GSTF journal of nursing and health care, Oct 1, 2013
The Healthy Ager Program provides an interprofessional learning experience for health professions... more The Healthy Ager Program provides an interprofessional learning experience for health professions students at Arkansas State University in Jonesboro, Arkansas. Using the Seamless Care Model of Interprofessional Education, faculty paired student teams with community dwelling older adults in order to teach collaboration skills as they provided patient-centered care. Qualitative analysis of student reflection journals revealed that the program met the four core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice as reported by an Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel in 2011 and supports the 2003 Institute of Medicine recommendations for health professions education.
Background: It has been highlighted in both Poland and the United States of America (USA) that kn... more Background: It has been highlighted in both Poland and the United States of America (USA) that knowledge of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) among physiotherapy students is limited with respect to the 2011 International Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT) guidelines. Early detection of scoliosis and correct initial management is essential in effective care, and thus physiotherapists should be aware of the basic criteria for diagnosis and indications for treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the basic knowledge of IS in physiotherapy students trained in the United Kingdom (UK). Methods: A previously designed and tested 10-question survey, including knowledge of the 2011 SOSORT guidelines, was transcribed onto an online-survey platform. Questions were designed to analyse knowledge of definition, cause, development, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and bracing of scoliosis. All UK universities offering physiotherapy degrees were invited to participate, with the programme lead of each institution asked to distribute the questionnaire to all penultimate and final year physiotherapy students (bachelor's and master's degrees). The final number of students who received the study invitation is unknown. The survey link closed after 8 weeks of data collection. Results : Two hundred and six students, split over 12 institutions, successfully completed the questionnaire. Analysis showed that 79% of students recognised when IS is likely to develop, yet only 52% recognised that IS's aetiology is unknown. Eighty-eight percent of students incorrectly defined IS as a 2-dimensional deformity, with only 24% successfully recognising the prevalence of IS within the scoliosis population. Just 12% knew the criteria for diagnosis; however, 93% were unable to recognise the appropriate treatment approach through therapeutic exercise. Finally, 54% of students managed to identify correctly when bracing is recommended for IS. In comparison to previous studies within the USA, students in the UK performed worse in relation to all questions except treatment (7% answered correctly vs 3% in the American study). Conclusion: With only 7% of students able to answer > 50% of the survey questions correctly, there is a clear lack of knowledge of appropriate IS diagnosis and care which could directly impact the information these patients are given within the first contact primary care in the UK.
Background: Female athletes are reported to be at an increased risk for anterior cruciate ligamen... more Background: Female athletes are reported to be at an increased risk for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries compared to male athletes. Fatigue may play a role in the occurrence of ACL injuries due to changes in dynamic stability of the knee. Purpose: To determine changes in muscle function across the menstrual cycle for women not using oral contraceptive (NOC) and women using oral contraceptives (OC) during concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) isotonic muscle fatigue actions. Study Design: Prospective quasi-experimental cohort design. Methods: Fourteen healthy, physically active women (Mean ± SEM, 23 ± 1 yrs, 1.7 ± 1 m, 60 ± 2 kg) were recruited and tested 3 times throughout one complete menstrual cycle. The NOC group (N = 6) was not taking any form of hormonal treatment and all had normal menstrual cycles lasting between 26 and 32 days. The second group (N = 8) had been taking OC for at least 6 months. Each participant performed one maximal isotonic strength (1-RM) test of the leg extensors. For each of the 3 testing sessions, each participant performed a fatigue protocol at 50% of 1-RM. Bipolar surface EMG electrodes were placed mid-thigh over the rectus femoris with a piezoelectric MMG recording device placed between the two electrodes. Results: No significant 2-way interactions for number of repetitions performed on each day, CON EMG, ECC EMG, CON MMG, or ECC MMG during fatigue. Conclusions: Based on the results from our sample population, no evidence was found to support the hypotheses of differences in muscle function between NOC and OC females.
INTRODUCTION The occurrence of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is prevalent among individual... more INTRODUCTION The occurrence of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is prevalent among individuals who participate in acute and chronic bouts of physical activity and/or training for athletic endeavors. Delayed-onset muscle soreness has been reported following strength, power, and endurance training. In most cases the influence of DOMS following an acute training session is detrimental to subsequent training bouts, specifically a loss of both strength and power. Anecdotal evidence derived from massage therapists, trainers, coaches, and athletes suggests that massage may be beneficial in reducing the effects of DOMS following acute training. Despite supporting anecdotal evidence there does not appear to be a consensus in the literature to indicate a benefit or lack thereof for the effects of massage on DOMS. Research regarding the effects of massage on DOMS has provided evidence to indicate that massage may be beneficial in reducing both edema, the intensity of perceived pain, and muscle soreness (6,7,17,19). Conversely, others have reported that massage had no effect in relieving symptoms related to DOMS (11) or on recovery of muscle strength and range of motion (19). In fact, Farr et al. (6) reported a decrease in strength and power of the massaged limb compared to the control limb at 1 and 24 hrs post intervention. Furthermore, psychological benefits of massage as opposed to physiological benefits have been postulated (8). The recording of action potentials given off by each motor unit activated during a muscle action is known as electromyography (EMG). During recruitment of muscle fibers individual motor units are activated asynchronously which allows muscle movement to occur in a smooth pattern (4). The recording of pressure waves produced by lateral oscillations of muscle fibers is known as mechanomyography (MMG) (1,13). The synchronous use of EMG and MMG has been used to indicate the intrinsic properties of skeletal muscle. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute massage on intrinsic properties of skeletal muscle with DOMS. METHODS Subjects Subjects were recruited from a sample of convenience within the University setting and randomly assigned to the control group (CON) or massage treatment group (MAS). Volunteers were excluded from the study for participating in resistance training or supplementing with creatine within the previous 6 months to the study or for acknowledgement of the use of androgenic anabolic steroids. In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki all subjects were carefully informed about the possible risks and benefits of the study, and all subjects signed a written informed consent form before participation in the study. The university's institutional review board approved the study protocol for human subjects prior to data collection. Procedures To induce muscle soreness, each subject began with an 11.4 kg dumbbell weight (males) or a 9.1 kg weight (females) and performed a biceps curl (elbow flexion/extension). To begin, the investigator raised the weight during the concentric (CONC) phase of elbow flexion and subjects lowered the weight using a 3-sec eccentric (ECC) muscle action of the upper arm until fatigue. Once the subject could not complete the ECC repetitions on the 3-second count, the weight was reduced by 2.3 kg increments. Each participant followed the same protocol of ECC muscle actions until volitional fatigue exhibited by failure to complete a repetition using a 2.3 kg weight within 3 sec. Perceived muscle soreness was subjectively determined with the use of a visual analog pain rating scale (VAS), which is commonly used in the measurement of pain associated with DOMS. The VAS scale is a continuous 10-cm line with varying degrees of perceived pain intensity indicated below the line. The lower portion of the line is indicated as "no pain" whereas the upper portion of the line is indicated as "unbearable pain". …
Previous research suggests that the average knowledge of idiopathic scoliosis among physical ther... more Previous research suggests that the average knowledge of idiopathic scoliosis among physical therapy students in Poland may be unsatisfactory with respect to SOSORT guidelines, which provide the most up-to-date conservative treatment options. A similar study is warranted for students enrolled in physical therapy schools in the United States. Aim The purpose of this study is to determine basic knowledge of idiopathic scoliosis in physical therapy students trained in the United States.
The purpose of the present investigation was to test the hypotheses that the mechanomyographic (M... more The purpose of the present investigation was to test the hypotheses that the mechanomyographic (MMG) signal would be affected by hydration status due to changes in the intra- and extracellular fluid content (which could affect the degree of fluid turbulence), changes in the filtering properties of the tissues between the MMG sensor and muscle, and changes in torque production that may accompany dehydration. Ten subjects (age 22.5 +/- 1.6 years) were tested for maximal isometric (MVC), submaximal isometric (25, 50, and 75%MVC), and maximal concentric isokinetic muscle strength of the biceps brachii in either a euhydrated or dehydrated state while the electromyographic (EMG) and MMG signals were recorded. Separate three-way and two-way ANOVAs indicated no change in torque, EMG amplitude, EMG mean power frequency (MPF), MMG amplitude, and MMG MPF with dehydration. The lack of dehydration effect suggests that MMG may be more reflective of the intrinsic contractile processes of a muscle ...
The Healthy Ager Program provides an interprofessional learning experience for health professions... more The Healthy Ager Program provides an interprofessional learning experience for health professions students at Arkansas State University in Jonesboro, Arkansas. Using the Seamless Care Model of Interprofessional Education, faculty paired student teams with community dwelling older adults in order to teach collaboration skills as they provided patient-centered care. Qualitative analysis of student reflection journals revealed that the program met the four core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice as reported by an Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel in 2011 and supports the 2003 Institute of Medicine recommendations for health professions education.
Because youth athletes are smaller and weaker than their adult counterparts, smaller equipment an... more Because youth athletes are smaller and weaker than their adult counterparts, smaller equipment and fields are often used in youth sports. Previous research has shown that youth baseball pitchers use similar motions to older pitchers, but generate lower kinetics and angular velocities at the shoulder and elbow. The purpose of this study was to determine potential biomechanical benefits for youth pitchers to use lighter baseballs. Thirty-four youth (11.1 ± 0.7 years) pitchers pitched both standard [5 ounce (142 g)] and lightweight [4 ounce(113 g)] baseballs in a laboratory setting. Kinematic and kinetic parameters were measured with a six-camera high-speed motion analysis system. Three repeated measures MANOVAs were used to compare (p < 0.05) position, velocity, and kinetic parameters between the standard and lightweight baseballs. Subjective data were also collected. Pitching the lightweight ball produced no difference in arm position, but greater shoulder, elbow, and ball velocities. With the lightweight ball, pitchers produced decreased kinetics. Post-hoc analysis of the kinetic data revealed significant decreases in elbow varus torque and shoulder internal rotation torque. The data suggest that playing with lightweight baseballs may reduce the risk of overuse injury in the youth pitcher and also help develop arm speed. However, before introducing lightweight baseballs into the youth game, the effect of lighter, faster pitched balls for the batters and fielders should also be considered.
Objective: To describe the current use of dry-land training in swimmers by age category. Design: ... more Objective: To describe the current use of dry-land training in swimmers by age category. Design: Randomized sampling questionnaire. Setting: Web-based survey. Participants: Ninety-seven coaches from swim clubs throughout the United States. Main Outcome Measures: Dry-land training use, frequency, duration, mode of exercise, and exercise by body region in the following groups: Յ10 years, 11-14 years, 15-18 years, collegiate, and masters swimmers (Ն18 years, noncollegiate). Results: Among the surveyed coaches (n ϭ 97), dry-land training use varied by swimmers' age (Յ10 years [54%], 11-14 years [83%], 15-18 years [93%], collegiate [86%], and masters [26%]) and type of training modality (age Յ18 years [body weight exercises, stretching]; collegiate [free weight/machine weights and body weight exercises]; and masters [weight and cardiovascular training]). The most common body region exercised for all categories except masters was the spine/core, followed by the proximal leg, and then the shoulder. Masters swimmers focused on the shoulder region, followed by the spine. The primary reason for participation in dry-land training was injury prevention for all categories except masters. Limited practice time was the most common reason for not using dry-land training. Conclusions: A total of 50%-93% of swim coaches surveyed for all groups except masters incorporated some form of dry-land training; they used body weight exercises in younger swimmers. The focus of dry-land training among swimmers Յ18 years and collegiate swimmers was the spine/core. These findings may be used to develop future studies on how dry-land training contributes to performance or injuries, especially in the younger swimmer.
Healthy Ager, an interprofessional service-learning clinical experience for health professions st... more Healthy Ager, an interprofessional service-learning clinical experience for health professions students, is a semester-long program of wellness and falls prevention for community-dwelling older adults. It provides a foundation for competency in geriatrics for students in nursing, physical therapy, social work, and communications disorders. Such interprofessional education is recommended by the Institute of Medicine.
GSTF journal of nursing and health care, Oct 1, 2013
The Healthy Ager Program provides an interprofessional learning experience for health professions... more The Healthy Ager Program provides an interprofessional learning experience for health professions students at Arkansas State University in Jonesboro, Arkansas. Using the Seamless Care Model of Interprofessional Education, faculty paired student teams with community dwelling older adults in order to teach collaboration skills as they provided patient-centered care. Qualitative analysis of student reflection journals revealed that the program met the four core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice as reported by an Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel in 2011 and supports the 2003 Institute of Medicine recommendations for health professions education.
Background: It has been highlighted in both Poland and the United States of America (USA) that kn... more Background: It has been highlighted in both Poland and the United States of America (USA) that knowledge of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) among physiotherapy students is limited with respect to the 2011 International Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT) guidelines. Early detection of scoliosis and correct initial management is essential in effective care, and thus physiotherapists should be aware of the basic criteria for diagnosis and indications for treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the basic knowledge of IS in physiotherapy students trained in the United Kingdom (UK). Methods: A previously designed and tested 10-question survey, including knowledge of the 2011 SOSORT guidelines, was transcribed onto an online-survey platform. Questions were designed to analyse knowledge of definition, cause, development, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and bracing of scoliosis. All UK universities offering physiotherapy degrees were invited to participate, with the programme lead of each institution asked to distribute the questionnaire to all penultimate and final year physiotherapy students (bachelor's and master's degrees). The final number of students who received the study invitation is unknown. The survey link closed after 8 weeks of data collection. Results : Two hundred and six students, split over 12 institutions, successfully completed the questionnaire. Analysis showed that 79% of students recognised when IS is likely to develop, yet only 52% recognised that IS's aetiology is unknown. Eighty-eight percent of students incorrectly defined IS as a 2-dimensional deformity, with only 24% successfully recognising the prevalence of IS within the scoliosis population. Just 12% knew the criteria for diagnosis; however, 93% were unable to recognise the appropriate treatment approach through therapeutic exercise. Finally, 54% of students managed to identify correctly when bracing is recommended for IS. In comparison to previous studies within the USA, students in the UK performed worse in relation to all questions except treatment (7% answered correctly vs 3% in the American study). Conclusion: With only 7% of students able to answer > 50% of the survey questions correctly, there is a clear lack of knowledge of appropriate IS diagnosis and care which could directly impact the information these patients are given within the first contact primary care in the UK.
Background: Female athletes are reported to be at an increased risk for anterior cruciate ligamen... more Background: Female athletes are reported to be at an increased risk for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries compared to male athletes. Fatigue may play a role in the occurrence of ACL injuries due to changes in dynamic stability of the knee. Purpose: To determine changes in muscle function across the menstrual cycle for women not using oral contraceptive (NOC) and women using oral contraceptives (OC) during concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) isotonic muscle fatigue actions. Study Design: Prospective quasi-experimental cohort design. Methods: Fourteen healthy, physically active women (Mean ± SEM, 23 ± 1 yrs, 1.7 ± 1 m, 60 ± 2 kg) were recruited and tested 3 times throughout one complete menstrual cycle. The NOC group (N = 6) was not taking any form of hormonal treatment and all had normal menstrual cycles lasting between 26 and 32 days. The second group (N = 8) had been taking OC for at least 6 months. Each participant performed one maximal isotonic strength (1-RM) test of the leg extensors. For each of the 3 testing sessions, each participant performed a fatigue protocol at 50% of 1-RM. Bipolar surface EMG electrodes were placed mid-thigh over the rectus femoris with a piezoelectric MMG recording device placed between the two electrodes. Results: No significant 2-way interactions for number of repetitions performed on each day, CON EMG, ECC EMG, CON MMG, or ECC MMG during fatigue. Conclusions: Based on the results from our sample population, no evidence was found to support the hypotheses of differences in muscle function between NOC and OC females.
INTRODUCTION The occurrence of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is prevalent among individual... more INTRODUCTION The occurrence of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is prevalent among individuals who participate in acute and chronic bouts of physical activity and/or training for athletic endeavors. Delayed-onset muscle soreness has been reported following strength, power, and endurance training. In most cases the influence of DOMS following an acute training session is detrimental to subsequent training bouts, specifically a loss of both strength and power. Anecdotal evidence derived from massage therapists, trainers, coaches, and athletes suggests that massage may be beneficial in reducing the effects of DOMS following acute training. Despite supporting anecdotal evidence there does not appear to be a consensus in the literature to indicate a benefit or lack thereof for the effects of massage on DOMS. Research regarding the effects of massage on DOMS has provided evidence to indicate that massage may be beneficial in reducing both edema, the intensity of perceived pain, and muscle soreness (6,7,17,19). Conversely, others have reported that massage had no effect in relieving symptoms related to DOMS (11) or on recovery of muscle strength and range of motion (19). In fact, Farr et al. (6) reported a decrease in strength and power of the massaged limb compared to the control limb at 1 and 24 hrs post intervention. Furthermore, psychological benefits of massage as opposed to physiological benefits have been postulated (8). The recording of action potentials given off by each motor unit activated during a muscle action is known as electromyography (EMG). During recruitment of muscle fibers individual motor units are activated asynchronously which allows muscle movement to occur in a smooth pattern (4). The recording of pressure waves produced by lateral oscillations of muscle fibers is known as mechanomyography (MMG) (1,13). The synchronous use of EMG and MMG has been used to indicate the intrinsic properties of skeletal muscle. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute massage on intrinsic properties of skeletal muscle with DOMS. METHODS Subjects Subjects were recruited from a sample of convenience within the University setting and randomly assigned to the control group (CON) or massage treatment group (MAS). Volunteers were excluded from the study for participating in resistance training or supplementing with creatine within the previous 6 months to the study or for acknowledgement of the use of androgenic anabolic steroids. In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki all subjects were carefully informed about the possible risks and benefits of the study, and all subjects signed a written informed consent form before participation in the study. The university's institutional review board approved the study protocol for human subjects prior to data collection. Procedures To induce muscle soreness, each subject began with an 11.4 kg dumbbell weight (males) or a 9.1 kg weight (females) and performed a biceps curl (elbow flexion/extension). To begin, the investigator raised the weight during the concentric (CONC) phase of elbow flexion and subjects lowered the weight using a 3-sec eccentric (ECC) muscle action of the upper arm until fatigue. Once the subject could not complete the ECC repetitions on the 3-second count, the weight was reduced by 2.3 kg increments. Each participant followed the same protocol of ECC muscle actions until volitional fatigue exhibited by failure to complete a repetition using a 2.3 kg weight within 3 sec. Perceived muscle soreness was subjectively determined with the use of a visual analog pain rating scale (VAS), which is commonly used in the measurement of pain associated with DOMS. The VAS scale is a continuous 10-cm line with varying degrees of perceived pain intensity indicated below the line. The lower portion of the line is indicated as "no pain" whereas the upper portion of the line is indicated as "unbearable pain". …
Previous research suggests that the average knowledge of idiopathic scoliosis among physical ther... more Previous research suggests that the average knowledge of idiopathic scoliosis among physical therapy students in Poland may be unsatisfactory with respect to SOSORT guidelines, which provide the most up-to-date conservative treatment options. A similar study is warranted for students enrolled in physical therapy schools in the United States. Aim The purpose of this study is to determine basic knowledge of idiopathic scoliosis in physical therapy students trained in the United States.
The purpose of the present investigation was to test the hypotheses that the mechanomyographic (M... more The purpose of the present investigation was to test the hypotheses that the mechanomyographic (MMG) signal would be affected by hydration status due to changes in the intra- and extracellular fluid content (which could affect the degree of fluid turbulence), changes in the filtering properties of the tissues between the MMG sensor and muscle, and changes in torque production that may accompany dehydration. Ten subjects (age 22.5 +/- 1.6 years) were tested for maximal isometric (MVC), submaximal isometric (25, 50, and 75%MVC), and maximal concentric isokinetic muscle strength of the biceps brachii in either a euhydrated or dehydrated state while the electromyographic (EMG) and MMG signals were recorded. Separate three-way and two-way ANOVAs indicated no change in torque, EMG amplitude, EMG mean power frequency (MPF), MMG amplitude, and MMG MPF with dehydration. The lack of dehydration effect suggests that MMG may be more reflective of the intrinsic contractile processes of a muscle ...
The Healthy Ager Program provides an interprofessional learning experience for health professions... more The Healthy Ager Program provides an interprofessional learning experience for health professions students at Arkansas State University in Jonesboro, Arkansas. Using the Seamless Care Model of Interprofessional Education, faculty paired student teams with community dwelling older adults in order to teach collaboration skills as they provided patient-centered care. Qualitative analysis of student reflection journals revealed that the program met the four core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice as reported by an Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel in 2011 and supports the 2003 Institute of Medicine recommendations for health professions education.
Because youth athletes are smaller and weaker than their adult counterparts, smaller equipment an... more Because youth athletes are smaller and weaker than their adult counterparts, smaller equipment and fields are often used in youth sports. Previous research has shown that youth baseball pitchers use similar motions to older pitchers, but generate lower kinetics and angular velocities at the shoulder and elbow. The purpose of this study was to determine potential biomechanical benefits for youth pitchers to use lighter baseballs. Thirty-four youth (11.1 ± 0.7 years) pitchers pitched both standard [5 ounce (142 g)] and lightweight [4 ounce(113 g)] baseballs in a laboratory setting. Kinematic and kinetic parameters were measured with a six-camera high-speed motion analysis system. Three repeated measures MANOVAs were used to compare (p < 0.05) position, velocity, and kinetic parameters between the standard and lightweight baseballs. Subjective data were also collected. Pitching the lightweight ball produced no difference in arm position, but greater shoulder, elbow, and ball velocities. With the lightweight ball, pitchers produced decreased kinetics. Post-hoc analysis of the kinetic data revealed significant decreases in elbow varus torque and shoulder internal rotation torque. The data suggest that playing with lightweight baseballs may reduce the risk of overuse injury in the youth pitcher and also help develop arm speed. However, before introducing lightweight baseballs into the youth game, the effect of lighter, faster pitched balls for the batters and fielders should also be considered.
Objective: To describe the current use of dry-land training in swimmers by age category. Design: ... more Objective: To describe the current use of dry-land training in swimmers by age category. Design: Randomized sampling questionnaire. Setting: Web-based survey. Participants: Ninety-seven coaches from swim clubs throughout the United States. Main Outcome Measures: Dry-land training use, frequency, duration, mode of exercise, and exercise by body region in the following groups: Յ10 years, 11-14 years, 15-18 years, collegiate, and masters swimmers (Ն18 years, noncollegiate). Results: Among the surveyed coaches (n ϭ 97), dry-land training use varied by swimmers' age (Յ10 years [54%], 11-14 years [83%], 15-18 years [93%], collegiate [86%], and masters [26%]) and type of training modality (age Յ18 years [body weight exercises, stretching]; collegiate [free weight/machine weights and body weight exercises]; and masters [weight and cardiovascular training]). The most common body region exercised for all categories except masters was the spine/core, followed by the proximal leg, and then the shoulder. Masters swimmers focused on the shoulder region, followed by the spine. The primary reason for participation in dry-land training was injury prevention for all categories except masters. Limited practice time was the most common reason for not using dry-land training. Conclusions: A total of 50%-93% of swim coaches surveyed for all groups except masters incorporated some form of dry-land training; they used body weight exercises in younger swimmers. The focus of dry-land training among swimmers Յ18 years and collegiate swimmers was the spine/core. These findings may be used to develop future studies on how dry-land training contributes to performance or injuries, especially in the younger swimmer.
Healthy Ager, an interprofessional service-learning clinical experience for health professions st... more Healthy Ager, an interprofessional service-learning clinical experience for health professions students, is a semester-long program of wellness and falls prevention for community-dwelling older adults. It provides a foundation for competency in geriatrics for students in nursing, physical therapy, social work, and communications disorders. Such interprofessional education is recommended by the Institute of Medicine.
Uploads
Papers by Shawn Drake