Guide pour l’établissement et la mise en œuvre d’accords-cadres, 2021
L’achat d’articles courants pose un défi aux organismes publics. Les accords-cadres sont apparus ... more L’achat d’articles courants pose un défi aux organismes publics. Les accords-cadres sont apparus comme une solution possible. De nombreux pays (notamment sur le continent américain et en Europe) utilisent les accords-cadres avec succès, mais ces dispositifs ne doivent pas être considérés comme une solution à tous les problèmes susmentionnés et il subsiste des risques et des limites à leur utilisation. En outre, en dehors de ces régions, le recours aux accords-cadres reste limité à quelques pays seulement. Il y a donc d’énormes possibilités d’en élargir l’utilisation, notamment dans les pays en développement. Bien que les accords-cadres aient fait l’objet d’articles universitaires, il n’y a pas suffisamment de conseils pratiques sur leur utilisation, ce qui pose un problème dans les pays en développement.
Compte tenu de ce qui précède, ce Guide vise à combler une lacune en décrivant la marche à suivre pour établir des accords-cadres et les gérer, notamment à l’intention des décideurs et des praticiens en matière de passation des marchés dans les pays en développement.
Framework Agreements (FAs) are being increasingly utilized by public procurement agencies to prom... more Framework Agreements (FAs) are being increasingly utilized by public procurement agencies to promote value-for-money, deter corruption, and avoid the waste and abuse of increasingly scarce public resources. By aggregating demand and reducing transactions costs of high frequency procurement, FAs can serve as invaluable tools for increasing administrative efficiency, fostering competition, and promoting transparency. This Guidebook aims to provide practical guidance to policy makers and procurement practitioner to set-up and operate FAs. In addition to providing step-by-step procedures, this Guidebook includes country case studies from UK, USA, Chile, Brazil, Italy, Ethiopia, and India.
Data used for this study Public procurement micro-data Public procurement microdata Coverage of p... more Data used for this study Public procurement micro-data Public procurement microdata Coverage of procurement microdata Federal procurement All procurement Unit prices available Yes No Main comparison for the analysis FA vs. other procurement methods FA vs. other procurement methods A. Brazil: • The results from Brazil indicate that FAs are associated with a reduction in unit prices in comparison to other open procurement methods (average saving of about 10%), and these economic savings are primarily explained by the effect of buying in larger quantities. Another factor explaining this result is competition, as the number of bidders is higher under FAs relatively to both other open procurement methods (1 bidder more on average) and closed/limited procurement methods (5 bidders more on average). This empirical evidence indicates that FAs can be effective to increase efficiencies and exploit economies of scale. • Despite increasing competition, the use of FAs leads to higher market concentration i.e. larger share of contracts awarded to smaller number of firms. • On average, the total quantity purchased under FAs in Brazil is 65% of the total quantity initially established in the FAs, and this under-utilization of established FAs may create distortions in firms' behavior and inefficiencies in the market. • Setting up FAs requires significant efforts (which is reflected in more than double time taken in initial setting of FAs, in comparison to other open procurement methods).
A model that has been tried in some countries to enhance civil society engagement is the Procurem... more A model that has been tried in some countries to enhance civil society engagement is the Procurement Observatory. Procurement Monitor in Nigeria (www.procurementmonitor.org) has been an early mover in this domain. In India, the World Bank supported setting up of five procurement observatories (one at the federal level and four at the sub‐national level) from 2013 onwards. The main objectives of Indian procurement observatories are collection and analysis of procurement (including contract implementation) related data based on key performance indicators, analysis of procurement policies, rules, and so on, and their actual implementation; and sharing the findings with the government, citizens and other stakeholders through workshops, seminars, websites and other means. Due to different operating environments in each state, Indian observatories followed slightly different models as described in this report.
In large, developing countries the government spends much of its budget on social safety net prog... more In large, developing countries the government spends much of its budget on social safety net programs and building infrastructure, which involves procuring goods and services. But the ways in which these goods and services are purchased – the procurement process – can sometimes be inefficient and opaque to citizens. The procurement data is not easy to find or easy to understand; the policies are not always clear. In short, taxpayers often don’t know how their money is being spent .
In India, with help from the World Bank, there’s a promising initiative that is trying to address this problem, which is fundamentally one of transparency and accountability in government. But it is entering a critical new phase, in which it will need to become more self-sufficient and wean itself off of the initial World Bank seed funding.
The initiative centers around a set of small, civil society organizations called “procurement observatories” that have started collecting government procurement data and presenting it to the public in an understandable way. These observatories drill down into government data and information that is often kept in disparate places. Their job is also to demystify procurement policies and information around contracts and government purchasing.
Guide pour l’établissement et la mise en œuvre d’accords-cadres, 2021
L’achat d’articles courants pose un défi aux organismes publics. Les accords-cadres sont apparus ... more L’achat d’articles courants pose un défi aux organismes publics. Les accords-cadres sont apparus comme une solution possible. De nombreux pays (notamment sur le continent américain et en Europe) utilisent les accords-cadres avec succès, mais ces dispositifs ne doivent pas être considérés comme une solution à tous les problèmes susmentionnés et il subsiste des risques et des limites à leur utilisation. En outre, en dehors de ces régions, le recours aux accords-cadres reste limité à quelques pays seulement. Il y a donc d’énormes possibilités d’en élargir l’utilisation, notamment dans les pays en développement. Bien que les accords-cadres aient fait l’objet d’articles universitaires, il n’y a pas suffisamment de conseils pratiques sur leur utilisation, ce qui pose un problème dans les pays en développement.
Compte tenu de ce qui précède, ce Guide vise à combler une lacune en décrivant la marche à suivre pour établir des accords-cadres et les gérer, notamment à l’intention des décideurs et des praticiens en matière de passation des marchés dans les pays en développement.
Framework Agreements (FAs) are being increasingly utilized by public procurement agencies to prom... more Framework Agreements (FAs) are being increasingly utilized by public procurement agencies to promote value-for-money, deter corruption, and avoid the waste and abuse of increasingly scarce public resources. By aggregating demand and reducing transactions costs of high frequency procurement, FAs can serve as invaluable tools for increasing administrative efficiency, fostering competition, and promoting transparency. This Guidebook aims to provide practical guidance to policy makers and procurement practitioner to set-up and operate FAs. In addition to providing step-by-step procedures, this Guidebook includes country case studies from UK, USA, Chile, Brazil, Italy, Ethiopia, and India.
Data used for this study Public procurement micro-data Public procurement microdata Coverage of p... more Data used for this study Public procurement micro-data Public procurement microdata Coverage of procurement microdata Federal procurement All procurement Unit prices available Yes No Main comparison for the analysis FA vs. other procurement methods FA vs. other procurement methods A. Brazil: • The results from Brazil indicate that FAs are associated with a reduction in unit prices in comparison to other open procurement methods (average saving of about 10%), and these economic savings are primarily explained by the effect of buying in larger quantities. Another factor explaining this result is competition, as the number of bidders is higher under FAs relatively to both other open procurement methods (1 bidder more on average) and closed/limited procurement methods (5 bidders more on average). This empirical evidence indicates that FAs can be effective to increase efficiencies and exploit economies of scale. • Despite increasing competition, the use of FAs leads to higher market concentration i.e. larger share of contracts awarded to smaller number of firms. • On average, the total quantity purchased under FAs in Brazil is 65% of the total quantity initially established in the FAs, and this under-utilization of established FAs may create distortions in firms' behavior and inefficiencies in the market. • Setting up FAs requires significant efforts (which is reflected in more than double time taken in initial setting of FAs, in comparison to other open procurement methods).
A model that has been tried in some countries to enhance civil society engagement is the Procurem... more A model that has been tried in some countries to enhance civil society engagement is the Procurement Observatory. Procurement Monitor in Nigeria (www.procurementmonitor.org) has been an early mover in this domain. In India, the World Bank supported setting up of five procurement observatories (one at the federal level and four at the sub‐national level) from 2013 onwards. The main objectives of Indian procurement observatories are collection and analysis of procurement (including contract implementation) related data based on key performance indicators, analysis of procurement policies, rules, and so on, and their actual implementation; and sharing the findings with the government, citizens and other stakeholders through workshops, seminars, websites and other means. Due to different operating environments in each state, Indian observatories followed slightly different models as described in this report.
In large, developing countries the government spends much of its budget on social safety net prog... more In large, developing countries the government spends much of its budget on social safety net programs and building infrastructure, which involves procuring goods and services. But the ways in which these goods and services are purchased – the procurement process – can sometimes be inefficient and opaque to citizens. The procurement data is not easy to find or easy to understand; the policies are not always clear. In short, taxpayers often don’t know how their money is being spent .
In India, with help from the World Bank, there’s a promising initiative that is trying to address this problem, which is fundamentally one of transparency and accountability in government. But it is entering a critical new phase, in which it will need to become more self-sufficient and wean itself off of the initial World Bank seed funding.
The initiative centers around a set of small, civil society organizations called “procurement observatories” that have started collecting government procurement data and presenting it to the public in an understandable way. These observatories drill down into government data and information that is often kept in disparate places. Their job is also to demystify procurement policies and information around contracts and government purchasing.
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Books by Shanker Lal
Compte tenu de ce qui précède, ce Guide vise à combler une lacune en décrivant la marche à suivre pour établir des accords-cadres et les gérer, notamment à l’intention des décideurs et des praticiens en matière de passation des marchés dans les pays en développement.
Papers by Shanker Lal
In India, with help from the World Bank, there’s a promising initiative that is trying to address this problem, which is fundamentally one of transparency and accountability in government. But it is entering a critical new phase, in which it will need to become more self-sufficient and wean itself off of the initial World Bank seed funding.
The initiative centers around a set of small, civil society organizations called “procurement observatories” that have started collecting government procurement data and presenting it to the public in an understandable way. These observatories drill down into government data and information that is often kept in disparate places. Their job is also to demystify procurement policies and information around contracts and government purchasing.
Compte tenu de ce qui précède, ce Guide vise à combler une lacune en décrivant la marche à suivre pour établir des accords-cadres et les gérer, notamment à l’intention des décideurs et des praticiens en matière de passation des marchés dans les pays en développement.
In India, with help from the World Bank, there’s a promising initiative that is trying to address this problem, which is fundamentally one of transparency and accountability in government. But it is entering a critical new phase, in which it will need to become more self-sufficient and wean itself off of the initial World Bank seed funding.
The initiative centers around a set of small, civil society organizations called “procurement observatories” that have started collecting government procurement data and presenting it to the public in an understandable way. These observatories drill down into government data and information that is often kept in disparate places. Their job is also to demystify procurement policies and information around contracts and government purchasing.