2021 Innovations in Energy Management and Renewable Resources(52042), 2021
The global urgency to decrease fossil fuel usage, calls to address the constraints in renewable e... more The global urgency to decrease fossil fuel usage, calls to address the constraints in renewable energy(RE) based charging of electric vehicles(EV) and increase RE utilisation immediately. Here, we analyse using redox flow battery(RFB) in EVs’ in combination with a novel method of electrical energy transportation and storage. Suitability of RFB for use in the same is examined in comparison to Li-ion battery. Taking India as an example, financial viability analysis is done using budget allocated for the Green corridor project as a benchmark. The combined solution facilitates EV adoption, grid support initiatives and absorption of RE. While energy density of RFB electrolyte has increased significantly the simultaneous increase in viscosity is the major challenge in establishing the system proposed. The analysis demonstrates the need for focused research into developing low viscosity RFB electrolytes to attain the full potential of the technology.
2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (PESGRE2020), 2020
Analysing the behaviour of power system under various conditions of operation is essential in vie... more Analysing the behaviour of power system under various conditions of operation is essential in view of its importance. Analysis of HVDC system in particular, considering its increased popularity and complexity, is of importance. Although various software are available for analysing HVDC system, there exists lack of a precise tool for the purpose of real-time analysis. In this paper, full spectrum simulator (FSS) is used for real-time digital simulation of CIGRE HVDC system, after modelling it with mathematical equations. The computer language C is used for coding the system and individual sections of HVDC model are coded separately. Making use of parallel processors, the separate codes are combined to form the complete HVDC system and run on FSS for real-time analysis. The complete program for the model is analysed in off-line simulation and found to be similar to that obtained from FSS for real-time simulation.
Demand response (DR) has an important role to play in the electricity market for maintaining the ... more Demand response (DR) has an important role to play in the electricity market for maintaining the balance between supply and demand by introducing load flexibility instead of only adjusting generation levels, at almost all operational time scales. There are many players in the market who benefit from DR, like the TSO, DSOs, retailers and end-customers themselves. The recent advent of smart grid technologies advanced the integration of DR by providing the needed information and communication infrastructure to the existing grid. Available literature on DR talks about the concept and definitions of DR, possible DR models for various region-specific market structures along with few DR implementation experiences in a system with ever increasing levels of loads along with evolution of innovative technologies like renewables, micro-grids, PEVs, etc. In this paper, the available literature on DR is categorized into general concept papers and papers on DR models applicable to the wholesale or retail markets, and are presented in a precise manner.
2022 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid, and Renewable Energy (PESGRE), 2022
In recent times, a significant level of advancement has been observed in Distributed Generation (... more In recent times, a significant level of advancement has been observed in Distributed Generation (DG) technologies and in its deployment. This scenario demands a mandatory requirement of effective islanding detection techniques to avoid possible damages to the system. This paper proposes an advanced islanding detection method for inverter based DGs using wavelet transform and machine learning. The method uses wavelet transform decomposition to extract the detailed coefficients and are then processed to identify typical transient variations during islanding. K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) is used to classify the condition as islanding or non-islanding. The method will reduce the Non-Detection Zone (NDZ) and effective detection time. MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations are done on test system to validate the proposed method.
The growing number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) for mobility and its often idle hours make it look ... more The growing number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) for mobility and its often idle hours make it look upon as a portable generator to accomplish Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) services like peak clipping and valley filling. This paper proposes a hierarchical control at utility level to optimally perform peak clipping using EVs. The hierarchical framework includes control center, aggregator, charging station and EVs. To perform peak clipping, peak demand is optimally allocated between utility and aggregator. The cost function of each EV battery is expressed as a polynomial function similar to that of a conventional generator and it is combined to obtain the composite cost function at aggregator level. Also the dispatch of each EV is based on its peak power capacity (PPC), which is directly related to the State of Charge (SOC) of its battery maintaining a minimum SOC. The proposed method is tested in IEEE 14 bus test system and the results illustrate optimal scheduling of peak demand. The results a...
2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (PESGRE2020), 2020
Micro-PMUs or distribution-level phasor measurement units has gained interest as sensor technolog... more Micro-PMUs or distribution-level phasor measurement units has gained interest as sensor technology for monitoring of the distribution power networks. A number of events are frequently occurring in the distribution system such as load switching, faults etc. These events may cause variations in the voltage and current phasors. These events need to be located and classified for a reliable operation of the system. This paper presents the use of micro-PMU data for location identification and classification of events in a distribution system. The events considered include fault, capacitor switching and load switching. The method for location identification is based on compensation theorem and makes use of data from two micro-PMUs. The method for event classification makes use of shift in the magnitudes and phase angles of voltage and current phasors along with wavelet transform. The results obtained by performing simulations on the IEEE 34 bus test feeder validates the effectiveness of th...
In this study, a ‘two-stage’ deterministic algorithm an for efficient transmission expansion plan... more In this study, a ‘two-stage’ deterministic algorithm an for efficient transmission expansion planning with renewable energy (RE) resources under the assumption that existing conventional generators provide the reserve to mitigate RE generation forecast error has been proposed. Zero-RE penetration has been considered as a ‘reference scenario’, as well as cost-minimisation objective has been considered as a planning criterion in Stage 1. In the proposed algorithm, Stage 2 is required to be solved only if the network performance degrades in relation to the reference scenario. In Stage 2, congestion cost is also incorporated as a sub-objective. Here, the locational marginal prices of the unit scheduling problem obtained from the solution of Stage 1 have been used to calculate the congestion cost. In addition to being computationally tractable, the proposed algorithm guarantees performance improvement in the network. The planning horizon is divided into smaller blocks to facilitate delayed investment. When implemented on an IEEE 24-bus reliability test system, the proposed algorithm generated minimum cost plan with better performance.
In India, uniform price was assigned to renewable energy certificate (REC) irrespective of renewa... more In India, uniform price was assigned to renewable energy certificate (REC) irrespective of renewable energy (RE) type, technology, and location. Moreover REC price bands are higher than existing preferential tariff. There are distinct renewable purchase obligations (RPOs) specified for various RE types, whereas there is lack of efficient tools to check RPO compliance. Because of these reasons, REC market stabilisation is getting delayed. This paper proposes a method using plant performance multiplier to convert non-solar and solar REC to single equivalent REC with competitive REC pricing, which can be traded on unified REC market. The method combines solar and non-solar RPOs into a single composite RPO, to make RPO compliance and its checking simple and efficient. A sample illustration of the proposed method is given. The benefits offered by the proposed method in REC pricing, REC trading and RPO compliance are discussed. A comparative economic analysis of present and proposed method is reported.
Briefs about the RE promotional policies and regulations of Govt. of India. Analyses the RPO anno... more Briefs about the RE promotional policies and regulations of Govt. of India. Analyses the RPO announced by various state electricity regulatory commissions. Detailed analysis of REC trading at the energy exchanges till February 2013. Analysis of impact of RE promotional policies and regulations on the RE sector of India. Suggests policy modification to improve the situation of the RE sector of India.
2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (PESGRE2020), 2020
In DC microgrids (DCMG), the fast detection of accurate location of fault accelerates maintenance... more In DC microgrids (DCMG), the fast detection of accurate location of fault accelerates maintenance, supply restoration process, and decreases the duration of power outage. Protection system design is complicated for a DC microgrid with ring configuration due to bidirectional power flow. In this paper, an accurate fault location scheme for DC microgrid is proposed. This scheme derives the state space model of the RLC circuit formed by the probe power unit (PPU) and the faulty section of DCMG, from the damped probe current response. The eigen values of the system matrix are the poles of the system, whose real and imaginary parts are the attenuation constant and damped resonant frequency of the probe current. These values are used for calculating the distance of fault location. This method is simple, fast and it does not require much calculations. The proposed method is tested using MATLAB/Simulink simulations on a ring type five bus DCMG. Test cases are generated by varying the locatio...
Proposes a comprehensive method to find the BRPO of Indian states for promoting RE. Minimum chang... more Proposes a comprehensive method to find the BRPO of Indian states for promoting RE. Minimum change in BRPO of consecutive years hence less impact of RPO on tariff. Incentive scheme to encourage the states to align their actual RPO with BRPO. Study of impact of RPO on tariff of Indian states is conducted.
ABSTRACT Though the new wind turbine generator (WTG) technology offers fault ride-through capabil... more ABSTRACT Though the new wind turbine generator (WTG) technology offers fault ride-through capability (FRT), many systems still consist of old induction generators. These induction generators typically have the problems of voltage limit violations which result in undesirable tripping. Their response to abnormal conditions like faults has to be studied for proper reactive compensation to contain the voltage violations within limits. The two options to contain dynamic violations considered are SVCs and D-STATCOMs. The locations and the capacities of these devices must cater to all possible tripping conditions. In this paper, SVC placement is done based on the improvement of voltage stability index. The D-STATCOMs can be more in number and are located near to WTG to provide better compensation. This paper compares the above two options for a sample 33 bus distribution system using the dynamic models of the compensation devices using PSCAD/EMTDC.
ABSTRACT Government of India has laid the foundation of national solar mission to establish the c... more ABSTRACT Government of India has laid the foundation of national solar mission to establish the country as a global leader in solar energy. Tariff is a crucial factor for penetration of the solar energy across the country. This paper presents operational aspects & prevailing tariff structure of combined solar photovoltaic and battery (PV-Battery) energy system in a network. A 50 kWp solar PV-Battery system is considered for study. PVsyst software is used for PV-Battery system modelling and estimations of hourly energy generation from the PV array. Short term generation scheduling of PV-Battery system is done to study its operational aspects in network. Unit commitment (UC) problem is solved to determine optimal operating strategy of hybrid plant consisting of thermal generators and PV-Battery system. To analyse the effect of the PV-Battery system in network, a 6 bus system is considered and power flow problem is solved. Location of PV-Battery system is determined by doing exhaustive search such that minimum network losses occur. The estimated generation from the PVsyst software along with the Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (MERC) tariff guidelines are used for the tariff calculation of energy produced from PV-Battery system. Financial analysis is also done to check its viability.
2021 Innovations in Energy Management and Renewable Resources(52042), 2021
The global urgency to decrease fossil fuel usage, calls to address the constraints in renewable e... more The global urgency to decrease fossil fuel usage, calls to address the constraints in renewable energy(RE) based charging of electric vehicles(EV) and increase RE utilisation immediately. Here, we analyse using redox flow battery(RFB) in EVs’ in combination with a novel method of electrical energy transportation and storage. Suitability of RFB for use in the same is examined in comparison to Li-ion battery. Taking India as an example, financial viability analysis is done using budget allocated for the Green corridor project as a benchmark. The combined solution facilitates EV adoption, grid support initiatives and absorption of RE. While energy density of RFB electrolyte has increased significantly the simultaneous increase in viscosity is the major challenge in establishing the system proposed. The analysis demonstrates the need for focused research into developing low viscosity RFB electrolytes to attain the full potential of the technology.
2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (PESGRE2020), 2020
Analysing the behaviour of power system under various conditions of operation is essential in vie... more Analysing the behaviour of power system under various conditions of operation is essential in view of its importance. Analysis of HVDC system in particular, considering its increased popularity and complexity, is of importance. Although various software are available for analysing HVDC system, there exists lack of a precise tool for the purpose of real-time analysis. In this paper, full spectrum simulator (FSS) is used for real-time digital simulation of CIGRE HVDC system, after modelling it with mathematical equations. The computer language C is used for coding the system and individual sections of HVDC model are coded separately. Making use of parallel processors, the separate codes are combined to form the complete HVDC system and run on FSS for real-time analysis. The complete program for the model is analysed in off-line simulation and found to be similar to that obtained from FSS for real-time simulation.
Demand response (DR) has an important role to play in the electricity market for maintaining the ... more Demand response (DR) has an important role to play in the electricity market for maintaining the balance between supply and demand by introducing load flexibility instead of only adjusting generation levels, at almost all operational time scales. There are many players in the market who benefit from DR, like the TSO, DSOs, retailers and end-customers themselves. The recent advent of smart grid technologies advanced the integration of DR by providing the needed information and communication infrastructure to the existing grid. Available literature on DR talks about the concept and definitions of DR, possible DR models for various region-specific market structures along with few DR implementation experiences in a system with ever increasing levels of loads along with evolution of innovative technologies like renewables, micro-grids, PEVs, etc. In this paper, the available literature on DR is categorized into general concept papers and papers on DR models applicable to the wholesale or retail markets, and are presented in a precise manner.
2022 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid, and Renewable Energy (PESGRE), 2022
In recent times, a significant level of advancement has been observed in Distributed Generation (... more In recent times, a significant level of advancement has been observed in Distributed Generation (DG) technologies and in its deployment. This scenario demands a mandatory requirement of effective islanding detection techniques to avoid possible damages to the system. This paper proposes an advanced islanding detection method for inverter based DGs using wavelet transform and machine learning. The method uses wavelet transform decomposition to extract the detailed coefficients and are then processed to identify typical transient variations during islanding. K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) is used to classify the condition as islanding or non-islanding. The method will reduce the Non-Detection Zone (NDZ) and effective detection time. MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations are done on test system to validate the proposed method.
The growing number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) for mobility and its often idle hours make it look ... more The growing number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) for mobility and its often idle hours make it look upon as a portable generator to accomplish Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) services like peak clipping and valley filling. This paper proposes a hierarchical control at utility level to optimally perform peak clipping using EVs. The hierarchical framework includes control center, aggregator, charging station and EVs. To perform peak clipping, peak demand is optimally allocated between utility and aggregator. The cost function of each EV battery is expressed as a polynomial function similar to that of a conventional generator and it is combined to obtain the composite cost function at aggregator level. Also the dispatch of each EV is based on its peak power capacity (PPC), which is directly related to the State of Charge (SOC) of its battery maintaining a minimum SOC. The proposed method is tested in IEEE 14 bus test system and the results illustrate optimal scheduling of peak demand. The results a...
2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (PESGRE2020), 2020
Micro-PMUs or distribution-level phasor measurement units has gained interest as sensor technolog... more Micro-PMUs or distribution-level phasor measurement units has gained interest as sensor technology for monitoring of the distribution power networks. A number of events are frequently occurring in the distribution system such as load switching, faults etc. These events may cause variations in the voltage and current phasors. These events need to be located and classified for a reliable operation of the system. This paper presents the use of micro-PMU data for location identification and classification of events in a distribution system. The events considered include fault, capacitor switching and load switching. The method for location identification is based on compensation theorem and makes use of data from two micro-PMUs. The method for event classification makes use of shift in the magnitudes and phase angles of voltage and current phasors along with wavelet transform. The results obtained by performing simulations on the IEEE 34 bus test feeder validates the effectiveness of th...
In this study, a ‘two-stage’ deterministic algorithm an for efficient transmission expansion plan... more In this study, a ‘two-stage’ deterministic algorithm an for efficient transmission expansion planning with renewable energy (RE) resources under the assumption that existing conventional generators provide the reserve to mitigate RE generation forecast error has been proposed. Zero-RE penetration has been considered as a ‘reference scenario’, as well as cost-minimisation objective has been considered as a planning criterion in Stage 1. In the proposed algorithm, Stage 2 is required to be solved only if the network performance degrades in relation to the reference scenario. In Stage 2, congestion cost is also incorporated as a sub-objective. Here, the locational marginal prices of the unit scheduling problem obtained from the solution of Stage 1 have been used to calculate the congestion cost. In addition to being computationally tractable, the proposed algorithm guarantees performance improvement in the network. The planning horizon is divided into smaller blocks to facilitate delayed investment. When implemented on an IEEE 24-bus reliability test system, the proposed algorithm generated minimum cost plan with better performance.
In India, uniform price was assigned to renewable energy certificate (REC) irrespective of renewa... more In India, uniform price was assigned to renewable energy certificate (REC) irrespective of renewable energy (RE) type, technology, and location. Moreover REC price bands are higher than existing preferential tariff. There are distinct renewable purchase obligations (RPOs) specified for various RE types, whereas there is lack of efficient tools to check RPO compliance. Because of these reasons, REC market stabilisation is getting delayed. This paper proposes a method using plant performance multiplier to convert non-solar and solar REC to single equivalent REC with competitive REC pricing, which can be traded on unified REC market. The method combines solar and non-solar RPOs into a single composite RPO, to make RPO compliance and its checking simple and efficient. A sample illustration of the proposed method is given. The benefits offered by the proposed method in REC pricing, REC trading and RPO compliance are discussed. A comparative economic analysis of present and proposed method is reported.
Briefs about the RE promotional policies and regulations of Govt. of India. Analyses the RPO anno... more Briefs about the RE promotional policies and regulations of Govt. of India. Analyses the RPO announced by various state electricity regulatory commissions. Detailed analysis of REC trading at the energy exchanges till February 2013. Analysis of impact of RE promotional policies and regulations on the RE sector of India. Suggests policy modification to improve the situation of the RE sector of India.
2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (PESGRE2020), 2020
In DC microgrids (DCMG), the fast detection of accurate location of fault accelerates maintenance... more In DC microgrids (DCMG), the fast detection of accurate location of fault accelerates maintenance, supply restoration process, and decreases the duration of power outage. Protection system design is complicated for a DC microgrid with ring configuration due to bidirectional power flow. In this paper, an accurate fault location scheme for DC microgrid is proposed. This scheme derives the state space model of the RLC circuit formed by the probe power unit (PPU) and the faulty section of DCMG, from the damped probe current response. The eigen values of the system matrix are the poles of the system, whose real and imaginary parts are the attenuation constant and damped resonant frequency of the probe current. These values are used for calculating the distance of fault location. This method is simple, fast and it does not require much calculations. The proposed method is tested using MATLAB/Simulink simulations on a ring type five bus DCMG. Test cases are generated by varying the locatio...
Proposes a comprehensive method to find the BRPO of Indian states for promoting RE. Minimum chang... more Proposes a comprehensive method to find the BRPO of Indian states for promoting RE. Minimum change in BRPO of consecutive years hence less impact of RPO on tariff. Incentive scheme to encourage the states to align their actual RPO with BRPO. Study of impact of RPO on tariff of Indian states is conducted.
ABSTRACT Though the new wind turbine generator (WTG) technology offers fault ride-through capabil... more ABSTRACT Though the new wind turbine generator (WTG) technology offers fault ride-through capability (FRT), many systems still consist of old induction generators. These induction generators typically have the problems of voltage limit violations which result in undesirable tripping. Their response to abnormal conditions like faults has to be studied for proper reactive compensation to contain the voltage violations within limits. The two options to contain dynamic violations considered are SVCs and D-STATCOMs. The locations and the capacities of these devices must cater to all possible tripping conditions. In this paper, SVC placement is done based on the improvement of voltage stability index. The D-STATCOMs can be more in number and are located near to WTG to provide better compensation. This paper compares the above two options for a sample 33 bus distribution system using the dynamic models of the compensation devices using PSCAD/EMTDC.
ABSTRACT Government of India has laid the foundation of national solar mission to establish the c... more ABSTRACT Government of India has laid the foundation of national solar mission to establish the country as a global leader in solar energy. Tariff is a crucial factor for penetration of the solar energy across the country. This paper presents operational aspects & prevailing tariff structure of combined solar photovoltaic and battery (PV-Battery) energy system in a network. A 50 kWp solar PV-Battery system is considered for study. PVsyst software is used for PV-Battery system modelling and estimations of hourly energy generation from the PV array. Short term generation scheduling of PV-Battery system is done to study its operational aspects in network. Unit commitment (UC) problem is solved to determine optimal operating strategy of hybrid plant consisting of thermal generators and PV-Battery system. To analyse the effect of the PV-Battery system in network, a 6 bus system is considered and power flow problem is solved. Location of PV-Battery system is determined by doing exhaustive search such that minimum network losses occur. The estimated generation from the PVsyst software along with the Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (MERC) tariff guidelines are used for the tariff calculation of energy produced from PV-Battery system. Financial analysis is also done to check its viability.
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Papers by R. M . Shereef