Exploration of rhizosphere and rhizosphere microbiome has been the research focus for last many d... more Exploration of rhizosphere and rhizosphere microbiome has been the research focus for last many decades. The rhizosphere is a junction for intercommunication among plants, insects, and microorganisms. It serves as diverse habitat with a nutrient-rich niche by providing a platform interaction among plants-soil-microorganism trio along with energy and matter trade-off. The rhizosphere microbiome also influences plant vigour, health, and defence against stresses by interfering with nutrient uptake, chemical signalling, and enzyme activity. Interaction among the microbiome, the environment, and the genetic makeup of host is well-known to contribute towards host health. The present chapter summarises the major effects of microbial communities present in rhizosphere on plant health and diseases.
The microbial genera, both cultivable and uncultivable, associated with the host plant inhabiting... more The microbial genera, both cultivable and uncultivable, associated with the host plant inhabiting in or on different tissues or organ and the environment surrounding the plant body are unique and comprise the plant-associated microbiome (PAM). The PAM profile of the host plant gets altered in response to certain biotic and abiotic stresses and the anthropogenic interventions. Therefore, identification of key groups or genera of the microbes among the whole PAM is critical as these microbes, besides themselves, can modulate several other microbial communities, leading to considerable positive or negative changes in the community structure, abundance, and the overall microbial diversity. This manuscript explores the alterations in PAM particularly in response to the agri-management practices and its role in enhancing growth, vigor, and yield in host crop plants. Further, the precise role of a specific group of PAM, the soil organic matter decomposers, has been discussed with special reference to agri-waste generated by cereal crop cultivation. The practical applications of the PAM studies for improvement in the agricultural sustainability through optimization of the plant microbiome have also been discussed.
A field experiment was conducted on ratoon crop of sugarcane to develop suitable weed management ... more A field experiment was conducted on ratoon crop of sugarcane to develop suitable weed management practices during spring seasons of 2008–09, 2009–10 and 2010–11 at Sugarcane Experimental Area, (Ladhowal), Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. A total of fourteen treatments including weedy check was tested in randomized block design with three replication. Herbicidal treatments were applied to ratoon crop immediately after harvesting of plant crop in the Ist week of February every year under moist conditions. The highest weed dryweight of 182.7 g/m2was recorded in weedycheck. All the weed control treatments recorded significantly less weed dry weight as compared to the weedy check. The highest pooled cane yield of 74.3 t/ha was obtained with pre-emergence application of metribuzin 1.4 kg/ha fb 2,4-D 1.6 kg/ha at 45 days after ratoon initiation (DARI). The weed dry weight was significantly reduced to less than one third (54.3 g/m2) with preemergence application of metribuzin 1.4 k...
A field experiment was conducted during autumn season of 2006–07, 2007–08 and 2008–09 at sugarcan... more A field experiment was conducted during autumn season of 2006–07, 2007–08 and 2008–09 at sugarcane experimental area (Ladhowal), Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to assess the profitability of intercropping of medicinal and high value crops in autumn planted sugarcane(Saccharum spp. hybrid). Gobhi sarson (Brassica napus L.), canola type ‘GSC 5’ and ‘GSC 6’ and non canola type varieties ‘GSL 2’, celery (Apium graveolens L.) ‘local’, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ‘VJM 201’ and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) ‘Punjab Pasand’ for seed purpose were evaluated as intercrops. Out of 9 combinations of intercropping, sugarcane+ gobhi sarson ‘GSL 2’ (1: 1) recorded the highest cane equivalent yield of 87.95 t/ha, which was 22% higher than that of sole crop of sugarcane. The economic analysis also indicated that sugarcane+gobhi sarson ‘GSL 2’ (1: 1) recorded the highest net profit of 80,894/ha, followed by intercropping of sugarcane + celery (1:2) and sugarcane + gobhi sarson ‘GSC 5’ (1:2) +...
Rescheduling fertilizer nitrogen topdressing timings for improving productivity and mitigating N ... more Rescheduling fertilizer nitrogen topdressing timings for improving productivity and mitigating N 2 O emissions in timely and late sown irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.
study the feasibility of planting sugarcane in furrows of standing wheat sown on beds by Furrow I... more study the feasibility of planting sugarcane in furrows of standing wheat sown on beds by Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB) method. The treatments were, sole crop of autumn sugarcane planted at 67.5 cm spacing in October (T 1), sugarcane planting at 90 cm spacing in October and two rows of wheat intercrop in between (T 2); wheat sown in end October by FIRB system, (two rows of wheat on 37.5 cm wide bed) and sugarcane in furrows (30 cm wide) at monthly interval from October to March (T 3-T 8). In T 9 and T 10 , the sugarcane was planted at 67.5 and 75 cm row spacing in April after harvesting of wheat. For T 3-T 8, irrigation was applied in furrows of FIRB wheat preferably in the evening and three budded sugarcane setts were planted next morning by pressing into the wet soil manually (wet planting). The results clearly revealed that the productivity of sugarcane varies with the planting method and time. The highest cane yield was obtained at all the locations when the sole sugarcane was planted in autumn at 67.5 cm spacing. In wheat based cropping systems, sugarcane planted in furrow of FIRB wheat during February-March gave significantly more yield than the crop planted in wheat furrows during November, December and January months at Ludhiana and during December and January at Faridkot and Ladhowal. The lowest cane productivity was recorded when planted after wheat harvesting. The wheat productivity on raised beds varied from 37.5 to 37.9 q/ha at Ludhiana, 46.0 to 47.8 q/ha at Faridkot and 32.1 to 34.9 q/ha at Ladhowal clearly pronouncing the effect of agro-ecological and adaphic factors. The net returns were highest when wheat sown on beds and sugarcane in furrows in March (T 8) followed by February (T 7), October (T 3) and wheat (two rows) intercropped in autumn sugarcane planted at 90 cm spacing (T 2).
Sugarcane being a widely spaced crop offers considerable space for cultivation of short duration ... more Sugarcane being a widely spaced crop offers considerable space for cultivation of short duration intercrop. In subtropical India, sugarcane planted in autumn accounts for higher productivity due to extended period (approximately 12-16 months) of vegetative growth, but its feasibility is only possible if some intercrop especially wheat in Rabi season is sown as it can help farmer in generating additional income in midway of sugarcane season. Two rows of wheat has already been recommended in the northwestern India, but the success was marred due to lack of suitable weed control methods in sugarcane-wheat intercropping system. Twelve weed control treatments including ten applications with postemergent herbicides i.e. sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha and 37.5 g/ha, pinoxaden 50 g/ha and 75 g/ha, readymade blend of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron 30 g/ha and 45 g/ha, readymade blend of mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron 14.4 g/ha and 21.6 g/ha, metsulfuron 5 g/ha , carfentrazone-ethyl 20 g/ha, a weed free treatment with two hoeings at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing wheat (WASW) and an unweeded control (no hoeing and no herbicide application) were evaluated for three years from 2008-09 to 2010-11 in randomized block design with three replications. The objective of the experiment was to identify the best possible method of weed control for maximizing the productivity of sugarcane wheat intercropping system. All the chemical and cultural weed control treatments including the application of herbicides and manual hoeings suppressed the weeds efficiently as compared to the unweeded control. Among the herbicidal spray, application of sulfosulfuron 25 g and 37.5 g/ha recorded the lowest pooled dry matter of weeds and thus exhibited the highest weed control efficiency (mean of three years) (61.2% and 63.5%, respectively). The highest pooled cane equivalent yield of 92.7 t/ha was recorded with sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron 30 g/ha. Application of any herbicide at a higher dose than normal, could not supplement additional millable canes and sugarcane yield. Application of readymade blends of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron 30 g/ha and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron 21.6 g/ha produced pooled intercropped wheat yield of 3.41 and 3.49 t/ha which surpassed the 3.35 t/ ha of wheat yield achieved with two manual hoeings at 3 and 6 WASW. The cane quality was not affected by application of any herbicide.
A field trial on spring sugarcane was conducted on sandy loam soil, low in organic carbon at Ladh... more A field trial on spring sugarcane was conducted on sandy loam soil, low in organic carbon at Ladhowal, Ludhiana for three consecutive years (2008–09 to 2010–11) to study the effects of sett size, seed rate and sett treatment techniques. Three sett sizes [single budded (B1), two budded (B2) and conventional three budded (B3) setts], two seed rates viz 75% of recommended i.e. 1,12,500 buds/ha (S1) and 100% of recommended seed rate i.e. 1,50,000 buds per ha (S2) and two sett treatment techniques i.e. treatment with carbendazim (0.1%) alone (T1) and alongwith 100 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) for 15 minutes (T2) were evaluated in factorial RBD with three replications. The germination of single budded sett was adversely affected as compared to three budded sett. The tiller count, millable canes and cane yield of two and three budded setts were at par to each other and both were significantly better than the single budded sett. The increase in cane yield with two and three budded sett over s...
Abstract (English) An experiment was conducted during 1993-94 and 1994-95 to study effect of p le... more Abstract (English) An experiment was conducted during 1993-94 and 1994-95 to study effect of p levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2Q5Iha), and patterns of its application (residual, direct and cumulative) in combination with sulphur (0, 20 and 40 kg SI ha) on gob hi sarson [Brassica ...
A field experiment was conducted in central plain zone of Punjab at University seed farms of Ladh... more A field experiment was conducted in central plain zone of Punjab at University seed farms of Ladhowal, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the spring seasons of 2011-12 and 2012-13 to study the performance of three early maturing genotypes (‘Co 06032’, ‘Co 07025’ and ‘Co 0118’) against a standard check (‘CoJ 83’) under three different levels of N (75%, 100% and 125% of recommended N dose). The pooled data indicated that the genotype ‘Co 07025’ recorded significantly highest number of tillers (147100/ha), millable canes (99500/ha) and cane yield (80.5 t/ha). But the genotype ‘Co 0118’ recorded the maximum cane length (190.4cm), single cane wt. (911.4g) and cane diameters at top (2.45 cm), middle (2.62 cm) and at bottom (2.73cm) levels. The quality in terms of Pol % and CCS % of ‘Co 0118’ and ‘CoJ 83’ was significantly better than ‘Co 07025‘and ‘Co 06032’ but the sugar yield of genotypes ‘Co 0118’ (8.36 t/ha), ‘Co 07025’ (8.60 t/ha) and ‘CoJ 83’ (9.04 t/ha) were at par to each other. Application of 100% recommended N dose (150 kg N/ha) being at par to 125% recommended N dose (187.5 kg N/ha) produced significantly higher tiller count (144200/ ha), millable canes ( 93000/ha) , cane yield (77.2 t/ ha) and sugar yield (8.87 t/ ha) than the 75% recommended N.
Field investigations were carried out during 2009-12 at Ladhowal centre of Punjab Agricultural Un... more Field investigations were carried out during 2009-12 at Ladhowal centre of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to develop effective methods of weed control for sustainable sugarcane production in sub-tropical India. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture, low in organic carbon, medium in available phosphorus and high in exchangeable potassium. The results showed that mean weed density and weed biomass substantially reduced with three hand hoeings at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting-DAP (34.6 weeds/m2 and 56.8g/m2) as well as with pre–emergence application of metribuzin @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha followed by 2,4-D @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha 75 DAP (38.8 weeds/m2 and 69.6 g/m2). Unweeded control registered highest weed count (72.2 weeds/ m2) and weed biomass (197.5 g/m2). The highest number of millable canes (99,600/ha) and cane yield (77.0 t/ha) was recorded with pre-emergence application of metribuzin @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha fb 2, 4-D @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha 75 DAP and it was closely followed by hand hoeing thrice at 30, 60 and 90 DAP (94,500/ha and 75.6 t/ha) and was further followed by pre–emergence application of metribuzin @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha integrated with post emergence spray of almix @ 20 g/ha (93,200/ha and 73.4 t/ha). Integrating pre-emergence application of metribuzin @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha with post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha 75 DAP exhibited 65.3% weed control efficiency (WCE) which was comparable to 69.7% WCE registered with three hand hoeing at 30, 60 and 90 DAP.
The field experiments were conducted at Punjab
Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana during aut... more The field experiments were conducted at Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana during autumn 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 and at PAU, Regional Research Station, Faridkot and Ladhowal during 2008–2009 to study the feasibility of planting sugarcane in furrows of standing wheat sown on beds by Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB) method. The treatments were, sole crop of autumn sugarcane planted at 67.5 cm spacing in October (T1), sugarcane planting at 90 cm spacing in October and two rows of wheat intercrop in between (T2); wheat sown in end October by FIRB system, (two rows of wheat on 37.5 cm wide bed) and sugarcane in furrows (30 cm wide) at monthly interval from October to March (T3–T8). In T9 and T10, the sugarcane was planted at 67.5 and 75 cm row spacing in April after harvesting of wheat. For T3–T8, irrigation was applied in furrows of FIRB wheat preferably in the evening and three budded sugarcane setts were planted next morning by pressing into the wet soil manually (wet planting). The results clearly revealed that the productivity of sugarcane varies with the planting method and time. The highest cane yield was obtained at all the locations when the sole sugarcane was planted in autumn at 67.5 cm spacing. In wheat based cropping systems, sugarcane planted in furrow of FIRB wheat during February–March gave significantly more yield than the crop planted in wheat furrows during November, December and January months at Ludhiana and during December and January at Faridkot and Ladhowal. The lowest cane productivity was recorded when planted after wheat harvesting. The wheat productivity on raised beds varied from 37.5 to 37.9 q/ha at Ludhiana, 46.0 to 47.8 q/ha at Faridkot and 32.1 to 34.9 q/ha at Ladhowal clearly pronouncing the effect of agro-ecological and adaphic factors. The net returns were highest when wheat sown on beds and sugarcane in furrows in March (T8) followed by February (T7), October (T3) and wheat (two rows) intercropped in autumn sugarcane planted at 90 cm spacing (T2).
A field experiment was conducted to see the influence of Visor 2E (Thiazopyr 22.3%) against impor... more A field experiment was conducted to see the influence of Visor 2E (Thiazopyr 22.3%) against important weeds of sugarcane in comparison with Atrazine and Diuron at Regional Research Station, Kheri (Sangrur) Punjab during 1998-99. Results revealed that all the herbicides and hand weeding treatments increased the cane yield. The increase in cane yield was 8.3, 33.6, 79.0, 62.4, 57.1, 48.8 and 39.0 per cent higher under the treatments like Visor 2E @ 0.75, 1.0, 1.50 //ha, Atrataf @ 2.0, Atrataf @ 2.0 Kg/ha as pre-emergence followed by 2,4-D (Sodium salt 80%) @ 2.0 kg/ha as post-emerence, Klass @ 2.0 kg/ha as preemergence and hand weeding over the control, respectively. However, the use of Visor 2 E @ 1.5/ ha as pre-emergence produced the higher cane yield than those obtained with the application of Atrazine and Diuron herbicides. The herbicide Visor 2E (Thiazopyr 22.3%) found most effective to control the important weeds without any toxic effect on sugarcane.
A field study was conducted to see the effect of Diuron, Atrazine and Metribuzin as pre and poste... more A field study was conducted to see the effect of Diuron, Atrazine and Metribuzin as pre and postemergence application for the control of weeds in sugarcane at Regional Research Station, Kheri Sangrur, Punjab during 1994-95. Results revealed that application of all the herbicides as pre and post-emergence increased the cane yield significantly over the control and hand weeding treatment except the application of Klass @0.8 kg/ha as pre-emergence. However, hand-weeding treatment also product significantly higher cane yield over the control. Wherease, pre-emergence application of Klass @1.6 kg/ha and Atrataf @1.0 kg/ha produced significantly higher cane yield as compared to all the other treatments. The post-emergence application of Klass @0.8 kg/ha produced highest cane yield as compared to the other treatments of post-emergence application and it was at par with those obtained from the post-emergence application of Klass @1.6 kg/ha, Sencor @1.4 kg/ha and Sencor @ 0.7 kg/ha. It can be concluded that pre-emergence application of Klass @1.6 kg/ha and Atrataf @1.0 kg/ha found superior to increase the cane yiled. However, the lowest fresh and dry weight of weeds after three months was recorded under the treatment of post-emergence application of Sencor @1.4 kg/ha. The per cent commercial cane sugar improved significantly with the application of weed control treatments. However, the post-emergence application of Sencor @1.4 kg/ ha gave the highest per cent commercial cane sugar cane as compared to all other treatments of weed control. The data on per cent commercial cane sugar improved considerably with the postemergence application of herbicides as compared to pre-emergence application treatments.
A field trial on spring sugarcane was conducted on sandy loam soil, low in organic carbon at Ladh... more A field trial on spring sugarcane was conducted on sandy loam soil, low in organic carbon at Ladhowal, Ludhiana for three consecutive years ( 2008-09 to 2010-11) to study the effects of sett size, seed rate and sett treatment techniques. Three sett sizes [single budded (B 1 ), two budded (B 2 ) and conventional three budded (B 3 ) setts], two seed rates viz 75% of recommended i.e. 1,12,500 buds/ha (S 1 ) and 100% of recommended seed rate i.e. 1,50,000 buds per ha (S 2 ) and two sett treatment techniques i.e. treatment with carbendazim (0.1%) alone (T 1 ) and alongwith 100 ppm gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) for 15 minutes (T 2 ) were evaluated in factorial RBD with three replications. The germination of single budded sett was adversely affected as compared to three budded sett. The tiller count, millable canes and cane yield of two and three budded setts were at par to each other and both were significantly better than the single budded sett. The increase in cane yield with two and three budded sett over single bud sett was 14.3% and 23.1% respectively. The tiller count, millable canes and cane yield were significantly reduced with 75% of the recommended seed rate (S 1 ) than 100% of recommended seed rate (S 2 ). Reduction in the recommended seed rate by 25% i.e. 1,12,500 buds/ha (S 1 ) reduced cane yield by 13.9% as compared to the recommended 1,50,000 buds/ha (S 2 ). Sett treatment with carbendazim (0.1%) + GA 3 @ 100 ppm for 15 minutes (T 2 ) had immense negative impact on germination. Seed rate and sett treatment did not have any effect on cane quality in terms of percentage of sucrose and commercial cane sugar (CCS) while the sett size of single bud recorded significantly lower cane quality than two and three budded setts.
Exploration of rhizosphere and rhizosphere microbiome has been the research focus for last many d... more Exploration of rhizosphere and rhizosphere microbiome has been the research focus for last many decades. The rhizosphere is a junction for intercommunication among plants, insects, and microorganisms. It serves as diverse habitat with a nutrient-rich niche by providing a platform interaction among plants-soil-microorganism trio along with energy and matter trade-off. The rhizosphere microbiome also influences plant vigour, health, and defence against stresses by interfering with nutrient uptake, chemical signalling, and enzyme activity. Interaction among the microbiome, the environment, and the genetic makeup of host is well-known to contribute towards host health. The present chapter summarises the major effects of microbial communities present in rhizosphere on plant health and diseases.
The microbial genera, both cultivable and uncultivable, associated with the host plant inhabiting... more The microbial genera, both cultivable and uncultivable, associated with the host plant inhabiting in or on different tissues or organ and the environment surrounding the plant body are unique and comprise the plant-associated microbiome (PAM). The PAM profile of the host plant gets altered in response to certain biotic and abiotic stresses and the anthropogenic interventions. Therefore, identification of key groups or genera of the microbes among the whole PAM is critical as these microbes, besides themselves, can modulate several other microbial communities, leading to considerable positive or negative changes in the community structure, abundance, and the overall microbial diversity. This manuscript explores the alterations in PAM particularly in response to the agri-management practices and its role in enhancing growth, vigor, and yield in host crop plants. Further, the precise role of a specific group of PAM, the soil organic matter decomposers, has been discussed with special reference to agri-waste generated by cereal crop cultivation. The practical applications of the PAM studies for improvement in the agricultural sustainability through optimization of the plant microbiome have also been discussed.
A field experiment was conducted on ratoon crop of sugarcane to develop suitable weed management ... more A field experiment was conducted on ratoon crop of sugarcane to develop suitable weed management practices during spring seasons of 2008–09, 2009–10 and 2010–11 at Sugarcane Experimental Area, (Ladhowal), Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. A total of fourteen treatments including weedy check was tested in randomized block design with three replication. Herbicidal treatments were applied to ratoon crop immediately after harvesting of plant crop in the Ist week of February every year under moist conditions. The highest weed dryweight of 182.7 g/m2was recorded in weedycheck. All the weed control treatments recorded significantly less weed dry weight as compared to the weedy check. The highest pooled cane yield of 74.3 t/ha was obtained with pre-emergence application of metribuzin 1.4 kg/ha fb 2,4-D 1.6 kg/ha at 45 days after ratoon initiation (DARI). The weed dry weight was significantly reduced to less than one third (54.3 g/m2) with preemergence application of metribuzin 1.4 k...
A field experiment was conducted during autumn season of 2006–07, 2007–08 and 2008–09 at sugarcan... more A field experiment was conducted during autumn season of 2006–07, 2007–08 and 2008–09 at sugarcane experimental area (Ladhowal), Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to assess the profitability of intercropping of medicinal and high value crops in autumn planted sugarcane(Saccharum spp. hybrid). Gobhi sarson (Brassica napus L.), canola type ‘GSC 5’ and ‘GSC 6’ and non canola type varieties ‘GSL 2’, celery (Apium graveolens L.) ‘local’, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ‘VJM 201’ and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) ‘Punjab Pasand’ for seed purpose were evaluated as intercrops. Out of 9 combinations of intercropping, sugarcane+ gobhi sarson ‘GSL 2’ (1: 1) recorded the highest cane equivalent yield of 87.95 t/ha, which was 22% higher than that of sole crop of sugarcane. The economic analysis also indicated that sugarcane+gobhi sarson ‘GSL 2’ (1: 1) recorded the highest net profit of 80,894/ha, followed by intercropping of sugarcane + celery (1:2) and sugarcane + gobhi sarson ‘GSC 5’ (1:2) +...
Rescheduling fertilizer nitrogen topdressing timings for improving productivity and mitigating N ... more Rescheduling fertilizer nitrogen topdressing timings for improving productivity and mitigating N 2 O emissions in timely and late sown irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.
study the feasibility of planting sugarcane in furrows of standing wheat sown on beds by Furrow I... more study the feasibility of planting sugarcane in furrows of standing wheat sown on beds by Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB) method. The treatments were, sole crop of autumn sugarcane planted at 67.5 cm spacing in October (T 1), sugarcane planting at 90 cm spacing in October and two rows of wheat intercrop in between (T 2); wheat sown in end October by FIRB system, (two rows of wheat on 37.5 cm wide bed) and sugarcane in furrows (30 cm wide) at monthly interval from October to March (T 3-T 8). In T 9 and T 10 , the sugarcane was planted at 67.5 and 75 cm row spacing in April after harvesting of wheat. For T 3-T 8, irrigation was applied in furrows of FIRB wheat preferably in the evening and three budded sugarcane setts were planted next morning by pressing into the wet soil manually (wet planting). The results clearly revealed that the productivity of sugarcane varies with the planting method and time. The highest cane yield was obtained at all the locations when the sole sugarcane was planted in autumn at 67.5 cm spacing. In wheat based cropping systems, sugarcane planted in furrow of FIRB wheat during February-March gave significantly more yield than the crop planted in wheat furrows during November, December and January months at Ludhiana and during December and January at Faridkot and Ladhowal. The lowest cane productivity was recorded when planted after wheat harvesting. The wheat productivity on raised beds varied from 37.5 to 37.9 q/ha at Ludhiana, 46.0 to 47.8 q/ha at Faridkot and 32.1 to 34.9 q/ha at Ladhowal clearly pronouncing the effect of agro-ecological and adaphic factors. The net returns were highest when wheat sown on beds and sugarcane in furrows in March (T 8) followed by February (T 7), October (T 3) and wheat (two rows) intercropped in autumn sugarcane planted at 90 cm spacing (T 2).
Sugarcane being a widely spaced crop offers considerable space for cultivation of short duration ... more Sugarcane being a widely spaced crop offers considerable space for cultivation of short duration intercrop. In subtropical India, sugarcane planted in autumn accounts for higher productivity due to extended period (approximately 12-16 months) of vegetative growth, but its feasibility is only possible if some intercrop especially wheat in Rabi season is sown as it can help farmer in generating additional income in midway of sugarcane season. Two rows of wheat has already been recommended in the northwestern India, but the success was marred due to lack of suitable weed control methods in sugarcane-wheat intercropping system. Twelve weed control treatments including ten applications with postemergent herbicides i.e. sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha and 37.5 g/ha, pinoxaden 50 g/ha and 75 g/ha, readymade blend of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron 30 g/ha and 45 g/ha, readymade blend of mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron 14.4 g/ha and 21.6 g/ha, metsulfuron 5 g/ha , carfentrazone-ethyl 20 g/ha, a weed free treatment with two hoeings at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing wheat (WASW) and an unweeded control (no hoeing and no herbicide application) were evaluated for three years from 2008-09 to 2010-11 in randomized block design with three replications. The objective of the experiment was to identify the best possible method of weed control for maximizing the productivity of sugarcane wheat intercropping system. All the chemical and cultural weed control treatments including the application of herbicides and manual hoeings suppressed the weeds efficiently as compared to the unweeded control. Among the herbicidal spray, application of sulfosulfuron 25 g and 37.5 g/ha recorded the lowest pooled dry matter of weeds and thus exhibited the highest weed control efficiency (mean of three years) (61.2% and 63.5%, respectively). The highest pooled cane equivalent yield of 92.7 t/ha was recorded with sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron 30 g/ha. Application of any herbicide at a higher dose than normal, could not supplement additional millable canes and sugarcane yield. Application of readymade blends of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron 30 g/ha and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron 21.6 g/ha produced pooled intercropped wheat yield of 3.41 and 3.49 t/ha which surpassed the 3.35 t/ ha of wheat yield achieved with two manual hoeings at 3 and 6 WASW. The cane quality was not affected by application of any herbicide.
A field trial on spring sugarcane was conducted on sandy loam soil, low in organic carbon at Ladh... more A field trial on spring sugarcane was conducted on sandy loam soil, low in organic carbon at Ladhowal, Ludhiana for three consecutive years (2008–09 to 2010–11) to study the effects of sett size, seed rate and sett treatment techniques. Three sett sizes [single budded (B1), two budded (B2) and conventional three budded (B3) setts], two seed rates viz 75% of recommended i.e. 1,12,500 buds/ha (S1) and 100% of recommended seed rate i.e. 1,50,000 buds per ha (S2) and two sett treatment techniques i.e. treatment with carbendazim (0.1%) alone (T1) and alongwith 100 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) for 15 minutes (T2) were evaluated in factorial RBD with three replications. The germination of single budded sett was adversely affected as compared to three budded sett. The tiller count, millable canes and cane yield of two and three budded setts were at par to each other and both were significantly better than the single budded sett. The increase in cane yield with two and three budded sett over s...
Abstract (English) An experiment was conducted during 1993-94 and 1994-95 to study effect of p le... more Abstract (English) An experiment was conducted during 1993-94 and 1994-95 to study effect of p levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2Q5Iha), and patterns of its application (residual, direct and cumulative) in combination with sulphur (0, 20 and 40 kg SI ha) on gob hi sarson [Brassica ...
A field experiment was conducted in central plain zone of Punjab at University seed farms of Ladh... more A field experiment was conducted in central plain zone of Punjab at University seed farms of Ladhowal, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the spring seasons of 2011-12 and 2012-13 to study the performance of three early maturing genotypes (‘Co 06032’, ‘Co 07025’ and ‘Co 0118’) against a standard check (‘CoJ 83’) under three different levels of N (75%, 100% and 125% of recommended N dose). The pooled data indicated that the genotype ‘Co 07025’ recorded significantly highest number of tillers (147100/ha), millable canes (99500/ha) and cane yield (80.5 t/ha). But the genotype ‘Co 0118’ recorded the maximum cane length (190.4cm), single cane wt. (911.4g) and cane diameters at top (2.45 cm), middle (2.62 cm) and at bottom (2.73cm) levels. The quality in terms of Pol % and CCS % of ‘Co 0118’ and ‘CoJ 83’ was significantly better than ‘Co 07025‘and ‘Co 06032’ but the sugar yield of genotypes ‘Co 0118’ (8.36 t/ha), ‘Co 07025’ (8.60 t/ha) and ‘CoJ 83’ (9.04 t/ha) were at par to each other. Application of 100% recommended N dose (150 kg N/ha) being at par to 125% recommended N dose (187.5 kg N/ha) produced significantly higher tiller count (144200/ ha), millable canes ( 93000/ha) , cane yield (77.2 t/ ha) and sugar yield (8.87 t/ ha) than the 75% recommended N.
Field investigations were carried out during 2009-12 at Ladhowal centre of Punjab Agricultural Un... more Field investigations were carried out during 2009-12 at Ladhowal centre of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to develop effective methods of weed control for sustainable sugarcane production in sub-tropical India. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture, low in organic carbon, medium in available phosphorus and high in exchangeable potassium. The results showed that mean weed density and weed biomass substantially reduced with three hand hoeings at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting-DAP (34.6 weeds/m2 and 56.8g/m2) as well as with pre–emergence application of metribuzin @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha followed by 2,4-D @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha 75 DAP (38.8 weeds/m2 and 69.6 g/m2). Unweeded control registered highest weed count (72.2 weeds/ m2) and weed biomass (197.5 g/m2). The highest number of millable canes (99,600/ha) and cane yield (77.0 t/ha) was recorded with pre-emergence application of metribuzin @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha fb 2, 4-D @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha 75 DAP and it was closely followed by hand hoeing thrice at 30, 60 and 90 DAP (94,500/ha and 75.6 t/ha) and was further followed by pre–emergence application of metribuzin @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha integrated with post emergence spray of almix @ 20 g/ha (93,200/ha and 73.4 t/ha). Integrating pre-emergence application of metribuzin @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha with post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha 75 DAP exhibited 65.3% weed control efficiency (WCE) which was comparable to 69.7% WCE registered with three hand hoeing at 30, 60 and 90 DAP.
The field experiments were conducted at Punjab
Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana during aut... more The field experiments were conducted at Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana during autumn 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 and at PAU, Regional Research Station, Faridkot and Ladhowal during 2008–2009 to study the feasibility of planting sugarcane in furrows of standing wheat sown on beds by Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB) method. The treatments were, sole crop of autumn sugarcane planted at 67.5 cm spacing in October (T1), sugarcane planting at 90 cm spacing in October and two rows of wheat intercrop in between (T2); wheat sown in end October by FIRB system, (two rows of wheat on 37.5 cm wide bed) and sugarcane in furrows (30 cm wide) at monthly interval from October to March (T3–T8). In T9 and T10, the sugarcane was planted at 67.5 and 75 cm row spacing in April after harvesting of wheat. For T3–T8, irrigation was applied in furrows of FIRB wheat preferably in the evening and three budded sugarcane setts were planted next morning by pressing into the wet soil manually (wet planting). The results clearly revealed that the productivity of sugarcane varies with the planting method and time. The highest cane yield was obtained at all the locations when the sole sugarcane was planted in autumn at 67.5 cm spacing. In wheat based cropping systems, sugarcane planted in furrow of FIRB wheat during February–March gave significantly more yield than the crop planted in wheat furrows during November, December and January months at Ludhiana and during December and January at Faridkot and Ladhowal. The lowest cane productivity was recorded when planted after wheat harvesting. The wheat productivity on raised beds varied from 37.5 to 37.9 q/ha at Ludhiana, 46.0 to 47.8 q/ha at Faridkot and 32.1 to 34.9 q/ha at Ladhowal clearly pronouncing the effect of agro-ecological and adaphic factors. The net returns were highest when wheat sown on beds and sugarcane in furrows in March (T8) followed by February (T7), October (T3) and wheat (two rows) intercropped in autumn sugarcane planted at 90 cm spacing (T2).
A field experiment was conducted to see the influence of Visor 2E (Thiazopyr 22.3%) against impor... more A field experiment was conducted to see the influence of Visor 2E (Thiazopyr 22.3%) against important weeds of sugarcane in comparison with Atrazine and Diuron at Regional Research Station, Kheri (Sangrur) Punjab during 1998-99. Results revealed that all the herbicides and hand weeding treatments increased the cane yield. The increase in cane yield was 8.3, 33.6, 79.0, 62.4, 57.1, 48.8 and 39.0 per cent higher under the treatments like Visor 2E @ 0.75, 1.0, 1.50 //ha, Atrataf @ 2.0, Atrataf @ 2.0 Kg/ha as pre-emergence followed by 2,4-D (Sodium salt 80%) @ 2.0 kg/ha as post-emerence, Klass @ 2.0 kg/ha as preemergence and hand weeding over the control, respectively. However, the use of Visor 2 E @ 1.5/ ha as pre-emergence produced the higher cane yield than those obtained with the application of Atrazine and Diuron herbicides. The herbicide Visor 2E (Thiazopyr 22.3%) found most effective to control the important weeds without any toxic effect on sugarcane.
A field study was conducted to see the effect of Diuron, Atrazine and Metribuzin as pre and poste... more A field study was conducted to see the effect of Diuron, Atrazine and Metribuzin as pre and postemergence application for the control of weeds in sugarcane at Regional Research Station, Kheri Sangrur, Punjab during 1994-95. Results revealed that application of all the herbicides as pre and post-emergence increased the cane yield significantly over the control and hand weeding treatment except the application of Klass @0.8 kg/ha as pre-emergence. However, hand-weeding treatment also product significantly higher cane yield over the control. Wherease, pre-emergence application of Klass @1.6 kg/ha and Atrataf @1.0 kg/ha produced significantly higher cane yield as compared to all the other treatments. The post-emergence application of Klass @0.8 kg/ha produced highest cane yield as compared to the other treatments of post-emergence application and it was at par with those obtained from the post-emergence application of Klass @1.6 kg/ha, Sencor @1.4 kg/ha and Sencor @ 0.7 kg/ha. It can be concluded that pre-emergence application of Klass @1.6 kg/ha and Atrataf @1.0 kg/ha found superior to increase the cane yiled. However, the lowest fresh and dry weight of weeds after three months was recorded under the treatment of post-emergence application of Sencor @1.4 kg/ha. The per cent commercial cane sugar improved significantly with the application of weed control treatments. However, the post-emergence application of Sencor @1.4 kg/ ha gave the highest per cent commercial cane sugar cane as compared to all other treatments of weed control. The data on per cent commercial cane sugar improved considerably with the postemergence application of herbicides as compared to pre-emergence application treatments.
A field trial on spring sugarcane was conducted on sandy loam soil, low in organic carbon at Ladh... more A field trial on spring sugarcane was conducted on sandy loam soil, low in organic carbon at Ladhowal, Ludhiana for three consecutive years ( 2008-09 to 2010-11) to study the effects of sett size, seed rate and sett treatment techniques. Three sett sizes [single budded (B 1 ), two budded (B 2 ) and conventional three budded (B 3 ) setts], two seed rates viz 75% of recommended i.e. 1,12,500 buds/ha (S 1 ) and 100% of recommended seed rate i.e. 1,50,000 buds per ha (S 2 ) and two sett treatment techniques i.e. treatment with carbendazim (0.1%) alone (T 1 ) and alongwith 100 ppm gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) for 15 minutes (T 2 ) were evaluated in factorial RBD with three replications. The germination of single budded sett was adversely affected as compared to three budded sett. The tiller count, millable canes and cane yield of two and three budded setts were at par to each other and both were significantly better than the single budded sett. The increase in cane yield with two and three budded sett over single bud sett was 14.3% and 23.1% respectively. The tiller count, millable canes and cane yield were significantly reduced with 75% of the recommended seed rate (S 1 ) than 100% of recommended seed rate (S 2 ). Reduction in the recommended seed rate by 25% i.e. 1,12,500 buds/ha (S 1 ) reduced cane yield by 13.9% as compared to the recommended 1,50,000 buds/ha (S 2 ). Sett treatment with carbendazim (0.1%) + GA 3 @ 100 ppm for 15 minutes (T 2 ) had immense negative impact on germination. Seed rate and sett treatment did not have any effect on cane quality in terms of percentage of sucrose and commercial cane sugar (CCS) while the sett size of single bud recorded significantly lower cane quality than two and three budded setts.
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Papers by Jayesh Singh
Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the spring seasons of 2011-12 and 2012-13 to study the performance of three
early maturing genotypes (‘Co 06032’, ‘Co 07025’ and ‘Co 0118’) against a standard check (‘CoJ 83’) under three
different levels of N (75%, 100% and 125% of recommended N dose). The pooled data indicated that the genotype ‘Co
07025’ recorded significantly highest number of tillers (147100/ha), millable canes (99500/ha) and cane yield (80.5 t/ha).
But the genotype ‘Co 0118’ recorded the maximum cane length (190.4cm), single cane wt. (911.4g) and cane diameters at
top (2.45 cm), middle (2.62 cm) and at bottom (2.73cm) levels. The quality in terms of Pol % and CCS % of ‘Co 0118’ and
‘CoJ 83’ was significantly better than ‘Co 07025‘and ‘Co 06032’ but the sugar yield of genotypes ‘Co 0118’ (8.36 t/ha),
‘Co 07025’ (8.60 t/ha) and ‘CoJ 83’ (9.04 t/ha) were at par to each other. Application of 100% recommended N dose (150
kg N/ha) being at par to 125% recommended N dose (187.5 kg N/ha) produced significantly higher tiller count (144200/
ha), millable canes ( 93000/ha) , cane yield (77.2 t/ ha) and sugar yield (8.87 t/ ha) than the 75% recommended N.
to develop effective methods of weed control for sustainable sugarcane production in sub-tropical India. The soil of the
experimental site was sandy loam in texture, low in organic carbon, medium in available phosphorus and high in
exchangeable potassium. The results showed that mean weed density and weed biomass substantially reduced with three
hand hoeings at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting-DAP (34.6 weeds/m2 and 56.8g/m2) as well as with pre–emergence
application of metribuzin @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha followed by 2,4-D @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha 75 DAP (38.8 weeds/m2 and 69.6 g/m2).
Unweeded control registered highest weed count (72.2 weeds/ m2) and weed biomass (197.5 g/m2). The highest number
of millable canes (99,600/ha) and cane yield (77.0 t/ha) was recorded with pre-emergence application of metribuzin @
1.25 kg a.i./ha fb 2, 4-D @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha 75 DAP and it was closely followed by hand hoeing thrice at 30, 60 and 90 DAP
(94,500/ha and 75.6 t/ha) and was further followed by pre–emergence application of metribuzin @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha integrated
with post emergence spray of almix @ 20 g/ha (93,200/ha and 73.4 t/ha). Integrating pre-emergence application of
metribuzin @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha with post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha 75 DAP exhibited 65.3% weed
control efficiency (WCE) which was comparable to 69.7% WCE registered with three hand hoeing at 30, 60 and 90 DAP.
Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana during autumn
2005–2006 and 2006–2007 and at PAU, Regional Research
Station, Faridkot and Ladhowal during 2008–2009 to study
the feasibility of planting sugarcane in furrows of standing
wheat sown on beds by Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB)
method. The treatments were, sole crop of autumn sugarcane
planted at 67.5 cm spacing in October (T1), sugarcane
planting at 90 cm spacing in October and two rows of wheat
intercrop in between (T2); wheat sown in end October by
FIRB system, (two rows of wheat on 37.5 cm wide bed) and
sugarcane in furrows (30 cm wide) at monthly interval from
October to March (T3–T8). In T9 and T10, the sugarcane was
planted at 67.5 and 75 cm row spacing in April after harvesting
of wheat. For T3–T8, irrigation was applied in furrows
of FIRB wheat preferably in the evening and three
budded sugarcane setts were planted next morning by
pressing into the wet soil manually (wet planting). The
results clearly revealed that the productivity of sugarcane
varies with the planting method and time. The highest cane yield was obtained at all the locations when the sole sugarcane
was planted in autumn at 67.5 cm spacing. In wheat
based cropping systems, sugarcane planted in furrow of
FIRB wheat during February–March gave significantly more
yield than the crop planted in wheat furrows during
November, December and January months at Ludhiana and
during December and January at Faridkot and Ladhowal.
The lowest cane productivity was recorded when planted
after wheat harvesting. The wheat productivity on raised
beds varied from 37.5 to 37.9 q/ha at Ludhiana, 46.0 to
47.8 q/ha at Faridkot and 32.1 to 34.9 q/ha at Ladhowal
clearly pronouncing the effect of agro-ecological and adaphic
factors. The net returns were highest when wheat sown
on beds and sugarcane in furrows in March (T8) followed by
February (T7), October (T3) and wheat (two rows) intercropped
in autumn sugarcane planted at 90 cm spacing (T2).
Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the spring seasons of 2011-12 and 2012-13 to study the performance of three
early maturing genotypes (‘Co 06032’, ‘Co 07025’ and ‘Co 0118’) against a standard check (‘CoJ 83’) under three
different levels of N (75%, 100% and 125% of recommended N dose). The pooled data indicated that the genotype ‘Co
07025’ recorded significantly highest number of tillers (147100/ha), millable canes (99500/ha) and cane yield (80.5 t/ha).
But the genotype ‘Co 0118’ recorded the maximum cane length (190.4cm), single cane wt. (911.4g) and cane diameters at
top (2.45 cm), middle (2.62 cm) and at bottom (2.73cm) levels. The quality in terms of Pol % and CCS % of ‘Co 0118’ and
‘CoJ 83’ was significantly better than ‘Co 07025‘and ‘Co 06032’ but the sugar yield of genotypes ‘Co 0118’ (8.36 t/ha),
‘Co 07025’ (8.60 t/ha) and ‘CoJ 83’ (9.04 t/ha) were at par to each other. Application of 100% recommended N dose (150
kg N/ha) being at par to 125% recommended N dose (187.5 kg N/ha) produced significantly higher tiller count (144200/
ha), millable canes ( 93000/ha) , cane yield (77.2 t/ ha) and sugar yield (8.87 t/ ha) than the 75% recommended N.
to develop effective methods of weed control for sustainable sugarcane production in sub-tropical India. The soil of the
experimental site was sandy loam in texture, low in organic carbon, medium in available phosphorus and high in
exchangeable potassium. The results showed that mean weed density and weed biomass substantially reduced with three
hand hoeings at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting-DAP (34.6 weeds/m2 and 56.8g/m2) as well as with pre–emergence
application of metribuzin @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha followed by 2,4-D @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha 75 DAP (38.8 weeds/m2 and 69.6 g/m2).
Unweeded control registered highest weed count (72.2 weeds/ m2) and weed biomass (197.5 g/m2). The highest number
of millable canes (99,600/ha) and cane yield (77.0 t/ha) was recorded with pre-emergence application of metribuzin @
1.25 kg a.i./ha fb 2, 4-D @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha 75 DAP and it was closely followed by hand hoeing thrice at 30, 60 and 90 DAP
(94,500/ha and 75.6 t/ha) and was further followed by pre–emergence application of metribuzin @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha integrated
with post emergence spray of almix @ 20 g/ha (93,200/ha and 73.4 t/ha). Integrating pre-emergence application of
metribuzin @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha with post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha 75 DAP exhibited 65.3% weed
control efficiency (WCE) which was comparable to 69.7% WCE registered with three hand hoeing at 30, 60 and 90 DAP.
Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana during autumn
2005–2006 and 2006–2007 and at PAU, Regional Research
Station, Faridkot and Ladhowal during 2008–2009 to study
the feasibility of planting sugarcane in furrows of standing
wheat sown on beds by Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB)
method. The treatments were, sole crop of autumn sugarcane
planted at 67.5 cm spacing in October (T1), sugarcane
planting at 90 cm spacing in October and two rows of wheat
intercrop in between (T2); wheat sown in end October by
FIRB system, (two rows of wheat on 37.5 cm wide bed) and
sugarcane in furrows (30 cm wide) at monthly interval from
October to March (T3–T8). In T9 and T10, the sugarcane was
planted at 67.5 and 75 cm row spacing in April after harvesting
of wheat. For T3–T8, irrigation was applied in furrows
of FIRB wheat preferably in the evening and three
budded sugarcane setts were planted next morning by
pressing into the wet soil manually (wet planting). The
results clearly revealed that the productivity of sugarcane
varies with the planting method and time. The highest cane yield was obtained at all the locations when the sole sugarcane
was planted in autumn at 67.5 cm spacing. In wheat
based cropping systems, sugarcane planted in furrow of
FIRB wheat during February–March gave significantly more
yield than the crop planted in wheat furrows during
November, December and January months at Ludhiana and
during December and January at Faridkot and Ladhowal.
The lowest cane productivity was recorded when planted
after wheat harvesting. The wheat productivity on raised
beds varied from 37.5 to 37.9 q/ha at Ludhiana, 46.0 to
47.8 q/ha at Faridkot and 32.1 to 34.9 q/ha at Ladhowal
clearly pronouncing the effect of agro-ecological and adaphic
factors. The net returns were highest when wheat sown
on beds and sugarcane in furrows in March (T8) followed by
February (T7), October (T3) and wheat (two rows) intercropped
in autumn sugarcane planted at 90 cm spacing (T2).