A seroprevalence study was carried out in goats in Thrissur district of Kerala in the month of Oc... more A seroprevalence study was carried out in goats in Thrissur district of Kerala in the month of October 2011, in view of leptospirosis outbreak in the state. A total of 22 serum samples (18 from apparently healthy animals and four from aborted animals) were collected. All the serum samples were screened for leptospirosis by Microscopic AgglutinationTest (MAT) using a battery of nine serovars of Leptospira interrogans viz., Australis, Autumnalis, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorrhaegiae, Javanica, Pomona and Pyrogenes. In the present study eight animals (36.36 %) were found to be seropositive for leptospirosis with Autumnalis (50 %) as the most prevalent serovar affecting goats, being involved in five cases followed by Pomona (25 %), Australis (12.5 %) and Grippotyphosa (12.5 %).Paired sera revealed a fourfold increase in titre in two of the aborted animals thus confirming leptospiral abortion. The animals were found seronegative to Canicola, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorr...
The study evaluated deltamethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus (Boophi... more The study evaluated deltamethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick populations of Kerala in India, using larval packet test (LPT). Dose response data were analysed by the probit method, the LC 50 and LC 95 of deltamethrin against ticks were determined by applying regression equation analysis to the probit-transformed data of mortality. In R. sanguineus, 50 per cent of isolates were found resistant at discriminating dose (600 ppm) by larval packet test. The p value obtained upon regression analysis was < 0.05 and was considered as significant. A majority of R. (B.) microplus were found to be susceptible to deltamethrin. However, these susceptible isolates survived doses which were twice the recommended doses (1.25 ppm-100 ppm). The p value of isolates except isolate 1 and 5 were < 0.05 and statistically significant. The results highlight acaricide resistance to be one of the reasons for the alarming prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in Kerala and demand urgent interventions to ameliorate the resistance by alternate control strategies.
A study was undertaken to investigate presence of HCH and DDT residues in bovine blood samples of... more A study was undertaken to investigate presence of HCH and DDT residues in bovine blood samples of Enmakaje panchayat of Kasargod district. Retrospective analysis of case sheets for last three years at the local veterinary dispensary was also carried out. Whole blood samples were collected from 20 randomly selected cows for pesticide residue and haematological analysis. Collected samples were processed by various clean up procedures and analysed using Gas Chromatography for HCH and DDT residues. Residues of DDE and DDT were below detection limit (BDL) in all the analysed serum samples. The haematological values of cattle from study area remained within the normal range except differential leucocyte count which exhibited marked lymphocytopenia. In the present study, the level of pesticide residues in the serum samples in the study area was not enough to produce any visible health hazards in cattle.
TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, 2018
Canine samples (n = 425) collected from cases of suspected leptospirosis over a period of 6 years... more Canine samples (n = 425) collected from cases of suspected leptospirosis over a period of 6 years were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), recombinant LipL32-based IgM and IgG ELISA, and real-time PCR (RT PCR). A prevalence of 69.41% was recorded by MAT. Among the different tests, IgG ELISA was observed to have maximum agreement with that of MAT (k-0.810), followed by IgM ELISA (k-0.762.). RT PCR had only slight agreement with MAT (k-0.156). However, the percentage positivity of RT PCR with samples with MAT titers of 1:100 and 1:200 were 76.47% and 85.96%, respectively, indicating the reliability of RT PCR in the early phase of the disease. The values for the samples at higher MAT titers of 1:400 and 1:800 were 10.58% and 1.2%, respectively, clearly indicating the unreliability of the test for samples having high antibody titers. It was concluded that IgG ELISA could be used as the routine test for the diagnosis of canine leptospirosis in this disease-endemic region. Samples with negative results that have high symptomatic correlation with leptospirosis may be tested by PCR/RT PCR for the detection of the pathogen well ahead of antibody generation.
Journal of Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala, 2012
Primers capable of amplifying the gene coding for the outer membrane protein Lipl 41 of Leptospir... more Primers capable of amplifying the gene coding for the outer membrane protein Lipl 41 of Leptospira sp. were used in a PCR for the rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis in cattle. This gene was found to be conserved among the pathogenic serovars of Leptospira interrogans viz., Australis, Autumnalis, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Icterrohemorrhagiae, Javanica, Pomona and Pyrogenes as the amplicon of 1077 bp were obtained. Blood and urine samples from six cows suspected of leptospirosis were subjected to PCR using the above primers. Two blood samples and one urine sample were found to be positive. The specificity of the primers was checked was by using the cultures of Pasteurella, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and the saprophytic Leptospira biflexa and it was found that these were not amplified by these primers.
Background: Antibiotic resistance is an emerging concern in the therapy of clinical infections wo... more Background: Antibiotic resistance is an emerging concern in the therapy of clinical infections worldwide. Previous studies conducted in our laboratory have confirmed an increase in the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) among the Gram-negative bacterial pathogens associated with dogs, which could act as a potential source for the transfer of these resistant pathogens or their genetic determinants to human. Since carbapenems are the last resort drugs against these resistant pathogens, the study was aimed to isolate and characterise carbapenem resistance among Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) associated with common clinical infections in dogs.Methods: A total of 100 samples were collected from lesional skin, urine and anterior vagina of dogs presented to the Veterinary Hospitals of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University at Mannuthy and Thrissur. The samples were cultured onto Brain...
A study was conducted to assess the rumen fermentation pattern and nutrient utilization in Murrah... more A study was conducted to assess the rumen fermentation pattern and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffalo calves fed with different total mixed rations (TMR). Six Murrah buffalo calves were selected as uniformly as possible with regard to age (8-12 months), sex and body weight from University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research and Development Scheme, Mannuthy and formed treatment group. Three feeding trials for a period of one month each using TMR’s containing concentrate mixture I, (BIS-2012) [1] with conventional feed ingredients in trial-I, concentrate mixture II containing turmeric waste and concentrate mixture III containing tapioca starch waste in trial II and III, respectively. The green grass was used as roughage in all the three trials. The rumen fermentation profile, nutrient digestibility, hematological profile and microbial protein production were studied. The results revealed that Murrah buffaloes, fed with TMRs containing turmeric waste (trial-II) and tapioca starch wa...
Brucellosis caused by Brucella spp. is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases worldwide, wi... more Brucellosis caused by Brucella spp. is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases worldwide, with high impact on production and reproduction of animals and public health which in turn affects the economy of the nation. The present study aims to standardise loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the detection of Brucella in bovines in Kerala. The samples collected include uterine discharges after abortion, vaginal discharges from repeat breeders and aborted foetal internal organs. The primers based on IS711 specific gene were used and subjected to loop-mediated isothermal amplification under optimal concentration of reagents, temperature and time. Twenty-one out of one hundred and one samples were positive revealing a green fluorescence under UV light. As loop-mediated isothermal amplification is a sensitive, specific, inexpensive and field oriented test, it can be exploited for the detection and management of the disease during its acute phase.
TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, 2017
The present study was carried out to evaluate outer membrane protein (OMP)-based relatively simpl... more The present study was carried out to evaluate outer membrane protein (OMP)-based relatively simple dot-ELISA assays for the diagnosis of acute canine leptospirosis and to identify the differential expression of leptospiral OMPs for identifying the markers of acute infection, if any. Among 91 canine serum samples screened, 63 samples were found to be positive by MAT. All the samples were tested by OMP-based IgM and IgG dot ELISAs. The sensitivities of IgM and IgG dot ELISA in comparison to MAT (titer: ≥1:400) were found to be 100%, whereas the specificities were found to be 89.71% and 45.31%, respectively. IgM and IgG immunoblotting of OMPs was standardized and tested with the MAT-positive samples. IgM immunoblotting of leptospiral OMP revealed proteins of 18, 21, and 32 kDa as major reactors. With IgG, proteins of 32, 41, and 66 kDa were recognized as major reactors and an 86-kDa protein was identified as a minor reactor. The 32-kDa protein was the predominant reactor in both IgM and IgG immunoblots. Thus, a combination of 18-, 21-, and 32-kDa proteins could be a good choice for the detection of IgM antibodies indicative of acute infection while that of 32-, 41-, and 66-kDa proteins could be employed for seroepidemiological studies.
Intestinal schistosmosis caused by Schistosoma spindale and S. indicum is an important snail born... more Intestinal schistosmosis caused by Schistosoma spindale and S. indicum is an important snail borne trematode infection that adversely affects the production and productivity of bovines in India. The present communication reports the high seroprevalence of infection among dairy cattle and buffaloes, under field conditions, utilizing a sensitive and specific excretory-secretory antigen based ELISA. Comparison of ELISA with copro-PCR, microscopy and post-mortem mesentery examination revealed the diagnostic superiority of ELISA. Seroprevalence of infection was mapped for the first time in India with special emphasis to agro- ecological zones. Anti-schistosome antibodies were detected in 34.96% of dairy cattle and buffaloes in the state with the evidence of significant influence of topography on the prevalence of infection. The study also highlighted the need to trace endemic pockets of infection in the country through efficient ante-mortem surveillance and to initiate anti-schistosome t...
This study aims at cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of a partial CDS of gene in pET... more This study aims at cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of a partial CDS of gene in pET-32a - DH5α system, with the objective of identifying the conserved nature of the gene in the genus . A partial CDS (nucleotide 1873 to nucleotide 3363) of the gene was amplified from genomic DNA of serovar Canicola by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR-amplified DNA was cloned into pET-32a vector and transformed into competent DH5α bacterial cells. The partial gene insert was sequenced and the nucleotide sequences obtained were aligned with the published gene sequences of other serovars, using nucleotide BLAST, NCBI. Phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequence was done by maximum likelihood method using Mega 6.06 software. The PCR could amplify the 1491 nucleotide sequence spanning from nucleotide 1873 to nucleotide 3363 of the gene and the partial gene could be successfully cloned in DH5α cells. The nucleotide sequence when analyzed for homology with the reported gene sequences of...
International Journal of Veterinary Medicine: Research & Reports, 2013
The present study reports the identification of the etiology for hepatic abscesses leading to hea... more The present study reports the identification of the etiology for hepatic abscesses leading to heavy mortality in pigeons from Thrissur, Kerala. The cultural and biochemical characteristics confirmed the isolate as Trueperella pyogenes. The high antibiotic resistance and pathogenecity studies in mice demonstrated the ability of the isolated bacteria to cause death in affected birds.
The current study deals with the characterisation of Pasteurella multocida isolated from the oede... more The current study deals with the characterisation of Pasteurella multocida isolated from the oedema fluid of a buffalo. After phenotypic characterisation, the isolate was subjected to Pasteurella multocida species specific polymerase chain reaction. The capsular and virulencgene typing of the isolate was also done by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Schistosoma spindale and Schistosoma indicum are the most prevalent causes of visceral schistosom... more Schistosoma spindale and Schistosoma indicum are the most prevalent causes of visceral schistosomosis among bovines of India. The infection causes morbidity, mortality, reduced productivity and poor subsequent reproductive performance and it is economically significant in producing animals. The high prevalence of S. spindale among slaughtered bovines of South India warrants the need to devise improved diagnostics for specific and timely detection of infection for appropriate treatment and control. The present study focused on analysing the excretory-secretory proteins of S. spindale and identification of the immunodominant polypeptide fractions of this antigen. The major polypeptide antigens corresponding to approximately 28 and 66 kDa size could be detected as highly immunogenic during natural infections in cattle. Consistent blotting pattern was observed with known schistosome positive bovine sera and specificity of the antigen was also ascertained with sera of amphistome and strongyle positive animals.
A seroprevalence study was carried out in goats in Thrissur district of Kerala in the month of Oc... more A seroprevalence study was carried out in goats in Thrissur district of Kerala in the month of October 2011, in view of leptospirosis outbreak in the state. A total of 22 serum samples (18 from apparently healthy animals and four from aborted animals) were collected. All the serum samples were screened for leptospirosis by Microscopic AgglutinationTest (MAT) using a battery of nine serovars of Leptospira interrogans viz., Australis, Autumnalis, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorrhaegiae, Javanica, Pomona and Pyrogenes. In the present study eight animals (36.36 %) were found to be seropositive for leptospirosis with Autumnalis (50 %) as the most prevalent serovar affecting goats, being involved in five cases followed by Pomona (25 %), Australis (12.5 %) and Grippotyphosa (12.5 %).Paired sera revealed a fourfold increase in titre in two of the aborted animals thus confirming leptospiral abortion. The animals were found seronegative to Canicola, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorr...
The study evaluated deltamethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus (Boophi... more The study evaluated deltamethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick populations of Kerala in India, using larval packet test (LPT). Dose response data were analysed by the probit method, the LC 50 and LC 95 of deltamethrin against ticks were determined by applying regression equation analysis to the probit-transformed data of mortality. In R. sanguineus, 50 per cent of isolates were found resistant at discriminating dose (600 ppm) by larval packet test. The p value obtained upon regression analysis was < 0.05 and was considered as significant. A majority of R. (B.) microplus were found to be susceptible to deltamethrin. However, these susceptible isolates survived doses which were twice the recommended doses (1.25 ppm-100 ppm). The p value of isolates except isolate 1 and 5 were < 0.05 and statistically significant. The results highlight acaricide resistance to be one of the reasons for the alarming prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in Kerala and demand urgent interventions to ameliorate the resistance by alternate control strategies.
A study was undertaken to investigate presence of HCH and DDT residues in bovine blood samples of... more A study was undertaken to investigate presence of HCH and DDT residues in bovine blood samples of Enmakaje panchayat of Kasargod district. Retrospective analysis of case sheets for last three years at the local veterinary dispensary was also carried out. Whole blood samples were collected from 20 randomly selected cows for pesticide residue and haematological analysis. Collected samples were processed by various clean up procedures and analysed using Gas Chromatography for HCH and DDT residues. Residues of DDE and DDT were below detection limit (BDL) in all the analysed serum samples. The haematological values of cattle from study area remained within the normal range except differential leucocyte count which exhibited marked lymphocytopenia. In the present study, the level of pesticide residues in the serum samples in the study area was not enough to produce any visible health hazards in cattle.
TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, 2018
Canine samples (n = 425) collected from cases of suspected leptospirosis over a period of 6 years... more Canine samples (n = 425) collected from cases of suspected leptospirosis over a period of 6 years were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), recombinant LipL32-based IgM and IgG ELISA, and real-time PCR (RT PCR). A prevalence of 69.41% was recorded by MAT. Among the different tests, IgG ELISA was observed to have maximum agreement with that of MAT (k-0.810), followed by IgM ELISA (k-0.762.). RT PCR had only slight agreement with MAT (k-0.156). However, the percentage positivity of RT PCR with samples with MAT titers of 1:100 and 1:200 were 76.47% and 85.96%, respectively, indicating the reliability of RT PCR in the early phase of the disease. The values for the samples at higher MAT titers of 1:400 and 1:800 were 10.58% and 1.2%, respectively, clearly indicating the unreliability of the test for samples having high antibody titers. It was concluded that IgG ELISA could be used as the routine test for the diagnosis of canine leptospirosis in this disease-endemic region. Samples with negative results that have high symptomatic correlation with leptospirosis may be tested by PCR/RT PCR for the detection of the pathogen well ahead of antibody generation.
Journal of Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala, 2012
Primers capable of amplifying the gene coding for the outer membrane protein Lipl 41 of Leptospir... more Primers capable of amplifying the gene coding for the outer membrane protein Lipl 41 of Leptospira sp. were used in a PCR for the rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis in cattle. This gene was found to be conserved among the pathogenic serovars of Leptospira interrogans viz., Australis, Autumnalis, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Icterrohemorrhagiae, Javanica, Pomona and Pyrogenes as the amplicon of 1077 bp were obtained. Blood and urine samples from six cows suspected of leptospirosis were subjected to PCR using the above primers. Two blood samples and one urine sample were found to be positive. The specificity of the primers was checked was by using the cultures of Pasteurella, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and the saprophytic Leptospira biflexa and it was found that these were not amplified by these primers.
Background: Antibiotic resistance is an emerging concern in the therapy of clinical infections wo... more Background: Antibiotic resistance is an emerging concern in the therapy of clinical infections worldwide. Previous studies conducted in our laboratory have confirmed an increase in the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) among the Gram-negative bacterial pathogens associated with dogs, which could act as a potential source for the transfer of these resistant pathogens or their genetic determinants to human. Since carbapenems are the last resort drugs against these resistant pathogens, the study was aimed to isolate and characterise carbapenem resistance among Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) associated with common clinical infections in dogs.Methods: A total of 100 samples were collected from lesional skin, urine and anterior vagina of dogs presented to the Veterinary Hospitals of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University at Mannuthy and Thrissur. The samples were cultured onto Brain...
A study was conducted to assess the rumen fermentation pattern and nutrient utilization in Murrah... more A study was conducted to assess the rumen fermentation pattern and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffalo calves fed with different total mixed rations (TMR). Six Murrah buffalo calves were selected as uniformly as possible with regard to age (8-12 months), sex and body weight from University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research and Development Scheme, Mannuthy and formed treatment group. Three feeding trials for a period of one month each using TMR’s containing concentrate mixture I, (BIS-2012) [1] with conventional feed ingredients in trial-I, concentrate mixture II containing turmeric waste and concentrate mixture III containing tapioca starch waste in trial II and III, respectively. The green grass was used as roughage in all the three trials. The rumen fermentation profile, nutrient digestibility, hematological profile and microbial protein production were studied. The results revealed that Murrah buffaloes, fed with TMRs containing turmeric waste (trial-II) and tapioca starch wa...
Brucellosis caused by Brucella spp. is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases worldwide, wi... more Brucellosis caused by Brucella spp. is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases worldwide, with high impact on production and reproduction of animals and public health which in turn affects the economy of the nation. The present study aims to standardise loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the detection of Brucella in bovines in Kerala. The samples collected include uterine discharges after abortion, vaginal discharges from repeat breeders and aborted foetal internal organs. The primers based on IS711 specific gene were used and subjected to loop-mediated isothermal amplification under optimal concentration of reagents, temperature and time. Twenty-one out of one hundred and one samples were positive revealing a green fluorescence under UV light. As loop-mediated isothermal amplification is a sensitive, specific, inexpensive and field oriented test, it can be exploited for the detection and management of the disease during its acute phase.
TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, 2017
The present study was carried out to evaluate outer membrane protein (OMP)-based relatively simpl... more The present study was carried out to evaluate outer membrane protein (OMP)-based relatively simple dot-ELISA assays for the diagnosis of acute canine leptospirosis and to identify the differential expression of leptospiral OMPs for identifying the markers of acute infection, if any. Among 91 canine serum samples screened, 63 samples were found to be positive by MAT. All the samples were tested by OMP-based IgM and IgG dot ELISAs. The sensitivities of IgM and IgG dot ELISA in comparison to MAT (titer: ≥1:400) were found to be 100%, whereas the specificities were found to be 89.71% and 45.31%, respectively. IgM and IgG immunoblotting of OMPs was standardized and tested with the MAT-positive samples. IgM immunoblotting of leptospiral OMP revealed proteins of 18, 21, and 32 kDa as major reactors. With IgG, proteins of 32, 41, and 66 kDa were recognized as major reactors and an 86-kDa protein was identified as a minor reactor. The 32-kDa protein was the predominant reactor in both IgM and IgG immunoblots. Thus, a combination of 18-, 21-, and 32-kDa proteins could be a good choice for the detection of IgM antibodies indicative of acute infection while that of 32-, 41-, and 66-kDa proteins could be employed for seroepidemiological studies.
Intestinal schistosmosis caused by Schistosoma spindale and S. indicum is an important snail born... more Intestinal schistosmosis caused by Schistosoma spindale and S. indicum is an important snail borne trematode infection that adversely affects the production and productivity of bovines in India. The present communication reports the high seroprevalence of infection among dairy cattle and buffaloes, under field conditions, utilizing a sensitive and specific excretory-secretory antigen based ELISA. Comparison of ELISA with copro-PCR, microscopy and post-mortem mesentery examination revealed the diagnostic superiority of ELISA. Seroprevalence of infection was mapped for the first time in India with special emphasis to agro- ecological zones. Anti-schistosome antibodies were detected in 34.96% of dairy cattle and buffaloes in the state with the evidence of significant influence of topography on the prevalence of infection. The study also highlighted the need to trace endemic pockets of infection in the country through efficient ante-mortem surveillance and to initiate anti-schistosome t...
This study aims at cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of a partial CDS of gene in pET... more This study aims at cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of a partial CDS of gene in pET-32a - DH5α system, with the objective of identifying the conserved nature of the gene in the genus . A partial CDS (nucleotide 1873 to nucleotide 3363) of the gene was amplified from genomic DNA of serovar Canicola by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR-amplified DNA was cloned into pET-32a vector and transformed into competent DH5α bacterial cells. The partial gene insert was sequenced and the nucleotide sequences obtained were aligned with the published gene sequences of other serovars, using nucleotide BLAST, NCBI. Phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequence was done by maximum likelihood method using Mega 6.06 software. The PCR could amplify the 1491 nucleotide sequence spanning from nucleotide 1873 to nucleotide 3363 of the gene and the partial gene could be successfully cloned in DH5α cells. The nucleotide sequence when analyzed for homology with the reported gene sequences of...
International Journal of Veterinary Medicine: Research & Reports, 2013
The present study reports the identification of the etiology for hepatic abscesses leading to hea... more The present study reports the identification of the etiology for hepatic abscesses leading to heavy mortality in pigeons from Thrissur, Kerala. The cultural and biochemical characteristics confirmed the isolate as Trueperella pyogenes. The high antibiotic resistance and pathogenecity studies in mice demonstrated the ability of the isolated bacteria to cause death in affected birds.
The current study deals with the characterisation of Pasteurella multocida isolated from the oede... more The current study deals with the characterisation of Pasteurella multocida isolated from the oedema fluid of a buffalo. After phenotypic characterisation, the isolate was subjected to Pasteurella multocida species specific polymerase chain reaction. The capsular and virulencgene typing of the isolate was also done by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Schistosoma spindale and Schistosoma indicum are the most prevalent causes of visceral schistosom... more Schistosoma spindale and Schistosoma indicum are the most prevalent causes of visceral schistosomosis among bovines of India. The infection causes morbidity, mortality, reduced productivity and poor subsequent reproductive performance and it is economically significant in producing animals. The high prevalence of S. spindale among slaughtered bovines of South India warrants the need to devise improved diagnostics for specific and timely detection of infection for appropriate treatment and control. The present study focused on analysing the excretory-secretory proteins of S. spindale and identification of the immunodominant polypeptide fractions of this antigen. The major polypeptide antigens corresponding to approximately 28 and 66 kDa size could be detected as highly immunogenic during natural infections in cattle. Consistent blotting pattern was observed with known schistosome positive bovine sera and specificity of the antigen was also ascertained with sera of amphistome and strongyle positive animals.
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