Papers by Shazlin Shaharudin
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
Background The single leg squat (SLS) motion imitates various maneuvers in sports. It is commonly... more Background The single leg squat (SLS) motion imitates various maneuvers in sports. It is commonly used as a functional test for the lower limb. SLS with two-dimensional (2-D) video analysis is regularly performed in the clinical setting to assess dynamic knee valgus (DKV). However, 2-D video analysis may not be able to demonstrate the same level of accuracy as three-dimensional (3-D) motion analysis. Purpose This study aimed to determine the within- and between-day reliability as well as the concurrent validity of 2-D and 3-D motion analysis of lower limb kinematics during 45° and 60° SLS among physically active females with and without DKV. Study Design Cross-sectional study Methods A total of 34 physically active females (17 individuals with excessive DKV and 17 without DKV) participated in the study. Their DKV was determined based on the cut-off values of knee frontal plane projection angle during drop landing. Their lower limb kinematics during SLS at 45° and 60° knee flexion we...
, for their kind assistance and guidance ever since they took me under their wings. They relentle... more , for their kind assistance and guidance ever since they took me under their wings. They relentlessly provided knowledge and basic skills I needed, regarding the thesis I'm working on and the science of molecular biology. I would also like to thank the Science Officers, Technologists, Research Officers, Masters and Ph.D. students who were at the Human Genome Center, who helped a lot to solve the problems and doubts I had while working on this research project. My special thanks to Dr Hoh Boon Peng who sacrifice his time to help me. These individuals thought me a great deal on daily practices in molecular laboratory. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, my best friends, and all the individuals mentioned above for giving me unconditional support and helping me to work through my final project. Thank you for keeping me going.
Physical Therapy in Sport, 2022
PeerJ, 2021
Background A range of non-contact injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament tear, and patellofe... more Background A range of non-contact injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament tear, and patellofemoral pain syndrome are caused by disordered knee joint loading from excessive dynamic knee valgus (DKV). Previous systematic reviews showed that DKV could be modified through the influence of hip strength and ankle range of motion. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of exercise intervention which involved either top-down or bottom-up kinetic chains on minimizing DKV in male and female adults and adolescents, with and without existing knee pain. Methodology Electronic searches were conducted in SAGE, Science Direct, SCOPUS, and Pubmed. The search strategy consisted of medical subject headings and free-text search keywords, synonyms and variations of ‘exercise intervention,’ ‘knee alignment,’ ‘dynamic knee valgus’, ‘knee abduction’ that were merged via the Boolean operator ‘AND’ and ‘OR’. The search was conducted on full-text journals that document...
Scientific Reports, 2021
The systematic review aimed to analyze the effects of resistance training in knee osteoarthritis ... more The systematic review aimed to analyze the effects of resistance training in knee osteoarthritis (OA) rehabilitation from a biomechanical perspective. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the potential benefits of resistance training on patients with knee OA. Relevant studies based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected from CENTRAL, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases inception to August 2020. Outcome measures included gait velocity and knee adduction moment (KAM). The mean differences of the data with a 95% confidence interval were analyzed using STATA 15.1 software The search identified eight studies that satisfied all the inclusion criteria, in which 164 patients were involved in gait velocity studies and another 122 patients were part of KAM studies. Analysis of the pooled data showed that resistance training significantly improved the gait velocity in patients with knee OA (p < 0.01, z = 2.73), ES (95% CI) = 0.03 (0.01, 0.06) m/s. However, resi...
Rowing has two stroke phases: the drive phase and recovery phase. The objective of our study was ... more Rowing has two stroke phases: the drive phase and recovery phase. The objective of our study was to evaluate the changes of drive to recovery ratio during rowing on a dynamic ergometer. Ten male national junior rowers participated in the study. Three-dimensional motion was recorded using nine infrared cameras. Rowing motions were captured in ten strokes for every 500m section of 2000m rowing time trial on a dynamic ergometer. Two-way ANOVA was performed to compare the duration of drive and recovery phases across 500m sections of 2000m time trial. The findings showed that there were no significant interactions between drive and recovery phases and distance covered. However, there was significant interaction between the duration of the recovery phase and distance covered. Participants were consistent in maintaining the duration of drive and recovery phase at 500m, 1000m, and 1500m; in the final 500m section, the rowers sprinted as fast as possible with high stroke rates. Drive to reco...
This study was conducted to evaluate the differences of physiological and biomechanical variables... more This study was conducted to evaluate the differences of physiological and biomechanical variables during 2km rowing time trial on stationary versus dynamic ergometer. Ten state-level rowers (male: 6, female: 4) were voluntarily participated in the study. Two sessions of 2km time trial were conducted: one on a static ergometer while another on a dynamic ergometer. Data on oxygen consumption, blood lactate concentration, maximum heart rate, stroke rate, time to completion and lower limb angles at sagittal plane were collected and analysed during the tests. Paired T-test was used to compare the physiological and biomechanical variables across stationary and dynamic ergometer. Stroke rate, maximum heart rate, drive to recovery phase ratio and VO 2max showed statistically significant differences during 2km rowing time trial on stationary versus dynamic ergometer. Moreover, VO 2max was inversely related with high correlation to time to completion of 2km rowing test on both ergometer. Heig...
cycle was interpolated to 100 time points separately. The lower limb joint kinematics were compar... more cycle was interpolated to 100 time points separately. The lower limb joint kinematics were compared across every 500m sections to evaluate its changes during 2000m rowing trial. There was a statistically significant difference between stroke rates for every 500m of 2000m rowing trial as determined by one-way ANOVA (F(3,36) = 4.880, p = 0.006). Kinematical variabilities were observed across splits particularly in frontal and transverse planes of lower limb joints.
Sport Sciences for Health, 2021
Background Variations in lower limb biomechanics can predispose to Achilles tendinopathy (AT). Ho... more Background Variations in lower limb biomechanics can predispose to Achilles tendinopathy (AT). However, evidence on lower limb biomechanical factors associated with AT in runners is limited. Aims This review aimed to examine the existing literature systematically to identify lower limb biomechanical factors associated with AT in runners. Methods SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, and PUBMED databases were searched in April 2021 to investigate various lower limb biomechanics such as kinetics, kinematics, muscle activity, plantar pressure, and temporospatial parameter variables during running among AT patients. Results Ten studies reported significant differences in knee flexion angle, ankle dorsiflexion, ankle eversion, touchdown angle, and plantarflexion moment between runners with and without AT. Plantar pressure and the ground reaction force variables were also found to be significant discriminators. Muscle activity of tibialis anterior, as well as medial and lateral gastrocnemius during various running phases showed significant differences associated with AT. Runners with AT displayed a longer duration of eversion and over-pronation compared to healthy controls. The mechanical effects of orthotic shoes in runners were able to reduce the incidence of AT. Conclusions The findings of the current review indicated the biomechanical factors that could contribute to AT among runners. These factors can be assessed in clinical settings to minimise the injury risk among runners. The protocol of the review was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021237500) on 18th March 2021.
Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 2020
Rahim BH, Ismail SM. Quantification of physical activity of Malaysian traditional games for schoo... more Rahim BH, Ismail SM. Quantification of physical activity of Malaysian traditional games for school-based intervention among primary school children. J Taibah Univ Med Sc 2020;15(6):486e494.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020
The study investigated the influence of ankle strength and its range of motion (ROM) on knee kine... more The study investigated the influence of ankle strength and its range of motion (ROM) on knee kinematics during drop landing. Fifteen male and fifteen female university athletes with a normal range of dynamic knee valgus (DKV) (knee frontal plane projection angle: men = 3° to 8°, females = 7° to 13°) were recruited. They performed drop landing at height 30 cm and 45 cm with three-dimensional motion capture and analysis. Knee angles were compared at specific landing phases. Isokinetic ankle strength was tested at 60°/s angular velocity while the weight-bearing lunge test was conducted to evaluate ankle ROM. For males, strength for both plantarflexors and dorsiflexors were associated with knee kinematics at both heights (30 cm: r = −0.50, p = 0.03; 45 cm: r = −0.45, p = 0.05) during maximum vertical ground reaction force (MVGRF) phase. For females, ankle invertor strength and knee kinematics were associated at both 30cm (r = 0.53; p = 0.02,) and 45 cm landing heights (r = 0.49, p = 0.0...
Journal of Health and Translational Medicine, 2019
Background: Those with increased dynamic knee valgus are vulnerable to increased risk of non-cont... more Background: Those with increased dynamic knee valgus are vulnerable to increased risk of non-contact knee injuries. However, studies on the top down kinetic chain of lower limb mechanics during dynamic motions such as single leg squat (SLS) among trained males were scarce. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between isokinetic hip and knee strength and frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) of the knee joint during SLS. Methods: Thirty-two male junior athletes (twelve cyclists, ten runners and ten squash players) were screened for excessive dynamic knee valgus (DKV) prior to participation. Only those within the normal value of DKV were included. Their hip and knee isokinetic strength in sagittal plane were evaluated at 60º/s of angular velocity for both legs using dynamometer. Two dimensional knee FPPA was evaluated during SLS at 60º of knee flexion. Pearson correlation was evaluated between knee FPPA during SLS and isokinetic leg strength. Results: Correlations between knee FPPA and hip and knee isokinetic strength were not statistically significant except between knee flexion peak torque/body weight (r =-0.35, p = 0.05) and hamstring to quadriceps ratio (r =-0.39, p = 0.03) of non-dominant leg. Conclusions: Isokinetic hip and knee strength and knee FPPA during SLS was correlated only for non-dominant leg during SLS among male junior athletes. DKV during SLS may be reduced through strengthening the muscles around hip and knee joints.
Malaysian Journal of Movement, Health & Exercise, 2018
This study was conducted to compare the futsal-specific skills and biomechanical characteristics ... more This study was conducted to compare the futsal-specific skills and biomechanical characteristics of futsal female players at collegiate and club levels. Ten collegiate and ten club level female futsal players were voluntarily participated in the study. Four futsal-specific skills tests (i.e., Massey Futsal Shooting Test, Illinois Agility Test, 20m sprint test and Futsal Intermittent Endurance Test) and four lower limb biomechanical tests (i.e., Drop Vertical Jump, Counter Movement Jump, Star Excursion Balance Test and isokinetic strength and power at 60°/s and 300°/s of knee flexors and extensors) were completed by the participants. Anthropometric parameters such as body weight, standing height and body fat composition were collected. Independent T-test was used to to determine the mean differences across groups in all variables. Results showed that there were no statistically significant differences between both groups except for MFST (p value = 0.00). The shot speed for club group...
Asian Spine Journal, 2018
Study DesignComparative cross-sectional study.PurposeWe measured the vertical ground reaction for... more Study DesignComparative cross-sectional study.PurposeWe measured the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) of the hip, knee, and ankle joints during normal gait in normal patients, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients with a Cobb angle <40° and in AIS patients with spinal fusion. We aimed to investigate whether vGRF in the aforementioned joints is altered in these three groups of patients.Overview of LiteraturevGRF of the lower limb joints may be altered in these groups of patients. Although it is known that excessive force in the joints may induce early arthritis, there is limited relevant information in the literatures.MethodsWe measured vGRF of the hip, knee, and ankle joints during heel strike, early stance, mid stance, and toe-off phases in normal subjects (group 1, n=14), AIS patients with Cobb angle <40° (group 2, n=14), and AIS patients with spinal fusion (group 3, n=13) using a gait analysis platform. Fifteen auto-reflective tracking markers were attached to...
Sains Malaysiana, 2019
This study was conducted to evaluate the relationships between core strength, dynamic balance and... more This study was conducted to evaluate the relationships between core strength, dynamic balance and knee kinematics during single leg squat. Core strength helps to improve dynamic balance and muscle coordination between lower and upper extremities, as well as reduce injury risks and muscular strength imbalance. Dynamic balance is the ability to maintain a stable position during dynamic tasks and can be used as a predictor of injury risk factors. Thirty-two statelevel male junior athletes with a normal range of dynamic knee valgus were recruited. The participants went through a series of tests that included Modified Plank Test, Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and Single Leg Squat (SLS) test. Two-dimensional knee frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) during SLS was evaluated at a 60° knee flexion. There was a statistically significant correlation between distance reached in anteromedial direction and knee FPPA during SLS in the non-dominant leg (r = 0.374, p = 0.035). There was no significant correlation between duration of plank and knee FPPA during SLS in both dominant and non-dominant legs. The outcomes from this study are important to prevent lower limb injuries in male junior athletes.
Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 2019
How to cite this article: Mohd Azhar N, Affandi NF, Mail MSZ, Shaharudin S. The effects of foot p... more How to cite this article: Mohd Azhar N, Affandi NF, Mail MSZ, Shaharudin S. The effects of foot position on lower extremity kinematics during single leg squat among adolescent male athletes. J Taibah Univ Med Sc 2019;14(4):343e349.
Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 2018
Objectives: This study aimed to determine isokinetic profiles of rotator cuff muscle strength and... more Objectives: This study aimed to determine isokinetic profiles of rotator cuff muscle strength and power in adolescent state-level weightlifters. Methods: Nineteen young state-level weightlifters performed concentric strength tests of the upper limbs using an isokinetic dynamometer. Peak torque/body weight was measured for each weightlifter in dominant and nondominant limbs. Results: Peak torque/body weight was significantly different in external rotation (p < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference in internal rotation between the limbs. No significant difference was found in time to peak torque between the dominant and non-dominant limbs (p > 0.05). Time to peak torque in external rotation was less in the dominant than in the non-dominant limb. However, opposite results were obtained in external rotation, whereby time to peak torque was longer in the dominant limb compared to the nondominant limb. Similarly, no significant difference was found between dominant and non-dominant limbs in terms of average power (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study may help in establishing potential imbalance in variables of muscular contractions between dominant and non-dominant limbs of weightlifters. This may help to maximise performance and minimise potential shoulder injury.
Acta Gymnica, 2018
"window of opportunity" for healthy bone development (Forwood, 2013). However, the exercise effec... more "window of opportunity" for healthy bone development (Forwood, 2013). However, the exercise effects on bone turnover markers in the skeleton of growing athletes have received little attention (Maïmoun & Sultan, 2011). Typical weightlifting training involves isotonic muscle contraction of lifting a fixed weight such as dumbbell and barbell. Examples of isotonic training are biceps and triceps curl. In isotonic contraction, the resistance remains constant throughout the range of motion of the involved joint (Kovaleski, Heitman, Trundle, & Gilley, 1995; Smith & Melton, 1981). Therefore, loading occurs at the weakest point in the system, while the rest of the system is functioning at less than its capacity (Smith & Melton, 1981). On the other hand, isokinetic training mode provides proportional resistance following the amount of force that being exerted. This allows a constant angular velocity
Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 2018
Objectives: The isokinetic evaluation of the ankle joint is important in determining the effectiv... more Objectives: The isokinetic evaluation of the ankle joint is important in determining the effectiveness of the rehabilitation programme for the management of ankle sprains. This study aimed to determine the effects of physiotherapy programme on isokinetic variables in individuals with grade I ankle sprains. Methods: Seven patients with acute grade 1 ankle sprain (15 days of ankle sprain) were recruited. They were provided with 7 days of protection, optimal loading, ice, compression, and elevation (POLICE) treatment, and the standard physiotherapy programme consisted of towel stretching and balancing exercises on one leg. Pain scale score was recorded daily during the physiotherapy programme. The isokinetic ankle strengths of the patient's injured and uninjured legs were compared before and after the physiotherapy programme. Isokinetic tests were conducted in painless range of motion for the injured leg. Results: Pain was significantly reduced after the patients underwent the standard physiotherapy programme. No significant differences were observed in terms of the ankle peak torque, time to peak torque, and ankle plantar flexion-to-dorsiflexion ratio of the injured and uninjured legs. The injured leg showed significant improvement in terms of ankle eversion-to-inversion ratio (E:I) after 7 days of performing the standard physiotherapy programme. Conclusion: Performing the standard physiotherapy programme for 1 week reduces pain and improves the ankle E:I in patients with grade 1 ankle sprain.
International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2018
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of isokinetic training versus isotonic train... more The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of isokinetic training versus isotonic training among adolescent state-level weightlifters on salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and alpha (α)-amylase responses immediately post-training and one month after cessation of training. Nineteen young advanced level weightlifters (age: 14.74±1.37 years old) participated in this study. They were divided into two groups namely isokinetic and isotonic. Participants in the isokinetic group performed 24 sessions (eight sessions per week for eight weeks) of isokinetic training by using an isokinetic dynamometer whereby participants in the isotonic group performed 24 sessions of isotonic training by using a dumbbell. Saliva samples were collected pre-and post-training, and one month after cessation of training and was analyzed for SIgA and α-amylase concentrations and their secretion rates. As a result, SIgA and α-amylase concentrations and secretion rates were not significantly affected by the type of training in advanced level of adolescent weightlifters. Furthermore, there was no significant effect on the saliva parameters measured across time.
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Papers by Shazlin Shaharudin