This report provides an analysis of the various constructions and representations of Muslims circ... more This report provides an analysis of the various constructions and representations of Muslims circulating in the press in the context of the UK. Drawing upon data based on 68 news items on domestic issues concerning Muslims, generated from a three month monitoring period of the British press (October 2011-Decemeber 2011), specifically; The Sun, Daily Mail, The Independent and The Guardian, this report analyses the role of the media in the construction of public issues and the visibilisation of racism as a key social problem, this is explored in relation to the Muslim question. We examine the issue-framing effects of the press to understand how Muslims have been both represented and configured in relation to the national majority community. We engage with a critical discourse analysis approach, thus our concern is primarily to examine the current hegemonic articulations of Muslims in issues surrounding firstly, the war on terror, PREVENT 191 and fundamentalism, this theme examines med...
Navigating Institutional Racism in British Universities, 2019
Research continues to demonstrate persistent patterns of racial inequality across British univers... more Research continues to demonstrate persistent patterns of racial inequality across British universities. As mapped out in the introduction, data has shown that 92.4% of professors are white, while only 0.49% are black (Garner, 3 February 2015: Independent).
This paper sets out to critically examine the “forced” conversion narrative circulating across th... more This paper sets out to critically examine the “forced” conversion narrative circulating across the Sikh diaspora. The “forced” conversion narrative tells the story of Muslim men allegedly deceiving and tricking “vulnerable” Sikh females into Islam. The paper explores the parallels between the “forced” conversion narrative and the discourse on “love jihad” propagated by the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), as well as drawing out its particularities within the Sikh community. The paper is informed by new empirical data generated by a series of qualitative interviews with Sikhs in the UK, US, and Canada, and captures the complexities and nuances of my respondents in their interpretations of, and challenges to, the “forced” conversions narrative. The paper adopts a decolonial Sikh studies theoretical framework to critically unpack the logics of the discourse. In doing so, it reveals a wider politics at play, centred upon the regulation of Sikh female bodies, fears of the preservatio...
Navigating Institutional Racism in British Universities, 2019
Interrupting hegemonic forms of knowledge in British universities requires a deep sense of struct... more Interrupting hegemonic forms of knowledge in British universities requires a deep sense of structural transformation. From my own experience of years of being based within sociology departments, it is with confidence that I can say that the social sciences have been central in reproducing Eurocentric knowledge formations.
Navigating Institutional Racism in British Universities, 2019
When I think of ‘the university,’ the image that immediately springs to mind is Jordan Peele’s br... more When I think of ‘the university,’ the image that immediately springs to mind is Jordan Peele’s brilliantly chilling film ‘Get Out.’ When the movie first released I was keen to watch it, and it has stayed on my mind ever since. The film is about a young black male photographer (Chris), who visits his girlfriends white middle-class parents for the weekend.
This report provides an analysis of the various constructions and representations of Muslims circ... more This report provides an analysis of the various constructions and representations of Muslims circulating in the press in the context of the UK. Drawing upon data based on 68 news items on domestic issues concerning Muslims, generated from a three month monitoring period of the British press (October 2011-Decemeber 2011), specifically; The Sun, Daily Mail, The Independent and The Guardian, this report analyses the role of the media in the construction of public issues and the visibilisation of racism as a key social problem, this is explored in relation to the Muslim question. We examine the issue-framing effects of the press to understand how Muslims have been both represented and configured in relation to the national majority community. We engage with a critical discourse analysis approach, thus our concern is primarily to examine the current hegemonic articulations of Muslims in issues surrounding firstly, the war on terror, PREVENT 191 and fundamentalism, this theme examines med...
Introduction: 'Shoot the 'Pakis!" The Art of Storytelling Chapter 1: Deconstructing ... more Introduction: 'Shoot the 'Pakis!" The Art of Storytelling Chapter 1: Deconstructing Sikhs Chapter 2: The Development of the Sikh Diaspora Chapter 3: A History of Conflict Chapter 4: Explaining Conflict Chapter 5: Sweet Seduction: 'Forced' Conversion Narratives Chapter 6: Accounting for Sikh and Muslim Conflict Chapter 7: Sikhs and the British Ethnoscapes Chapter 8: Sikh NOT Muslim- Questioning Sikh Islamophobia Chapter 9: 'Who is a Sikh?' Conclusion
Recent political developments have revived discussions on racism. But did we ever see the ‘end of... more Recent political developments have revived discussions on racism. But did we ever see the ‘end of racism’? Drawing on extensive research on the historical articulations of racism across Europe, Katy Sian explains how in the post-racial society, debates on anti-racism became invisible. This confusion allowed racism to grow unchecked.
Use of the term Islamophobia is today both inexorable and controversial. Thinking Through Islamop... more Use of the term Islamophobia is today both inexorable and controversial. Thinking Through Islamophobia offers a series of critical engagements with the concept, its history and deployment, and the phenomena that it seeks to marshal. In an original and pioneering collection of essays twenty-eight contributors hailing from diverse disciplinary and geographical backgrounds draw on their expertise to map out the tensions between the concept and the phenomena as they are played out across different contexts and continents. Extending the discussion of Islamophobia beyond its commonplace focus on the West and staking a claim for the continuing relevance and critical purchase of Islamophobia in struggles for justice, Thinking Through Islamophobia locates the polemical debates on Islamophobia within wider cultural and political mobilizations engendered by the 'Muslim question'.
In 2013 feminist writer Caroline Criado-Perez found herself subjected to numerous rape threats fo... more In 2013 feminist writer Caroline Criado-Perez found herself subjected to numerous rape threats following her Twitter campaign calling for Jane Austen to appear as the new face on the £10 bank note. A string of female MPs have also experienced online abuse, death threats and harassment. Furthermore, many celebrity figures and those in the public eye have also complained of sustained online harassment (Jane 2014: 558–570). Cases of women as victims of hate continue to escalate in the unregulated online world, whose sexism and misogyny appears to know no bounds. Symbolic and systemic violence targeted towards women is not new; patriarchy is a staple feature of western societies. However, with the rise of the Internet and new digital technologies, an environment of hate and vulnerability has flourished whereby violence towards women (and minority groups) is increasingly made possible, without restrictions and without constraints. Gendered hatred continues to spiral in cyberspace as it h...
Navigating Institutional Racism in British Universities
This book is a collection of different voices who have shared with me their pain, their strength,... more This book is a collection of different voices who have shared with me their pain, their strength, their challenges, their courage, and their resistance to racism in the academy. For years I have found myself engaged in the same conversation with academics of colour, from all over the globe, always prompted by the question, ‘so how is work?’ The familiar response is that of an eye roll, followed by a sigh, and even a slight laugh, alerting the other to what we already know, what we already feel, and what we are already experiencing in our own university. And just like that we share; we share the all too recognizable stories, the frustrations, the relief that we are not alone, paranoid, or being unreasonable. We listen, we laugh, and we see in each other’s eyes that we are together in our struggle. We smile, because in that moment we feel stronger, and grateful that we have had the space be heard. I am thankful to my academic friends of colour who over the years have listened to me, allowed me to share, and provided me with the strength and support that I would have never had gotten elsewhere.
This article provides a critique of Eurocentric knowledge formations that currently dominate the ... more This article provides a critique of Eurocentric knowledge formations that currently dominate the sociological imagination and its analyses of the ‘other’. It proposes a deep questioning of the colonial underpinnings of the discipline and argues that a series of conceptual, methodological, and institutional concerns must be addressed if we are profoundly to transform teaching and learning agendas in universities. It will argue that decolonising sociology cannot merely rely upon cosmetic changes, but rather it must demonstrate a wider commitment to anti-racism and social justice.
The war on terror prompted a surge of counter-terror measures across Western democracies in the c... more The war on terror prompted a surge of counter-terror measures across Western democracies in the campaign to contain extremism. The effects of this increased securitization has had major consequences for Muslim and racialized populations more generally, who have found themselves caught up in state surveillance and counter-terror operations. Loose and vague definitions of extremism have meant that the category of 'terror suspect' continues to be underpinned by Orientalist, racist, and Islamophobic articulations. This paper offers an introduction to an article collection that seeks to critically address the historical shifts and contemporary developments in counter-terrorism discourse, and their impact upon racial groups in national and international contexts.
In the contemporary Western climate, counter-terrorism discourse dealing with so-called Islamic e... more In the contemporary Western climate, counter-terrorism discourse dealing with so-called Islamic extremism appears to be obsessed with trying to understand the motives behind what prompts somebody to turn to terrorism. This paper will argue that attempts to locate extremist motives in such a way can be seen to reinforce earlier iterations of positivist criminology and race-thinking. Through a critical examination of the works of criminologist Cesare Lombroso, this paper will tease out the interconnections between his 'criminal types' thesis, and the British government's current Prevent policy that seeks to identify 'extremist types.' By developing a rich critique of these positivist approaches, the paper will go on to question how we might think beyond the essentialism, reductivism, and racism/Islamophobia inherent within such frameworks. In this way, the paper raises a series of conceptual implications for criminology and terrorism studies, while at the same time, develops a contribution to critical race and ethnicity studies.
In June 2013, Alvin Tan, a prominent Malaysian blogger, posted on Facebook a picture of his girlf... more In June 2013, Alvin Tan, a prominent Malaysian blogger, posted on Facebook a picture of his girlfriend and himself eating bak kut teh (pork) with the caption "Selamat Berbuka Puasa" (Happy Breaking Fast). The duo had described the dish as "wangi, enak, menyelerakan" (fragrant, delicious, appetizing) and also included a "Halal" logo. During the same month, Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar faced one of the community's worst persecution acts, with several hundred people murdered by Buddhist religious zealots inspired by extremist Buddhist monks. These are but some examples of Islamophobia in Asia. Buddhist nationalist groups such as the Bodu Bala Sena in Sri Lanka and the 969 Movement in Myanmar have encouraged the anti-Muslim violence. In India, the rise of the Hindu nationalist movement has seen the forced conversion of Muslims and increased incidences of violence against Muslims. Despite this endemic rise of Islamophobia, there has been little academic research conducted on Islamophobia in Asian countries. This is contrasted by the trends of Islamophobia as a phenomenon being well-documented in the West. The rise in terror attacks within Europe, the refugee crisis on the same continent, and the strengthening of the right-wing nationalist parties has resulted in the rise of Islamophobia in Europe and North America. This article seeks to better understand Islamophobia in the Asian context through the case studies of Myanmar and Malaysia. It argues that Islamophobia in these countries is largely the result of domestic socioeconomic and political issues, rather than the international narrative against Islam and Muslims. There are three parts to this article: first, the discourse against Islam in both countries will be examined. Second, the factors that caused the rise of Islamophobia in both Myanmar and Malaysia will be looked at. Historical ethnic tensions, economic gaps between different communities, stateinitiated religious persecution and the rise of right-wing religious organizations will be discussed in this regard. This section will postulate the view that Islamophobia can occur within countries such as Malaysia, especially when the minority groups are dominant in the economic sphere. The article will conclude by analyzing whether the manifestation and raison d'être of Islamophobia in Asia is different from the West. The outcome of the inquiry will provide useful analytical tools in studying Islamophobia within the Asian context.
In the aftermath of 9/11, there has been a wave of intensified surveillance throughout Western de... more In the aftermath of 9/11, there has been a wave of intensified surveillance throughout Western democracies in the moral panic surrounding national security. This article will explore the way in which Sikh bodies have become problematized against the backdrop of harsher profiling and policing measures directed at racialized populations. Based upon empirical data, including a series of semi-structured interviews with Sikh respondents carried out in Canada and the US, the article will examine the experiences of Sikhs post-9/11 through critical race and postcolonial conceptual frameworks, as a way to understand the processes by which they have been governed and regulated in the landscape of an obsessive monitoring of ‘suspicious’ brown bodies.
Born radicals? Prevent, positivism, and ‘race-thinking’, 2017
In the contemporary Western climate, counter-terrorism discourse dealing with so-called Islamic e... more In the contemporary Western climate, counter-terrorism discourse dealing with so-called Islamic extremism appears to be obsessed with trying to understand the motives behind what prompts somebody to turn to terrorism. This paper will argue that attempts to locate extremist motives in such a way can be seen to reinforce earlier iterations of positivist criminology and race-thinking. Through a critical examination of the works of criminologist Cesare Lombroso, this paper will tease out the interconnections between his 'criminal types' thesis, and the British government's current Prevent policy that seeks to identify 'extremist types.' By developing a rich critique of these positivist approaches, the paper will go on to question how we might think beyond the essentialism, reductivism, and racism/Islamophobia inherent within such frameworks. In this way, the paper raises a series of conceptual implications for criminology and terrorism studies, while at the same time...
This report provides an analysis of the various constructions and representations of Muslims circ... more This report provides an analysis of the various constructions and representations of Muslims circulating in the press in the context of the UK. Drawing upon data based on 68 news items on domestic issues concerning Muslims, generated from a three month monitoring period of the British press (October 2011-Decemeber 2011), specifically; The Sun, Daily Mail, The Independent and The Guardian, this report analyses the role of the media in the construction of public issues and the visibilisation of racism as a key social problem, this is explored in relation to the Muslim question. We examine the issue-framing effects of the press to understand how Muslims have been both represented and configured in relation to the national majority community. We engage with a critical discourse analysis approach, thus our concern is primarily to examine the current hegemonic articulations of Muslims in issues surrounding firstly, the war on terror, PREVENT 191 and fundamentalism, this theme examines med...
Navigating Institutional Racism in British Universities, 2019
Research continues to demonstrate persistent patterns of racial inequality across British univers... more Research continues to demonstrate persistent patterns of racial inequality across British universities. As mapped out in the introduction, data has shown that 92.4% of professors are white, while only 0.49% are black (Garner, 3 February 2015: Independent).
This paper sets out to critically examine the “forced” conversion narrative circulating across th... more This paper sets out to critically examine the “forced” conversion narrative circulating across the Sikh diaspora. The “forced” conversion narrative tells the story of Muslim men allegedly deceiving and tricking “vulnerable” Sikh females into Islam. The paper explores the parallels between the “forced” conversion narrative and the discourse on “love jihad” propagated by the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), as well as drawing out its particularities within the Sikh community. The paper is informed by new empirical data generated by a series of qualitative interviews with Sikhs in the UK, US, and Canada, and captures the complexities and nuances of my respondents in their interpretations of, and challenges to, the “forced” conversions narrative. The paper adopts a decolonial Sikh studies theoretical framework to critically unpack the logics of the discourse. In doing so, it reveals a wider politics at play, centred upon the regulation of Sikh female bodies, fears of the preservatio...
Navigating Institutional Racism in British Universities, 2019
Interrupting hegemonic forms of knowledge in British universities requires a deep sense of struct... more Interrupting hegemonic forms of knowledge in British universities requires a deep sense of structural transformation. From my own experience of years of being based within sociology departments, it is with confidence that I can say that the social sciences have been central in reproducing Eurocentric knowledge formations.
Navigating Institutional Racism in British Universities, 2019
When I think of ‘the university,’ the image that immediately springs to mind is Jordan Peele’s br... more When I think of ‘the university,’ the image that immediately springs to mind is Jordan Peele’s brilliantly chilling film ‘Get Out.’ When the movie first released I was keen to watch it, and it has stayed on my mind ever since. The film is about a young black male photographer (Chris), who visits his girlfriends white middle-class parents for the weekend.
This report provides an analysis of the various constructions and representations of Muslims circ... more This report provides an analysis of the various constructions and representations of Muslims circulating in the press in the context of the UK. Drawing upon data based on 68 news items on domestic issues concerning Muslims, generated from a three month monitoring period of the British press (October 2011-Decemeber 2011), specifically; The Sun, Daily Mail, The Independent and The Guardian, this report analyses the role of the media in the construction of public issues and the visibilisation of racism as a key social problem, this is explored in relation to the Muslim question. We examine the issue-framing effects of the press to understand how Muslims have been both represented and configured in relation to the national majority community. We engage with a critical discourse analysis approach, thus our concern is primarily to examine the current hegemonic articulations of Muslims in issues surrounding firstly, the war on terror, PREVENT 191 and fundamentalism, this theme examines med...
Introduction: 'Shoot the 'Pakis!" The Art of Storytelling Chapter 1: Deconstructing ... more Introduction: 'Shoot the 'Pakis!" The Art of Storytelling Chapter 1: Deconstructing Sikhs Chapter 2: The Development of the Sikh Diaspora Chapter 3: A History of Conflict Chapter 4: Explaining Conflict Chapter 5: Sweet Seduction: 'Forced' Conversion Narratives Chapter 6: Accounting for Sikh and Muslim Conflict Chapter 7: Sikhs and the British Ethnoscapes Chapter 8: Sikh NOT Muslim- Questioning Sikh Islamophobia Chapter 9: 'Who is a Sikh?' Conclusion
Recent political developments have revived discussions on racism. But did we ever see the ‘end of... more Recent political developments have revived discussions on racism. But did we ever see the ‘end of racism’? Drawing on extensive research on the historical articulations of racism across Europe, Katy Sian explains how in the post-racial society, debates on anti-racism became invisible. This confusion allowed racism to grow unchecked.
Use of the term Islamophobia is today both inexorable and controversial. Thinking Through Islamop... more Use of the term Islamophobia is today both inexorable and controversial. Thinking Through Islamophobia offers a series of critical engagements with the concept, its history and deployment, and the phenomena that it seeks to marshal. In an original and pioneering collection of essays twenty-eight contributors hailing from diverse disciplinary and geographical backgrounds draw on their expertise to map out the tensions between the concept and the phenomena as they are played out across different contexts and continents. Extending the discussion of Islamophobia beyond its commonplace focus on the West and staking a claim for the continuing relevance and critical purchase of Islamophobia in struggles for justice, Thinking Through Islamophobia locates the polemical debates on Islamophobia within wider cultural and political mobilizations engendered by the 'Muslim question'.
In 2013 feminist writer Caroline Criado-Perez found herself subjected to numerous rape threats fo... more In 2013 feminist writer Caroline Criado-Perez found herself subjected to numerous rape threats following her Twitter campaign calling for Jane Austen to appear as the new face on the £10 bank note. A string of female MPs have also experienced online abuse, death threats and harassment. Furthermore, many celebrity figures and those in the public eye have also complained of sustained online harassment (Jane 2014: 558–570). Cases of women as victims of hate continue to escalate in the unregulated online world, whose sexism and misogyny appears to know no bounds. Symbolic and systemic violence targeted towards women is not new; patriarchy is a staple feature of western societies. However, with the rise of the Internet and new digital technologies, an environment of hate and vulnerability has flourished whereby violence towards women (and minority groups) is increasingly made possible, without restrictions and without constraints. Gendered hatred continues to spiral in cyberspace as it h...
Navigating Institutional Racism in British Universities
This book is a collection of different voices who have shared with me their pain, their strength,... more This book is a collection of different voices who have shared with me their pain, their strength, their challenges, their courage, and their resistance to racism in the academy. For years I have found myself engaged in the same conversation with academics of colour, from all over the globe, always prompted by the question, ‘so how is work?’ The familiar response is that of an eye roll, followed by a sigh, and even a slight laugh, alerting the other to what we already know, what we already feel, and what we are already experiencing in our own university. And just like that we share; we share the all too recognizable stories, the frustrations, the relief that we are not alone, paranoid, or being unreasonable. We listen, we laugh, and we see in each other’s eyes that we are together in our struggle. We smile, because in that moment we feel stronger, and grateful that we have had the space be heard. I am thankful to my academic friends of colour who over the years have listened to me, allowed me to share, and provided me with the strength and support that I would have never had gotten elsewhere.
This article provides a critique of Eurocentric knowledge formations that currently dominate the ... more This article provides a critique of Eurocentric knowledge formations that currently dominate the sociological imagination and its analyses of the ‘other’. It proposes a deep questioning of the colonial underpinnings of the discipline and argues that a series of conceptual, methodological, and institutional concerns must be addressed if we are profoundly to transform teaching and learning agendas in universities. It will argue that decolonising sociology cannot merely rely upon cosmetic changes, but rather it must demonstrate a wider commitment to anti-racism and social justice.
The war on terror prompted a surge of counter-terror measures across Western democracies in the c... more The war on terror prompted a surge of counter-terror measures across Western democracies in the campaign to contain extremism. The effects of this increased securitization has had major consequences for Muslim and racialized populations more generally, who have found themselves caught up in state surveillance and counter-terror operations. Loose and vague definitions of extremism have meant that the category of 'terror suspect' continues to be underpinned by Orientalist, racist, and Islamophobic articulations. This paper offers an introduction to an article collection that seeks to critically address the historical shifts and contemporary developments in counter-terrorism discourse, and their impact upon racial groups in national and international contexts.
In the contemporary Western climate, counter-terrorism discourse dealing with so-called Islamic e... more In the contemporary Western climate, counter-terrorism discourse dealing with so-called Islamic extremism appears to be obsessed with trying to understand the motives behind what prompts somebody to turn to terrorism. This paper will argue that attempts to locate extremist motives in such a way can be seen to reinforce earlier iterations of positivist criminology and race-thinking. Through a critical examination of the works of criminologist Cesare Lombroso, this paper will tease out the interconnections between his 'criminal types' thesis, and the British government's current Prevent policy that seeks to identify 'extremist types.' By developing a rich critique of these positivist approaches, the paper will go on to question how we might think beyond the essentialism, reductivism, and racism/Islamophobia inherent within such frameworks. In this way, the paper raises a series of conceptual implications for criminology and terrorism studies, while at the same time, develops a contribution to critical race and ethnicity studies.
In June 2013, Alvin Tan, a prominent Malaysian blogger, posted on Facebook a picture of his girlf... more In June 2013, Alvin Tan, a prominent Malaysian blogger, posted on Facebook a picture of his girlfriend and himself eating bak kut teh (pork) with the caption "Selamat Berbuka Puasa" (Happy Breaking Fast). The duo had described the dish as "wangi, enak, menyelerakan" (fragrant, delicious, appetizing) and also included a "Halal" logo. During the same month, Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar faced one of the community's worst persecution acts, with several hundred people murdered by Buddhist religious zealots inspired by extremist Buddhist monks. These are but some examples of Islamophobia in Asia. Buddhist nationalist groups such as the Bodu Bala Sena in Sri Lanka and the 969 Movement in Myanmar have encouraged the anti-Muslim violence. In India, the rise of the Hindu nationalist movement has seen the forced conversion of Muslims and increased incidences of violence against Muslims. Despite this endemic rise of Islamophobia, there has been little academic research conducted on Islamophobia in Asian countries. This is contrasted by the trends of Islamophobia as a phenomenon being well-documented in the West. The rise in terror attacks within Europe, the refugee crisis on the same continent, and the strengthening of the right-wing nationalist parties has resulted in the rise of Islamophobia in Europe and North America. This article seeks to better understand Islamophobia in the Asian context through the case studies of Myanmar and Malaysia. It argues that Islamophobia in these countries is largely the result of domestic socioeconomic and political issues, rather than the international narrative against Islam and Muslims. There are three parts to this article: first, the discourse against Islam in both countries will be examined. Second, the factors that caused the rise of Islamophobia in both Myanmar and Malaysia will be looked at. Historical ethnic tensions, economic gaps between different communities, stateinitiated religious persecution and the rise of right-wing religious organizations will be discussed in this regard. This section will postulate the view that Islamophobia can occur within countries such as Malaysia, especially when the minority groups are dominant in the economic sphere. The article will conclude by analyzing whether the manifestation and raison d'être of Islamophobia in Asia is different from the West. The outcome of the inquiry will provide useful analytical tools in studying Islamophobia within the Asian context.
In the aftermath of 9/11, there has been a wave of intensified surveillance throughout Western de... more In the aftermath of 9/11, there has been a wave of intensified surveillance throughout Western democracies in the moral panic surrounding national security. This article will explore the way in which Sikh bodies have become problematized against the backdrop of harsher profiling and policing measures directed at racialized populations. Based upon empirical data, including a series of semi-structured interviews with Sikh respondents carried out in Canada and the US, the article will examine the experiences of Sikhs post-9/11 through critical race and postcolonial conceptual frameworks, as a way to understand the processes by which they have been governed and regulated in the landscape of an obsessive monitoring of ‘suspicious’ brown bodies.
Born radicals? Prevent, positivism, and ‘race-thinking’, 2017
In the contemporary Western climate, counter-terrorism discourse dealing with so-called Islamic e... more In the contemporary Western climate, counter-terrorism discourse dealing with so-called Islamic extremism appears to be obsessed with trying to understand the motives behind what prompts somebody to turn to terrorism. This paper will argue that attempts to locate extremist motives in such a way can be seen to reinforce earlier iterations of positivist criminology and race-thinking. Through a critical examination of the works of criminologist Cesare Lombroso, this paper will tease out the interconnections between his 'criminal types' thesis, and the British government's current Prevent policy that seeks to identify 'extremist types.' By developing a rich critique of these positivist approaches, the paper will go on to question how we might think beyond the essentialism, reductivism, and racism/Islamophobia inherent within such frameworks. In this way, the paper raises a series of conceptual implications for criminology and terrorism studies, while at the same time...
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