 26.7% and 24.6% and crude fat of 47.3% and 49.4% and gross energy values of 6.59 kcal/g and 6.89kcal/g were obtained for LSV and SSV respectively. The anti nutritional factors measured revealed that the lectin component of 4.7HU mg/ml obtained for LSV and 3.1HUmg/ml obtained for SSV was lower in LSV because more of the material was required to produce positive agglutination. Values of O.41% and 0.48% phytate and 0.94% and 0.79% oxalate were obtained in LSV and SSV respectively. Different processing methods were attempted on the seed meal samples to neutralize the antinutrients present in them. Lectin were better inactivated with extraction with lye water, pH 9.5 and moist heating at 100°C for 20 min. Phytate levels were slightly decreased by fermentation for 3-day. Handling and nutrient profile favoured LSV over SSV and may have higher preference in livestock feeding system when treated with lye.

Toxicity and Nutritive Assessment of Castor (Ricinus cummunis) Oil and Processed Cake in Rat Diet

Asian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2011

Nutritive value and biochemical changes in broiler chickens fed detoxified castor kernel cake based diets

AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2012

Castor bean (Ricinus communis Linn.) is an important oilseed rich in protein but rarely used as l... more Castor bean (Ricinus communis Linn.) is an important oilseed rich in protein but rarely used as livestock feed due to antinutritional factors. Castor seed was detoxified using combined processing techniques of moist heating and fermentation (5 and 7-day) or lye treatment and fed to150 day-old Anak 2000 broiler chicks at varying levels (0, 10, 15 and 20%) in a 49-day experiment. There were 10 dietary treatments: a control diet, void of castor bean cake (CBC), 3 diets (at 10, 15 and 20%) each containing either heat cum lye treated CBC, heat cum 5-day fermentation or heat cum 7-day fermentation in a completely randomized design. The chemical constituent of detoxified castor kernel, performance, haematology and serum metabolites of the broilers served was evaluated. About 71% of haemaglutinin in the cake which constitutes the major impediment was removed via thermal cum lye treatment while thermal cum fermentation removed about 60%. Feed intake of lye treated CBC was not different (P>0.05) from control up to 20% inclusion although, the weight gained were not the same (P<0.05) with the bird on control. Both feed intake and weight gain in 5 and 7-day fermentation were similar (P>0.05) and significantly lower (P<0.05) than the control and lye treatment. Packed cell volume (PCV) value was highest in control and followed closely by lye treatment at 10% inclusion. A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed at 15% and 20% inclusion particularly on birds placed on fermented based diet. The white blood cell (WBC) increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased level of inclusion of CBC. There was downward trend in serum protein while an upward trend was observed for urea and creatinine with increasing levels of detoxified CBC. It was concluded that heat cum lye treatment can be used to detoxify CBC and such treated product maybe safely used at 15% inclusion rate.

Insects in food and feed systems in sub-Saharan Africa: the untapped potentials

International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 2020

Insects as food and feed have the potential to alleviate food, feed and nutrition insecurity in s... more Insects as food and feed have the potential to alleviate food, feed and nutrition insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) against a backdrop of climate change. Such use has gained unprecedented attention in the past decade and the trend will probably continue due to the species diversity, new discoveries in the nutritional, neutraceutical and medicinal potentials of edible insect species. In order to meet the increasing demand for insects as food and feed, insect farming should complement sustainable wild insect harvesting. The ecological impact of insect farming, economics, species biological and processing aspects deserve empirical investigation. This is crucial in order to effectively guide potential insect producers and processors. Besides the use of insects in folk medicine, several industrial products including polyunsaturated and monosaturated fatty acids, peptides, enzymes, and antimicrobial compounds can be obtained from edible insects. With the teaming world population, value addition via product fortification is a practical strategy to enhance the acceptance of edible insects for human food and nutrition security. The future of insects as food and feed will witness the development of international trade and SSA governments should be ready to comply with product standardization and legislation requirements to penetrate external markets. Despite the diversity of edible insects in SSA and some commonalities therein , not all consumers are well-informed on the inherent risks of allergens, toxicants and antinutritional compounds occurring in some edible species. Further research needs and future strategies to exploit the untapped potential of insects as food and feed in SSA are mapped out.